Split (2)

train · 86.8k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	question stringlengths 1 270	answer stringlengths 1 239	documents listlengths 1 1
57277d075951b619008f8b3a	How old was Emperor Takakura when he died?	19	[ "Heian_period\n\nTaira Kiyomori emerged as the real power in Japan following the Minamoto's destruction, and he would remain in command for the next 20 years. He gave his daughter Tokuko in marriage to the young emperor Takakura, who died at only 19, leaving their infant son Antoku to succeed to the throne. Kiyomor...
57277d075951b619008f8b3b	What was the name of Takakura's successor?	Antoku	[ "Heian_period\n\nTaira Kiyomori emerged as the real power in Japan following the Minamoto's destruction, and he would remain in command for the next 20 years. He gave his daughter Tokuko in marriage to the young emperor Takakura, who died at only 19, leaving their infant son Antoku to succeed to the throne. Kiyomor...
57277d075951b619008f8b3c	Kiyomori removed how many court officials to protect his power?	45	[ "Heian_period\n\nTaira Kiyomori emerged as the real power in Japan following the Minamoto's destruction, and he would remain in command for the next 20 years. He gave his daughter Tokuko in marriage to the young emperor Takakura, who died at only 19, leaving their infant son Antoku to succeed to the throne. Kiyomor...
57277d075951b619008f8b3d	What were the names of the temples that Kiyomori destroyed?	Todai-ji and Kofuku-ji	[ "Heian_period\n\nTaira Kiyomori emerged as the real power in Japan following the Minamoto's destruction, and he would remain in command for the next 20 years. He gave his daughter Tokuko in marriage to the young emperor Takakura, who died at only 19, leaving their infant son Antoku to succeed to the throne. Kiyomor...
57277d9df1498d1400e8f9a4	What was the term used to describe military governors?	daimyos	[ "Heian_period\n\nWith Yoritomo firmly established, the bakufu system that would govern Japan for the next seven centuries was in place. He appointed military governors, or daimyos, to rule over the provinces, and stewards, or jito to supervise public and private estates. Yoritomo then turned his attention to the el...
57277d9df1498d1400e8f9a5	What was the term used to describe supervisors of estates?	jito	[ "Heian_period\n\nWith Yoritomo firmly established, the bakufu system that would govern Japan for the next seven centuries was in place. He appointed military governors, or daimyos, to rule over the provinces, and stewards, or jito to supervise public and private estates. Yoritomo then turned his attention to the el...
57277d9df1498d1400e8f9a6	What was the name of the emperor that Yoritomo removed from the throne?	Go-Toba	[ "Heian_period\n\nWith Yoritomo firmly established, the bakufu system that would govern Japan for the next seven centuries was in place. He appointed military governors, or daimyos, to rule over the provinces, and stewards, or jito to supervise public and private estates. Yoritomo then turned his attention to the el...
57277e54f1498d1400e8f9bc	What religion spread during the Heian period?	Buddhism	[ "Heian_period\n\nBuddhism began to spread throughout Japan during the Heian period, primarily through two major esoteric sects, Tendai and Shingon. Tendai originated in China and is based on the Lotus Sutra, one of the most important sutras of Mahayana Buddhism; Saichō was key to its transmission to Japan. Shingon ...
57277e54f1498d1400e8f9bd	What were the two Japanese sects of Buddhism?	Tendai and Shingon	[ "Heian_period\n\nBuddhism began to spread throughout Japan during the Heian period, primarily through two major esoteric sects, Tendai and Shingon. Tendai originated in China and is based on the Lotus Sutra, one of the most important sutras of Mahayana Buddhism; Saichō was key to its transmission to Japan. Shingon ...
57277e54f1498d1400e8f9be	Who brought Shingon Buddhism to Japan?	Kūkai	[ "Heian_period\n\nBuddhism began to spread throughout Japan during the Heian period, primarily through two major esoteric sects, Tendai and Shingon. Tendai originated in China and is based on the Lotus Sutra, one of the most important sutras of Mahayana Buddhism; Saichō was key to its transmission to Japan. Shingon ...
57277e54f1498d1400e8f9bf	Tendai Buddhism suggested that enlightenment was accessible to who?	every creature	[ "Heian_period\n\nBuddhism began to spread throughout Japan during the Heian period, primarily through two major esoteric sects, Tendai and Shingon. Tendai originated in China and is based on the Lotus Sutra, one of the most important sutras of Mahayana Buddhism; Saichō was key to its transmission to Japan. Shingon ...
57277f26f1498d1400e8f9e2	What artform became a mark of status in the courts?	poetry	[ "Heian_period\n\nPoetry, in particular, was a staple of court life. Nobles and ladies-in-waiting were expected to be well versed in the art of writing poetry as a mark of their status. Every occasion could call for the writing of a verse, from the birth of a child to the coronation of an emperor, or even a pretty s...
57277f26f1498d1400e8f9e3	During the Heian period, what did the Japanese think could reflect one's soul?	handwriting	[ "Heian_period\n\nPoetry, in particular, was a staple of court life. Nobles and ladies-in-waiting were expected to be well versed in the art of writing poetry as a mark of their status. Every occasion could call for the writing of a verse, from the birth of a child to the coronation of an emperor, or even a pretty s...
57277f26f1498d1400e8f9e4	What was said to show low status or "poor breeding"?	poor or hasty writing	[ "Heian_period\n\nPoetry, in particular, was a staple of court life. Nobles and ladies-in-waiting were expected to be well versed in the art of writing poetry as a mark of their status. Every occasion could call for the writing of a verse, from the birth of a child to the coronation of an emperor, or even a pretty s...
572781abf1498d1400e8fa26	What is the name of the Japanese national anthem?	Kimi ga Yo	[ "Heian_period\n\nThe lyrics of the modern Japanese national anthem, Kimi ga Yo, were written in the Heian period, as was The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu, one of the first novels ever written. Murasaki Shikibu's contemporary and rival Sei Shōnagon's revealing observations and musings as an attendant in the Emp...
572781abf1498d1400e8fa27	What famous poem with an unknown author was written during the Heian period?	Iroha	[ "Heian_period\n\nThe lyrics of the modern Japanese national anthem, Kimi ga Yo, were written in the Heian period, as was The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu, one of the first novels ever written. Murasaki Shikibu's contemporary and rival Sei Shōnagon's revealing observations and musings as an attendant in the Emp...
572781abf1498d1400e8fa28	The Pillow Book was a collection of whose observations of the imperial court?	Sei Shōnagon	[ "Heian_period\n\nThe lyrics of the modern Japanese national anthem, Kimi ga Yo, were written in the Heian period, as was The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu, one of the first novels ever written. Murasaki Shikibu's contemporary and rival Sei Shōnagon's revealing observations and musings as an attendant in the Emp...
5727824bdd62a815002e9f14	What crop was a primary source of income during the Heian period?	rice	[ "Heian_period\n\nWhile on one hand the Heian period was an unusually long period of peace, it can also be argued that the period weakened Japan economically and led to poverty for all but a tiny few of its inhabitants. The control of rice fields provided a key source of income for families such as the Fujiwara and ...
5727824bdd62a815002e9f15	What was the name of the beneficiaries of Heian culture?	Ryōmin	[ "Heian_period\n\nWhile on one hand the Heian period was an unusually long period of peace, it can also be argued that the period weakened Japan economically and led to poverty for all but a tiny few of its inhabitants. The control of rice fields provided a key source of income for families such as the Fujiwara and ...
5727824bdd62a815002e9f16	Currency gradually disappeared around what year?	1000	[ "Heian_period\n\nWhile on one hand the Heian period was an unusually long period of peace, it can also be argued that the period weakened Japan economically and led to poverty for all but a tiny few of its inhabitants. The control of rice fields provided a key source of income for families such as the Fujiwara and ...
5727824bdd62a815002e9f17	What crop became the primary unit of exchange?	rice	[ "Heian_period\n\nWhile on one hand the Heian period was an unusually long period of peace, it can also be argued that the period weakened Japan economically and led to poverty for all but a tiny few of its inhabitants. The control of rice fields provided a key source of income for families such as the Fujiwara and ...
57278381708984140094dfb7	Buddhist temples in which two cities made use of the shoen system?	Heian-kyō and Nara	[ "Heian_period\n\nThe Fujiwara rulers failed to maintain adequate police forces, which left robbers free to prey on travelers. This is implicitly illustrated in novels by the terror that night travel inspired in the main characters. The shōen system enabled the accumulation of wealth by an aristocratic elite; the ec...
57278381708984140094dfb8	Why were travelers often robbed under Fujiwara rule?	The Fujiwara rulers failed to maintain adequate police forces	[ "Heian_period\n\nThe Fujiwara rulers failed to maintain adequate police forces, which left robbers free to prey on travelers. This is implicitly illustrated in novels by the terror that night travel inspired in the main characters. The shōen system enabled the accumulation of wealth by an aristocratic elite; the ec...
57278381708984140094dfb9	The integration of Shinto shrines into government branches reflected a greater what?	organizational dynamism	[ "Heian_period\n\nThe Fujiwara rulers failed to maintain adequate police forces, which left robbers free to prey on travelers. This is implicitly illustrated in novels by the terror that night travel inspired in the main characters. The shōen system enabled the accumulation of wealth by an aristocratic elite; the ec...
572784b4f1498d1400e8fa90	Which Total War game has an expansion set during the Heian period?	Shogun 2	[ "Heian_period\n\nThe game Total War: Shogun 2 has the Rise of the Samurai expansion pack as downloadable campaign. It allows the player to make their own version of the Gempei War which happened during the Heian period. The player is able to choose one of the most powerful families of Japan at the time, the Taira, ...
572784b4f1498d1400e8fa91	What families are playable characters in Total War: Shogun 2?	Taira, Minamoto or Fujiwara	[ "Heian_period\n\nThe game Total War: Shogun 2 has the Rise of the Samurai expansion pack as downloadable campaign. It allows the player to make their own version of the Gempei War which happened during the Heian period. The player is able to choose one of the most powerful families of Japan at the time, the Taira, ...
572784b4f1498d1400e8fa92	The Rise of the Samurai expansion for Total War: Shogun 2 depicts which war during the Heian period?	Gempei War	[ "Heian_period\n\nThe game Total War: Shogun 2 has the Rise of the Samurai expansion pack as downloadable campaign. It allows the player to make their own version of the Gempei War which happened during the Heian period. The player is able to choose one of the most powerful families of Japan at the time, the Taira, ...
57276da85951b619008f89b9	When was the Origin of Species published?	24 November 1859	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nOn the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a...
57276da85951b619008f89ba	Who wrote The Origin of Species?	Charles Darwin	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nOn the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a...
57276da85951b619008f89bb	What branch of biology was The Origin of Species founded on?	evolutionary biology	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nOn the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a...
57276da85951b619008f89bc	What was the expedition called that Charles Darwin discovered some of his evidence?	Beagle expedition	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nOn the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a...
57276da85951b619008f89bd	How do populations evolve according to Charles Darwin's theory?	through a process of natural selection	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nOn the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a...
57276f32708984140094dd6d	Which group of scientists began to support evolutionary ideas?	dissident anatomists	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nVarious evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new findings in biology. There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public, but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the...
57276f32708984140094dd6e	Which powerful religious institution was a big part of scientific study in the 19th century?	the Church of England	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nVarious evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new findings in biology. There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public, but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the...
57276f32708984140094dd6f	What was the general opinion about transmutation of species in the 19th century?	Ideas about the transmutation of species were controversial	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nVarious evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new findings in biology. There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public, but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the...
57276f32708984140094dd70	How did the majority of science see humanity in relation to animals in the 19th century?	that humans were unique, unrelated to other animals.	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nVarious evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new findings in biology. There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public, but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the...
57276f32708984140094dd71	Which theology did everyone agree science was a part of in the 19th century?	natural theology	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nVarious evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new findings in biology. There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public, but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the...
5727707df1498d1400e8f822	What section of the population was Darwin's book written for?	non-specialist readers	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nThe book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication. As Darwin was an eminent scientist, his findings were taken seriously and the evidence he presented generated scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion. The debate over the ...
5727707df1498d1400e8f823	Who attempted to secularize science during the debate over Darwin's book?	T. H. Huxley	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nThe book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication. As Darwin was an eminent scientist, his findings were taken seriously and the evidence he presented generated scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion. The debate over the ...
5727707df1498d1400e8f824	What was T.H. Huxley promoting?	scientific naturalism	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nThe book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication. As Darwin was an eminent scientist, his findings were taken seriously and the evidence he presented generated scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion. The debate over the ...
5727707df1498d1400e8f825	What was the growing change in opinion about evolution called?	"the eclipse of Darwinism"	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nThe book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication. As Darwin was an eminent scientist, his findings were taken seriously and the evidence he presented generated scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion. The debate over the ...
5727707df1498d1400e8f826	When did Darwin's concept of evolution become widely believed and central to the modern theory of evolution?	in the 1930s and 1940s	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nThe book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication. As Darwin was an eminent scientist, his findings were taken seriously and the evidence he presented generated scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion. The debate over the ...
572771fcdd62a815002e9cfc	To what ancient philosopher did Darwin trace some of his evolutionary ideas?	Aristotle	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nIn later editions of the book, Darwin traced evolutionary ideas as far back as Aristotle; the text he cites is a summary by Aristotle of the ideas of the earlier Greek philosopher Empedocles. Early Christian Church Fathers and Medieval European scholars interpreted the Genesis creation ...
572771fcdd62a815002e9cfd	Whose ideas were summarized by Aristotle in the work Darwin studied?	Greek philosopher Empedocles	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nIn later editions of the book, Darwin traced evolutionary ideas as far back as Aristotle; the text he cites is a summary by Aristotle of the ideas of the earlier Greek philosopher Empedocles. Early Christian Church Fathers and Medieval European scholars interpreted the Genesis creation ...
572771fcdd62a815002e9cfe	How did medieval scholars view the Genesis creation story?	allegorically	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nIn later editions of the book, Darwin traced evolutionary ideas as far back as Aristotle; the text he cites is a summary by Aristotle of the ideas of the earlier Greek philosopher Empedocles. Early Christian Church Fathers and Medieval European scholars interpreted the Genesis creation ...
572771fcdd62a815002e9cff	What kind of births did the Christian Church fathers believe occurred in nature?	monstrous births from union between species, and spontaneous generation of life.	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nIn later editions of the book, Darwin traced evolutionary ideas as far back as Aristotle; the text he cites is a summary by Aristotle of the ideas of the earlier Greek philosopher Empedocles. Early Christian Church Fathers and Medieval European scholars interpreted the Genesis creation ...
5727740ff1498d1400e8f88c	Which group wanted to assuage fears that science was a threat to religious stability?	the Royal Society	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nThe Protestant Reformation inspired a literal interpretation of the Bible, with concepts of creation that conflicted with the findings of an emerging science seeking explanations congruent with the mechanical philosophy of René Descartes and the empiricism of the Baconian method. After ...
5727740ff1498d1400e8f88d	Whose theory claimed that species were unchanging and designed by God?	John Ray	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nThe Protestant Reformation inspired a literal interpretation of the Bible, with concepts of creation that conflicted with the findings of an emerging science seeking explanations congruent with the mechanical philosophy of René Descartes and the empiricism of the Baconian method. After ...
5727740ff1498d1400e8f88e	Who created a biological classification in 1735?	Carl Linnaeus	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nThe Protestant Reformation inspired a literal interpretation of the Bible, with concepts of creation that conflicted with the findings of an emerging science seeking explanations congruent with the mechanical philosophy of René Descartes and the empiricism of the Baconian method. After ...
5727740ff1498d1400e8f88f	When did the Ussher chronology state that creation began?	4004 BC	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nThe Protestant Reformation inspired a literal interpretation of the Bible, with concepts of creation that conflicted with the findings of an emerging science seeking explanations congruent with the mechanical philosophy of René Descartes and the empiricism of the Baconian method. After ...
5727740ff1498d1400e8f890	Who proposed that life is a self-maintaining, infinite cycle?	James Hutton	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nThe Protestant Reformation inspired a literal interpretation of the Bible, with concepts of creation that conflicted with the findings of an emerging science seeking explanations congruent with the mechanical philosophy of René Descartes and the empiricism of the Baconian method. After ...
5727758f5951b619008f8a65	What was the name of Charles Darwin's grandfather?	Erasmus Darwin	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nCharles Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809. Both envisaged that spontaneous generation produced simple forms of life that progressively developed greater ...
5727758f5951b619008f8a66	What theory did Erasmus Darwin outline in the 1790s?	hypothesis of transmutation of species	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nCharles Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809. Both envisaged that spontaneous generation produced simple forms of life that progressively developed greater ...
5727758f5951b619008f8a67	What was the name of the scientist who developed and published a more complex version of Erasmus Darwin's theory in 1809?	Jean-Baptiste Lamarck	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nCharles Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809. Both envisaged that spontaneous generation produced simple forms of life that progressively developed greater ...
5727758f5951b619008f8a68	What is the process of adapting to the environment and inheriting changes through use or disuse called?	Lamarckism	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nCharles Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809. Both envisaged that spontaneous generation produced simple forms of life that progressively developed greater ...
5727758f5951b619008f8a69	Whose paleontology work in the 1790s established the reality of extinction?	Georges Cuvier	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nCharles Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809. Both envisaged that spontaneous generation produced simple forms of life that progressively developed greater ...
5727774b5951b619008f8a89	Whose work considered adaptation to be evidence of God's design?	William Paley's	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nIn Britain, William Paley's Natural Theology saw adaptation as evidence of beneficial \"design\" by the Creator acting through natural laws. All naturalists in the two English universities (Oxford and Cambridge) were Church of England clergymen, and science became a search for these law...
5727774b5951b619008f8a8a	What was the name of William Paley's book claiming divine beneficial design?	Natural Theology	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nIn Britain, William Paley's Natural Theology saw adaptation as evidence of beneficial \"design\" by the Creator acting through natural laws. All naturalists in the two English universities (Oxford and Cambridge) were Church of England clergymen, and science became a search for these law...
5727774b5951b619008f8a8b	What religion were all naturalists working at the two English universities?	Church of England	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nIn Britain, William Paley's Natural Theology saw adaptation as evidence of beneficial \"design\" by the Creator acting through natural laws. All naturalists in the two English universities (Oxford and Cambridge) were Church of England clergymen, and science became a search for these law...
5727774b5951b619008f8a8c	How did most naturalists view the concept of transmutation of species?	a threat to divinely appointed social order.	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nIn Britain, William Paley's Natural Theology saw adaptation as evidence of beneficial \"design\" by the Creator acting through natural laws. All naturalists in the two English universities (Oxford and Cambridge) were Church of England clergymen, and science became a search for these law...
5727774b5951b619008f8a8d	How did geologists explain the creation of new species in keeping with their belief in divine creation?	adapted catastrophism to show repeated worldwide annihilation and creation of new fixed species adapted to a changed environment	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nIn Britain, William Paley's Natural Theology saw adaptation as evidence of beneficial \"design\" by the Creator acting through natural laws. All naturalists in the two English universities (Oxford and Cambridge) were Church of England clergymen, and science became a search for these law...
572777f5708984140094de71	When did Darwin begin attending university?	1825	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nDarwin went to Edinburgh University in 1825 to study medicine. In his second year he neglected his medical studies for natural history and spent four months assisting Robert Grant's research into marine invertebrates. Grant revealed his enthusiasm for the transmutation of species, but D...
572777f5708984140094de72	What university did Darwin attend?	Edinburgh University	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nDarwin went to Edinburgh University in 1825 to study medicine. In his second year he neglected his medical studies for natural history and spent four months assisting Robert Grant's research into marine invertebrates. Grant revealed his enthusiasm for the transmutation of species, but D...
572777f5708984140094de73	What was Darwin originally studying at university?	medicine	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nDarwin went to Edinburgh University in 1825 to study medicine. In his second year he neglected his medical studies for natural history and spent four months assisting Robert Grant's research into marine invertebrates. Grant revealed his enthusiasm for the transmutation of species, but D...
572777f5708984140094de74	Who did Darwin assist in researching marine invertebrates?	Robert Grant	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nDarwin went to Edinburgh University in 1825 to study medicine. In his second year he neglected his medical studies for natural history and spent four months assisting Robert Grant's research into marine invertebrates. Grant revealed his enthusiasm for the transmutation of species, but D...
572777f5708984140094de75	With whom did Darwin study about catastrophic geology?	Adam Sedgwick	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nDarwin went to Edinburgh University in 1825 to study medicine. In his second year he neglected his medical studies for natural history and spent four months assisting Robert Grant's research into marine invertebrates. Grant revealed his enthusiasm for the transmutation of species, but D...
5727790a708984140094de93	What expedition did Darwin join in 1831?	Beagle expedition	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nIn December 1831, he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist. He read Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore, at St. Jago, found Lyell's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes. Darwin discovered fossils ...
5727790a708984140094de94	Who wrote The Principles of Geology?	Charles Lyell	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nIn December 1831, he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist. He read Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore, at St. Jago, found Lyell's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes. Darwin discovered fossils ...
5727790a708984140094de95	Where was the first stop of the Beagle Expedition?	St. Jago	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nIn December 1831, he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist. He read Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore, at St. Jago, found Lyell's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes. Darwin discovered fossils ...
5727790a708984140094de96	What did some of the fossils Darwin found on St. Jago resemble?	huge armadillos	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nIn December 1831, he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist. He read Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore, at St. Jago, found Lyell's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes. Darwin discovered fossils ...
5727790a708984140094de97	What caused Darwin to change his mind about the unbridgeable gap between animals and humans?	their relatives on the island seemed "miserable, degraded savages"	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nIn December 1831, he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist. He read Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore, at St. Jago, found Lyell's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes. Darwin discovered fossils ...
57277a07f1498d1400e8f918	Who showed that extinct South American fossils were related to living species?	Richard Owen	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nRichard Owen showed that fossils of extinct species Darwin found in South America were allied to living species on the same continent. In March 1837, ornithologist John Gould announced that Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea (though their territories...
57277a07f1498d1400e8f919	What did John Gould announce in 1837?	Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nRichard Owen showed that fossils of extinct species Darwin found in South America were allied to living species on the same continent. In March 1837, ornithologist John Gould announced that Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea (though their territories...
57277a07f1498d1400e8f91a	How many species of mockingbirds were found to be present on the Galapagos Islands?	three separate species	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nRichard Owen showed that fossils of extinct species Darwin found in South America were allied to living species on the same continent. In March 1837, ornithologist John Gould announced that Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea (though their territories...
57277a07f1498d1400e8f91b	What type of scientist was John Gould?	ornithologist	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nRichard Owen showed that fossils of extinct species Darwin found in South America were allied to living species on the same continent. In March 1837, ornithologist John Gould announced that Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea (though their territories...
57277a07f1498d1400e8f91c	Which animal did Darwin see at a zoo that made him further consider evolution?	an ape	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nRichard Owen showed that fossils of extinct species Darwin found in South America were allied to living species on the same continent. In March 1837, ornithologist John Gould announced that Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea (though their territories...
57277dec708984140094df1d	Which book did Darwin begin reading in 1838?	An Essay on the Principle of Population	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nIn late September 1838, he started reading Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population with its statistical argument that human populations, if unrestrained, breed beyond their means and struggle to survive. Darwin related this to the struggle for existence among wildlife a...
57277dec708984140094df1e	What did Thomas Malthus' book theorize would happen to human populations if they were unrestrained?	breed beyond their means and struggle to survive	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nIn late September 1838, he started reading Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population with its statistical argument that human populations, if unrestrained, breed beyond their means and struggle to survive. Darwin related this to the struggle for existence among wildlife a...
57277dec708984140094df1f	Which species did Darwin compare with the human struggle to survive?	plants	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nIn late September 1838, he started reading Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population with its statistical argument that human populations, if unrestrained, breed beyond their means and struggle to survive. Darwin related this to the struggle for existence among wildlife a...
57277dec708984140094df20	What concept was de Candolle considering as he studied plants?	"warring of the species"	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nIn late September 1838, he started reading Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population with its statistical argument that human populations, if unrestrained, breed beyond their means and struggle to survive. Darwin related this to the struggle for existence among wildlife a...
57277ee9f1498d1400e8f9ce	What was the name of Darwin's 35-page writing of his theory?	"Pencil Sketch"	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nDarwin continued to research and extensively revise his theory while focusing on his main work of publishing the scientific results of the Beagle voyage. He tentatively wrote of his ideas to Lyell in January 1842; then in June he roughed out a 35-page \"Pencil Sketch\" of his theory. Da...
57277ee9f1498d1400e8f9cf	Which botanist did Darwin begin a correspondence with about his theories?	Joseph Dalton Hooker	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nDarwin continued to research and extensively revise his theory while focusing on his main work of publishing the scientific results of the Beagle voyage. He tentatively wrote of his ideas to Lyell in January 1842; then in June he roughed out a 35-page \"Pencil Sketch\" of his theory. Da...
57277ee9f1498d1400e8f9d0	How many pages had Darwin's sketch grown to in 1844?	230-page	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nDarwin continued to research and extensively revise his theory while focusing on his main work of publishing the scientific results of the Beagle voyage. He tentatively wrote of his ideas to Lyell in January 1842; then in June he roughed out a 35-page \"Pencil Sketch\" of his theory. Da...
57277ee9f1498d1400e8f9d1	What information was Darwin's essay based on?	scientific results of the Beagle voyage	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nDarwin continued to research and extensively revise his theory while focusing on his main work of publishing the scientific results of the Beagle voyage. He tentatively wrote of his ideas to Lyell in January 1842; then in June he roughed out a 35-page \"Pencil Sketch\" of his theory. Da...
57277ee9f1498d1400e8f9d2	Who did Darwin write his ideas to in 1842?	Lyell	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nDarwin continued to research and extensively revise his theory while focusing on his main work of publishing the scientific results of the Beagle voyage. He tentatively wrote of his ideas to Lyell in January 1842; then in June he roughed out a 35-page \"Pencil Sketch\" of his theory. Da...
57277fec5951b619008f8b71	What was the name of the anonymously published science book?	Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nIn November 1844, the anonymously published popular science book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers, widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species. Vestiges used evidence from the fossil record and embryology ...
57277fec5951b619008f8b72	What kind of progression did Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation propose?	a linear progression	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nIn November 1844, the anonymously published popular science book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers, widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species. Vestiges used evidence from the fossil record and embryology ...
57277fec5951b619008f8b73	Who wrote Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation?	Robert Chambers	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nIn November 1844, the anonymously published popular science book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers, widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species. Vestiges used evidence from the fossil record and embryology ...
57277fec5951b619008f8b74	What was the evidence in Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation used to support?	that living things had progressed from the simple to the more complex over time.	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nIn November 1844, the anonymously published popular science book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers, widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species. Vestiges used evidence from the fossil record and embryology ...
57277fec5951b619008f8b75	Which scientist was in favor of Lamarckism in the 1850s?	Herbert Spencer	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nIn November 1844, the anonymously published popular science book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers, widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species. Vestiges used evidence from the fossil record and embryology ...
57278126708984140094df5b	What creatures did Darwin study that made him believe variation arose constantly?	barnacle	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nDarwin's barnacle studies convinced him that variation arose constantly and not just in response to changed circumstances. In 1854, he completed the last part of his Beagle-related writing and began working full-time on evolution. His thinking changed from the view that species formed i...
57278126708984140094df5c	In what year did Darwin begin to work on his evolution theory full-time?	1854	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nDarwin's barnacle studies convinced him that variation arose constantly and not just in response to changed circumstances. In 1854, he completed the last part of his Beagle-related writing and began working full-time on evolution. His thinking changed from the view that species formed i...
57278126708984140094df5d	Which bird species did Darwin become extremely interested in studying?	fancy pigeon	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nDarwin's barnacle studies convinced him that variation arose constantly and not just in response to changed circumstances. In 1854, he completed the last part of his Beagle-related writing and began working full-time on evolution. His thinking changed from the view that species formed i...
57278126708984140094df5e	By which year had Darwin's theory become more complex and supported by a lot of evidence?	1856	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nDarwin's barnacle studies convinced him that variation arose constantly and not just in response to changed circumstances. In 1854, he completed the last part of his Beagle-related writing and began working full-time on evolution. His thinking changed from the view that species formed i...
57278127708984140094df5f	What species did Darwin study for dispersal across oceans>	plant seeds and animals	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nDarwin's barnacle studies convinced him that variation arose constantly and not just in response to changed circumstances. In 1854, he completed the last part of his Beagle-related writing and began working full-time on evolution. His thinking changed from the view that species formed i...
5727825e5951b619008f8ba3	When was the "Introduction of Species" paper written?	1855	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nAn 1855 paper on the \"introduction\" of species, written by Alfred Russel Wallace, claimed that patterns in the geographical distribution of living and fossil species could be explained if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species. C...
5727825e5951b619008f8ba4	Who wrote the "Introduction of Species" paper?	Alfred Russel Wallace	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nAn 1855 paper on the \"introduction\" of species, written by Alfred Russel Wallace, claimed that patterns in the geographical distribution of living and fossil species could be explained if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species. C...
5727825e5951b619008f8ba5	How did Wallace claim that patterns in the distribution of species could be explained?	if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nAn 1855 paper on the \"introduction\" of species, written by Alfred Russel Wallace, claimed that patterns in the geographical distribution of living and fossil species could be explained if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species. C...
5727825e5951b619008f8ba6	Which scientist recognized the possible validity and implications of Wallace's paper?	Charles Lyell	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nAn 1855 paper on the \"introduction\" of species, written by Alfred Russel Wallace, claimed that patterns in the geographical distribution of living and fossil species could be explained if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species. C...
5727825e5951b619008f8ba7	When did Lyell ask Darwin to publish his theory to give it priority?	1–2 May 1856	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nAn 1855 paper on the \"introduction\" of species, written by Alfred Russel Wallace, claimed that patterns in the geographical distribution of living and fossil species could be explained if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species. C...

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