Split (2)

train · 86.8k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	question stringlengths 1 270	answer stringlengths 1 239	documents listlengths 1 1
5727be744b864d1900163c4f	What did Darwin believe were the key things needed for variation of species to form?	variability and change in the environment	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nChapter X examines whether patterns in the fossil record are better explained by common descent and branching evolution through natural selection, than by the individual creation of fixed species. Darwin expected species to change slowly, but not at the same rate – some organisms such a...
5727be744b864d1900163c50	Which scientist theorized that the earliest members of a class in a species were simple and generalized?	Richard Owen	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nChapter X examines whether patterns in the fossil record are better explained by common descent and branching evolution through natural selection, than by the individual creation of fixed species. Darwin expected species to change slowly, but not at the same rate – some organisms such a...
5727be744b864d1900163c51	What did Darwin discover about more recently extinct species?	Recently extinct species were more similar to living species than those from earlier eras	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nChapter X examines whether patterns in the fossil record are better explained by common descent and branching evolution through natural selection, than by the individual creation of fixed species. Darwin expected species to change slowly, but not at the same rate – some organisms such a...
5727bfec2ca10214002d955e	Why couldn't differences in flora and fauna be explained by differences in regions alone?	South America, Africa, and Australia all have regions with similar climates at similar latitudes, but those regions have very different plants and animals	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nChapter XI deals with evidence from biogeography, starting with the observation that differences in flora and fauna from separate regions cannot be explained by environmental differences alone; South America, Africa, and Australia all have regions with similar climates at similar latitu...
5727bfec2ca10214002d955f	What did Darwin consider that could explain why different regions could have such different species when they are close together?	barriers to migration played an important role in the differences between the species of different regions.	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nChapter XI deals with evidence from biogeography, starting with the observation that differences in flora and fauna from separate regions cannot be explained by environmental differences alone; South America, Africa, and Australia all have regions with similar climates at similar latitu...
5727bfec2ca10214002d9560	What was the combination of effects that Darwin considered the most important in determining the differences in species that evolved separately in similar environments?	His explanation was a combination of migration and descent with modification.	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nChapter XI deals with evidence from biogeography, starting with the observation that differences in flora and fauna from separate regions cannot be explained by environmental differences alone; South America, Africa, and Australia all have regions with similar climates at similar latitu...
5727c1064b864d1900163c84	What theory does Darwin discuss that is related to the importance of homologous structures?	morphology	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nDarwin discusses morphology, including the importance of homologous structures. He says, \"What can be more curious than that the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat, should all be cons...
5727c1064b864d1900163c85	What are some examples that Darwin gives of species whose basic form of limbs is similar, but who have vastly different uses for them?	the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nDarwin discusses morphology, including the importance of homologous structures. He says, \"What can be more curious than that the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat, should all be cons...
5727c1064b864d1900163c86	What does Darwin note about the embryos of many different species in the same class?	animals of the same class often have extremely similar embryos	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nDarwin discusses morphology, including the importance of homologous structures. He says, \"What can be more curious than that the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat, should all be cons...
5727c1064b864d1900163c87	What are some examples of rudimentary organs that Darwin discusses in the chapter?	e wings of flightless birds and the rudiments of pelvis and leg bones found in some snakes	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nDarwin discusses morphology, including the importance of homologous structures. He says, \"What can be more curious than that the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat, should all be cons...
5727c1aeff5b5019007d9480	What hopes does Darwin have for his theory in the natural history fields?	that his theory might produce revolutionary changes	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nThe final chapter reviews points from earlier chapters, and Darwin concludes by hoping that his theory might produce revolutionary changes in many fields of natural history. Although he avoids the controversial topic of human origins in the rest of the book so as not to prejudice reader...
5727c1aeff5b5019007d9481	Why did Darwin avoid the topic of the origins of humans in most of his book?	so as not to prejudice readers against his theory	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nThe final chapter reviews points from earlier chapters, and Darwin concludes by hoping that his theory might produce revolutionary changes in many fields of natural history. Although he avoids the controversial topic of human origins in the rest of the book so as not to prejudice reader...
5727c1aeff5b5019007d9482	What does Darwin allude to hoping in the final chapter of On the Origin of Species about humans?	that psychology would be put on a new foundation and that "Light will be thrown on the origin of man"	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nThe final chapter reviews points from earlier chapters, and Darwin concludes by hoping that his theory might produce revolutionary changes in many fields of natural history. Although he avoids the controversial topic of human origins in the rest of the book so as not to prejudice reader...
5727c29e2ca10214002d959c	What were Darwin's two important aims about evolution?	to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nDarwin's aims were twofold: to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change. He knew that his readers were already familiar with the concept of transmutation of species from Vestiges, and his introduction ridicu...
5727c29e2ca10214002d959d	What did heknow his readers were already familiar with from Vestiges?	the concept of transmutation of species	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nDarwin's aims were twofold: to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change. He knew that his readers were already familiar with the concept of transmutation of species from Vestiges, and his introduction ridicu...
5727c29e2ca10214002d959e	How did Darwin view Vestiges in the introduction to On the Origin of Species?	his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provide a viable mechanism.	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nDarwin's aims were twofold: to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change. He knew that his readers were already familiar with the concept of transmutation of species from Vestiges, and his introduction ridicu...
5727c29e2ca10214002d959f	What is Darwin's belief about the accumulation of adaptive variations?	the accumulation of adaptive variations provides a scientifically testable mechanism for evolutionary speciation.	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nDarwin's aims were twofold: to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change. He knew that his readers were already familiar with the concept of transmutation of species from Vestiges, and his introduction ridicu...
5727c69b4b864d1900163cec	What does Darwin do to show that his theory can support many theories that could not be explained by individual creation of species?	Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nLater chapters provide evidence that evolution has occurred, supporting the idea of branching, adaptive evolution without directly proving that selection is the mechanism. Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines, showing that his theory could explain a myriad of obs...
5727c69b4b864d1900163ced	Whose scientific philosophy argued that a mechanism could be called a vera causa if three things could be shown as true?	John Herschel	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nLater chapters provide evidence that evolution has occurred, supporting the idea of branching, adaptive evolution without directly proving that selection is the mechanism. Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines, showing that his theory could explain a myriad of obs...
5727c69b4b864d1900163cee	What are the three things John Herschel maintains need to be shown to allow for a mechanism be called a true cause?	its existence in nature, its ability to produce the effects of interest, and its ability to explain a wide range of observations	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nLater chapters provide evidence that evolution has occurred, supporting the idea of branching, adaptive evolution without directly proving that selection is the mechanism. Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines, showing that his theory could explain a myriad of obs...
5727c82c3acd2414000dec3f	What element of On the Origin of Species ensured that the book would be taken seriously by scientists?	its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction.	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nWhile the book was readable enough to sell, its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction. Unlike the still-popular Vestiges, it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmolog...
5727c82c3acd2414000dec40	What did On Origin of Species avoid in order to raise its chance of being taken seriously?	it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nWhile the book was readable enough to sell, its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction. Unlike the still-popular Vestiges, it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmolog...
5727c82c3acd2414000dec41	What reason did David Quammen believe that On the Origin of Species was weakened in later editions?	Darwin making concessions and adding details to address his critics	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nWhile the book was readable enough to sell, its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction. Unlike the still-popular Vestiges, it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmolog...
5727c82c3acd2414000dec42	Why did James T. Costa think that On the Origin of Species was more likely to draw interest than a larger book that Darwin had been working on?	because the book was an abstract produced in haste in response to Wallace's essay	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nWhile the book was readable enough to sell, its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction. Unlike the still-popular Vestiges, it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmolog...
5727c82c3acd2414000dec43	Why did James T. Costa think the larger, abandoned book would not have been as successful?	would have been encumbered by scholarly footnotes and much more technical detail	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nWhile the book was readable enough to sell, its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction. Unlike the still-popular Vestiges, it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmolog...
5727c9733acd2414000dec61	Why did On the Origin of Species likely raise so much interest and debate?	no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological, social and religious implications	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nThe book aroused international interest and a widespread debate, with no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological, social and religious implications. Much of the initial reaction was hostile, but Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science. ...
5727c9733acd2414000dec62	Why was the book taken seriously even though much of the response was hostile?	Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nThe book aroused international interest and a widespread debate, with no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological, social and religious implications. Much of the initial reaction was hostile, but Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science. ...
5727c9733acd2414000dec63	What field of ideas latched onto On the Origin of Species when it became a widespread success?	social reform	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nThe book aroused international interest and a widespread debate, with no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological, social and religious implications. Much of the initial reaction was hostile, but Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science. ...
5727c9733acd2414000dec64	What did Darwin's book do for the field of scientific study of evolution?	Darwin's book legitimised scientific discussion of evolutionary mechanisms	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nThe book aroused international interest and a widespread debate, with no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological, social and religious implications. Much of the initial reaction was hostile, but Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science. ...
5727c9733acd2414000dec65	What was the term used to not only describe Darwin's theories, but the whole spectrum of evolution-ism after his book met with success?	Darwinism	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nThe book aroused international interest and a widespread debate, with no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological, social and religious implications. Much of the initial reaction was hostile, but Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science. ...
5727ccc72ca10214002d96a8	What was the general response from scientific readers to Lamarck's written work?	the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nScientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague \"law of development\" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour. Darwin presented natural selection as...
5727ccc72ca10214002d96a9	What was the likely reason that Darwin's ideas were accepted more readily than Lamarck's?	natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible.	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nScientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague \"law of development\" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour. Darwin presented natural selection as...
5727ccc72ca10214002d96aa	Which school did opponents to Darwin's method support?	the idealist school of William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nScientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague \"law of development\" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour. Darwin presented natural selection as...
5727ccc72ca10214002d96ab	Where did early support for Darwin's findings come from?	the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology, including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860, and Asa Gray in 1862	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nScientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague \"law of development\" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour. Darwin presented natural selection as...
5727ccc72ca10214002d96ac	Who authored research supporting insect mimicry using natural selection?	Henry Walter Bates	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nScientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague \"law of development\" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour. Darwin presented natural selection as...
5727ce204b864d1900163d88	Who supported Darwin's theories on evolution despite it having little impact on his own research?	Thomas Henry Huxley	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nEvolution had less obvious applications to anatomy and morphology, and at first had little impact on the research of the anatomist Thomas Henry Huxley. Despite this, Huxley strongly supported Darwin on evolution; though he called for experiments to show whether natural selection could f...
5727ce204b864d1900163d89	What did Huxley's 1860 article in the Westminster Review promote?	scientific naturalism over natural theology	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nEvolution had less obvious applications to anatomy and morphology, and at first had little impact on the research of the anatomist Thomas Henry Huxley. Despite this, Huxley strongly supported Darwin on evolution; though he called for experiments to show whether natural selection could f...
5727ce204b864d1900163d8a	Why did Huxley coin the name "Darwinism?"	as part of his efforts to secularise and professionalise science	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nEvolution had less obvious applications to anatomy and morphology, and at first had little impact on the research of the anatomist Thomas Henry Huxley. Despite this, Huxley strongly supported Darwin on evolution; though he called for experiments to show whether natural selection could f...
5727ce204b864d1900163d8b	What did the morphologist Ernst Haeckel convince Huxley of about comparative anatomy and paleontology?	that comparative anatomy and palaeontology could be used to reconstruct evolutionary genealogies	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nEvolution had less obvious applications to anatomy and morphology, and at first had little impact on the research of the anatomist Thomas Henry Huxley. Despite this, Huxley strongly supported Darwin on evolution; though he called for experiments to show whether natural selection could f...
5727cf924b864d1900163dae	Who was the leading naturalist in Britain?	Richard Owen,	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nThe leading naturalist in Britain was the anatomist Richard Owen, an idealist who had shifted to the view in the 1850s that the history of life was the gradual unfolding of a divine plan. Owen's review of the Origin in the April 1860 Edinburgh Review bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and...
5727cf924b864d1900163daf	How did Owen respond to On the Origin of Species with his review?	bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and Darwin, but also signalled acceptance of a kind of evolution as a teleological plan in a continuous "ordained becoming"	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nThe leading naturalist in Britain was the anatomist Richard Owen, an idealist who had shifted to the view in the 1850s that the history of life was the gradual unfolding of a divine plan. Owen's review of the Origin in the April 1860 Edinburgh Review bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and...
5727cf924b864d1900163db0	What was the debate between Huxley and Owen concerning humans and apes?	Huxley had emphasised anatomical similarities between apes and humans, contesting Owen's view that humans were a separate sub-class	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nThe leading naturalist in Britain was the anatomist Richard Owen, an idealist who had shifted to the view in the 1850s that the history of life was the gradual unfolding of a divine plan. Owen's review of the Origin in the April 1860 Edinburgh Review bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and...
5727cf924b864d1900163db1	What was the primary debate at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting of 1860?	legendary 1860 Oxford evolution debate	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nThe leading naturalist in Britain was the anatomist Richard Owen, an idealist who had shifted to the view in the 1850s that the history of life was the gradual unfolding of a divine plan. Owen's review of the Origin in the April 1860 Edinburgh Review bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and...
5727cf924b864d1900163db2	When did Darwin publish his own explanation of the question of the evolution of man and ape?	Darwin published his own explanation in the Descent of Man (1871)	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nThe leading naturalist in Britain was the anatomist Richard Owen, an idealist who had shifted to the view in the 1850s that the history of life was the gradual unfolding of a divine plan. Owen's review of the Origin in the April 1860 Edinburgh Review bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and...
5727d08a2ca10214002d9734	While evolutionary ideas were accepted by German biologists, what was not?	natural selection	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nEvolutionary ideas, although not natural selection, were accepted by German biologists accustomed to ideas of homology in morphology from Goethe's Metamorphosis of Plants and from their long tradition of comparative anatomy. Bronn's alterations in his German translation added to the mis...
5727d08a2ca10214002d9735	What led to more misgivings of conservative scientists when Bronn's German translation of On the Origin of Species was published?	Bronn's alterations in his German translation added to the misgivings of conservatives	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nEvolutionary ideas, although not natural selection, were accepted by German biologists accustomed to ideas of homology in morphology from Goethe's Metamorphosis of Plants and from their long tradition of comparative anatomy. Bronn's alterations in his German translation added to the mis...
5727d08a2ca10214002d9736	Which group of people was excited by the German translation of On the Origin of Species?	political radicals	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nEvolutionary ideas, although not natural selection, were accepted by German biologists accustomed to ideas of homology in morphology from Goethe's Metamorphosis of Plants and from their long tradition of comparative anatomy. Bronn's alterations in his German translation added to the mis...
5727d08a2ca10214002d9737	Why were political radicals such as Ernst Haekel so interested in On the Origin of Species?	aiming to synthesise Darwin's ideas with those of Lamarck and Goethe while still reflecting the spirit of Naturphilosophie	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nEvolutionary ideas, although not natural selection, were accepted by German biologists accustomed to ideas of homology in morphology from Goethe's Metamorphosis of Plants and from their long tradition of comparative anatomy. Bronn's alterations in his German translation added to the mis...
5727d1caff5b5019007d960a	What was the general feeling toward Darwin's ideas in France?	Darwin's ideas had little impact in France, where any scientists supporting evolutionary ideas opted for a form of Lamarckism	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nFrench-speaking naturalists in several countries showed appreciation of the much modified French translation by Clémence Royer, but Darwin's ideas had little impact in France, where any scientists supporting evolutionary ideas opted for a form of Lamarckism. The intelligentsia in Russia...
5727d1caff5b5019007d960b	What people in what country had embraced the idea of evolution for many years before Darwin published his theory?	The intelligentsia in Russia	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nFrench-speaking naturalists in several countries showed appreciation of the much modified French translation by Clémence Royer, but Darwin's ideas had little impact in France, where any scientists supporting evolutionary ideas opted for a form of Lamarckism. The intelligentsia in Russia...
5727d1caff5b5019007d960c	Which aspects of evolution theory were thought to be unimportant by many who read Darwin's work?	the Malthusian aspects	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nFrench-speaking naturalists in several countries showed appreciation of the much modified French translation by Clémence Royer, but Darwin's ideas had little impact in France, where any scientists supporting evolutionary ideas opted for a form of Lamarckism. The intelligentsia in Russia...
5727d1caff5b5019007d960d	Which author voiced his displeasure of the morality of Darwin's views in a novel?	Leo Tolstoy	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nFrench-speaking naturalists in several countries showed appreciation of the much modified French translation by Clémence Royer, but Darwin's ideas had little impact in France, where any scientists supporting evolutionary ideas opted for a form of Lamarckism. The intelligentsia in Russia...
5727d5053acd2414000ded97	What justification for his objections to the process of natural selection did Karl von Nägel give?	insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nThere were serious scientific objections to the process of natural selection as the key mechanism of evolution, including Karl von Nägeli's insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection. Darwin conceded that these could be linked...
5727d5053acd2414000ded98	What was Darwin's concession to Karl von Nägel's objections?	Darwin conceded that these could be linked to adaptive characteristics	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nThere were serious scientific objections to the process of natural selection as the key mechanism of evolution, including Karl von Nägeli's insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection. Darwin conceded that these could be linked...
5727d5053acd2414000ded99	Who disputed Darwin's estimate that the age of the earth allowed gradual evolution of species?	William Thomson	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nThere were serious scientific objections to the process of natural selection as the key mechanism of evolution, including Karl von Nägeli's insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection. Darwin conceded that these could be linked...
5727d5053acd2414000ded9a	What were William Thomson's reasons for disputing Darwin's estimate?	calculated that it had cooled in less than 100 million years	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nThere were serious scientific objections to the process of natural selection as the key mechanism of evolution, including Karl von Nägeli's insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection. Darwin conceded that these could be linked...
5727d5053acd2414000ded9b	When were the problems of the earth and heredity resolved?	in the 20th century	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nThere were serious scientific objections to the process of natural selection as the key mechanism of evolution, including Karl von Nägeli's insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection. Darwin conceded that these could be linked...
5727d633ff5b5019007d967c	Why did most scientists accept the validity of evolution by the 1870s, but considered natural selection a minor part of it?	they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive.	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nBy the mid-1870s, most scientists accepted evolution, but relegated natural selection to a minor role as they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive. The range of evolutionary theories during \"the eclipse of Darwinism\" included forms of \"saltationism\" in which new species...
5727d633ff5b5019007d967d	What was meant by the term saltationism?	new species were thought to arise through "jumps" rather than gradual adaptation	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nBy the mid-1870s, most scientists accepted evolution, but relegated natural selection to a minor role as they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive. The range of evolutionary theories during \"the eclipse of Darwinism\" included forms of \"saltationism\" in which new species...
5727d633ff5b5019007d967e	What is the term for the belief that species have a tendency to change and adapt in a certain direction?	orthogenesis	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nBy the mid-1870s, most scientists accepted evolution, but relegated natural selection to a minor role as they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive. The range of evolutionary theories during \"the eclipse of Darwinism\" included forms of \"saltationism\" in which new species...
5727d633ff5b5019007d967f	What was the minority view on evolution that was believed by August Weismann?	neo-Darwinism	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nBy the mid-1870s, most scientists accepted evolution, but relegated natural selection to a minor role as they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive. The range of evolutionary theories during \"the eclipse of Darwinism\" included forms of \"saltationism\" in which new species...
5727d633ff5b5019007d9680	What rediscovered inheritance was thought to invalidate Darwin's views on evolution?	Mendelian inheritance	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nBy the mid-1870s, most scientists accepted evolution, but relegated natural selection to a minor role as they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive. The range of evolutionary theories during \"the eclipse of Darwinism\" included forms of \"saltationism\" in which new species...
5727d7e3ff5b5019007d96b6	Who believed that action needed to be taken to level out the social and economic playing field before natural selection could occur to improve humanity?	Alfred Russel Wallace	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nWhile some, like Spencer, used analogy from natural selection as an argument against government intervention in the economy to benefit the poor, others, including Alfred Russel Wallace, argued that action was needed to correct social and economic inequities to level the playing field be...
5727d7e3ff5b5019007d96b7	Which political commentary attempted to widen the idea of natural selection to include competition between different races of people and countries?	Walter Bagehot's Physics and Politics (1872)	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nWhile some, like Spencer, used analogy from natural selection as an argument against government intervention in the economy to benefit the poor, others, including Alfred Russel Wallace, argued that action was needed to correct social and economic inequities to level the playing field be...
5727d7e3ff5b5019007d96b8	Why were some political commentaries attempting to attach natural selection to human races?	to provide scientific evidence for the superiority of Caucasians over non white races and justify European imperialism	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nWhile some, like Spencer, used analogy from natural selection as an argument against government intervention in the economy to benefit the poor, others, including Alfred Russel Wallace, argued that action was needed to correct social and economic inequities to level the playing field be...
5727d7e3ff5b5019007d96b9	What uses of his ideology did Darwin object to being used?	to justify military aggression and unethical business practices	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nWhile some, like Spencer, used analogy from natural selection as an argument against government intervention in the economy to benefit the poor, others, including Alfred Russel Wallace, argued that action was needed to correct social and economic inequities to level the playing field be...
5727d7e3ff5b5019007d96ba	What theory about humanity did Darwin oppose?	he opposed polygenism, the idea that human races were fundamentally distinct and did not share a recent common ancestry.	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nWhile some, like Spencer, used analogy from natural selection as an argument against government intervention in the economy to benefit the poor, others, including Alfred Russel Wallace, argued that action was needed to correct social and economic inequities to level the playing field be...
5727db08ff5b5019007d96f2	What view did Louis Agassiz have of On the Origin of Species?	strongly opposed to the ideas in the book	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nNatural theology was not a unified doctrine, and while some such as Louis Agassiz were strongly opposed to the ideas in the book, others sought a reconciliation in which evolution was seen as purposeful. In the Church of England, some liberal clergymen interpreted natural selection as a...
5727db08ff5b5019007d96f3	What view did some clergymen in the Church of England take of the theory of natural selection?	interpreted natural selection as an instrument of God's design	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nNatural theology was not a unified doctrine, and while some such as Louis Agassiz were strongly opposed to the ideas in the book, others sought a reconciliation in which evolution was seen as purposeful. In the Church of England, some liberal clergymen interpreted natural selection as a...
5727db08ff5b5019007d96f4	What did Darwin do to show that he admired the cleric Charles Kingsley?	Darwin quoted Kingsley as "a celebrated cleric", and added the phrase "by the Creator" to the closing sentence,	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nNatural theology was not a unified doctrine, and while some such as Louis Agassiz were strongly opposed to the ideas in the book, others sought a reconciliation in which evolution was seen as purposeful. In the Church of England, some liberal clergymen interpreted natural selection as a...
5727db08ff5b5019007d96f5	What did some commentators think about Darwin changing the phrasing in his book?	some commentators have taken this as a concession to religion that Darwin later regretted	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nNatural theology was not a unified doctrine, and while some such as Louis Agassiz were strongly opposed to the ideas in the book, others sought a reconciliation in which evolution was seen as purposeful. In the Church of England, some liberal clergymen interpreted natural selection as a...
5727db08ff5b5019007d96f6	What were Darwin's views on the part of God in his theory?	Darwin's view at the time was of God creating life through the laws of nature	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nNatural theology was not a unified doctrine, and while some such as Louis Agassiz were strongly opposed to the ideas in the book, others sought a reconciliation in which evolution was seen as purposeful. In the Church of England, some liberal clergymen interpreted natural selection as a...
5727dc042ca10214002d982e	What was Baden Powell's opinion of On the Origin of Species?	Baden Powell praised "Mr Darwin's masterly volume [supporting] the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature"	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nBaden Powell praised \"Mr Darwin's masterly volume [supporting] the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature\". In America, Asa Gray argued that evolution is the secondary effect, or modus operandi, of the first cause, design, and published a pamphlet defending the book in ...
5727dc042ca10214002d982f	What did the pamphlet that Asa Gray published defend?	defending the book in terms of theistic evolution, Natural Selection is not inconsistent with Natural Theology.	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nBaden Powell praised \"Mr Darwin's masterly volume [supporting] the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature\". In America, Asa Gray argued that evolution is the secondary effect, or modus operandi, of the first cause, design, and published a pamphlet defending the book in ...
5727dc042ca10214002d9830	What was a way that theologians compromised with the information in Darwin's book?	Theistic evolution became a popular compromise	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nBaden Powell praised \"Mr Darwin's masterly volume [supporting] the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature\". In America, Asa Gray argued that evolution is the secondary effect, or modus operandi, of the first cause, design, and published a pamphlet defending the book in ...
5727dc042ca10214002d9831	What was later realized that caused naturalistic mechanisms such as neo-Lamarckism to be embraced?	supernatural intervention could not be a scientific explanation	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nBaden Powell praised \"Mr Darwin's masterly volume [supporting] the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature\". In America, Asa Gray argued that evolution is the secondary effect, or modus operandi, of the first cause, design, and published a pamphlet defending the book in ...
5727dd4d3acd2414000dee5d	How did people attempt to rationalize or reconcile the concept of natural selection?	by supposing there was some supernatural intervention on the path leading to humans	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nEven though the book had barely hinted at human evolution, it quickly became central to the debate as mental and moral qualities were seen as spiritual aspects of the immaterial soul, and it was believed that animals did not have spiritual qualities. This conflict could be reconciled by...
5727dd4d3acd2414000dee5e	Which scientist argued that Darwinism was atheism?	Charles Hodge	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nEven though the book had barely hinted at human evolution, it quickly became central to the debate as mental and moral qualities were seen as spiritual aspects of the immaterial soul, and it was believed that animals did not have spiritual qualities. This conflict could be reconciled by...
5727dd4d3acd2414000dee5f	What controversy around Darwin's book began in the 1920s?	the American creation–evolution controversy	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nEven though the book had barely hinted at human evolution, it quickly became central to the debate as mental and moral qualities were seen as spiritual aspects of the immaterial soul, and it was believed that animals did not have spiritual qualities. This conflict could be reconciled by...
5727dd4d3acd2414000dee60	What official position did the Vatican take on the subject of evolution in 1950?	The Vatican stated its official position in a 1950 papal encyclical, which held that evolution was not inconsistent with Catholic teaching.	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nEven though the book had barely hinted at human evolution, it quickly became central to the debate as mental and moral qualities were seen as spiritual aspects of the immaterial soul, and it was believed that animals did not have spiritual qualities. This conflict could be reconciled by...
5727de2c4b864d1900163edc	What branching common descent theory has become the most unifying one of the life sciences?	Darwin's theory of evolution	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nModern evolutionary theory continues to develop. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, with its tree-like model of branching common descent, has become the unifying theory of the life sciences. The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to th...
5727de2c4b864d1900163edd	What does the theory of evolution explain about living organisms?	The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to the environment.	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nModern evolutionary theory continues to develop. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, with its tree-like model of branching common descent, has become the unifying theory of the life sciences. The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to th...
5727de2c4b864d1900163ede	In what fields has Darwin's theory of evolution become particularly essential?	medicine and agriculture	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nModern evolutionary theory continues to develop. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, with its tree-like model of branching common descent, has become the unifying theory of the life sciences. The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to th...
5727de2c4b864d1900163edf	What kind of controversy has begun within school systems about Darwin's theory?	a religion-based political controversy	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nModern evolutionary theory continues to develop. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, with its tree-like model of branching common descent, has become the unifying theory of the life sciences. The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to th...
5727df293acd2414000dee91	What kinds of things have been done by scholars interested in Darwin's work?	scholars have generated an extensive literature, the Darwin Industry, about his life and work.	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nInterest in Darwin's writings continues, and scholars have generated an extensive literature, the Darwin Industry, about his life and work. The text of Origin itself has been subject to much analysis including a variorum, detailing the changes made in every edition, first published in 1...
5727df293acd2414000dee92	What has been created in 1959 and filled with information about changes in every edition of On the Origin of Species?	a variorum	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nInterest in Darwin's writings continues, and scholars have generated an extensive literature, the Darwin Industry, about his life and work. The text of Origin itself has been subject to much analysis including a variorum, detailing the changes made in every edition, first published in 1...
5727df293acd2414000dee93	What was done on the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species?	Worldwide commemorations	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nInterest in Darwin's writings continues, and scholars have generated an extensive literature, the Darwin Industry, about his life and work. The text of Origin itself has been subject to much analysis including a variorum, detailing the changes made in every edition, first published in 1...
5727df293acd2414000dee94	What were the celebrants honoring with their commemorations?	They celebrated the ideas which "over the last 150 years have revolutionised our understanding of nature and our place within it".	[ "On_the_Origin_of_Species\n\nInterest in Darwin's writings continues, and scholars have generated an extensive literature, the Darwin Industry, about his life and work. The text of Origin itself has been subject to much analysis including a variorum, detailing the changes made in every edition, first published in 1...
57276dd7708984140094dd51	On what date did the Soviet Union dissolve?	December 26, 1991	[ "Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union\n\nThe dissolution of the Soviet Union was formally enacted on December 26, 1991, as a result of the declaration no. 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The declaration acknowledged the independence of the former Soviet republics and creat...
57276dd7708984140094dd52	What entity was created in place of the Soviet Union?	Commonwealth of Independent States	[ "Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union\n\nThe dissolution of the Soviet Union was formally enacted on December 26, 1991, as a result of the declaration no. 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The declaration acknowledged the independence of the former Soviet republics and creat...
57276dd7708984140094dd53	Who was president of the Soviet Union when it came to an end?	Mikhail Gorbachev,	[ "Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union\n\nThe dissolution of the Soviet Union was formally enacted on December 26, 1991, as a result of the declaration no. 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The declaration acknowledged the independence of the former Soviet republics and creat...
57276dd7708984140094dd54	Who became president of Russia after Gorbachev left office?	Boris Yeltsin	[ "Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union\n\nThe dissolution of the Soviet Union was formally enacted on December 26, 1991, as a result of the declaration no. 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The declaration acknowledged the independence of the former Soviet republics and creat...
57276dd7708984140094dd55	Which flag replaced the Soviet flag at the Kremlin?	pre-revolutionary Russian flag.	[ "Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union\n\nThe dissolution of the Soviet Union was formally enacted on December 26, 1991, as a result of the declaration no. 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The declaration acknowledged the independence of the former Soviet republics and creat...
57276ef15951b619008f89c3	Who was General Secretary prior to Mikhail Gorbachev?	Konstantin Chernenko	[ "Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union\n\nMikhail Gorbachev was elected General Secretary by the Politburo on March 11, 1985, three hours after predecessor Konstantin Chernenko's death at age 73. Gorbachev, aged 54, was the youngest member of the Politburo. His initial goal as general secretary was to revive the Soviet e...
57276ef15951b619008f89c4	What caused Chernenko to leave office?	death	[ "Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union\n\nMikhail Gorbachev was elected General Secretary by the Politburo on March 11, 1985, three hours after predecessor Konstantin Chernenko's death at age 73. Gorbachev, aged 54, was the youngest member of the Politburo. His initial goal as general secretary was to revive the Soviet e...
57276ef15951b619008f89c5	How old was Gorbachev when he was elected as the General Secretary?	54	[ "Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union\n\nMikhail Gorbachev was elected General Secretary by the Politburo on March 11, 1985, three hours after predecessor Konstantin Chernenko's death at age 73. Gorbachev, aged 54, was the youngest member of the Politburo. His initial goal as general secretary was to revive the Soviet e...
57276ef15951b619008f89c6	What entity was responsible for Gorbachev's being elected?	Politburo	[ "Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union\n\nMikhail Gorbachev was elected General Secretary by the Politburo on March 11, 1985, three hours after predecessor Konstantin Chernenko's death at age 73. Gorbachev, aged 54, was the youngest member of the Politburo. His initial goal as general secretary was to revive the Soviet e...
57276ef15951b619008f89c7	To which two people did Gorbachev grant membership into the Politburo for his own reasons?	Yegor Ligachev and Nikolai Ryzhkov,	[ "Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union\n\nMikhail Gorbachev was elected General Secretary by the Politburo on March 11, 1985, three hours after predecessor Konstantin Chernenko's death at age 73. Gorbachev, aged 54, was the youngest member of the Politburo. His initial goal as general secretary was to revive the Soviet e...
57277a72708984140094deb1	What were some of the downsides of the more liberal Soviet Union?	nationalist movements and ethnic disputes	[ "Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union\n\nThis liberalization, however, fostered nationalist movements and ethnic disputes within the Soviet Union. It also led indirectly to the revolutions of 1989, in which Soviet-imposed communist regimes of the Warsaw Pact were peacefully toppled (Romania excepted), which in turn incr...
57277a72708984140094deb2	In which country did Warsaw Pact regime remain in place?	Romania	[ "Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union\n\nThis liberalization, however, fostered nationalist movements and ethnic disputes within the Soviet Union. It also led indirectly to the revolutions of 1989, in which Soviet-imposed communist regimes of the Warsaw Pact were peacefully toppled (Romania excepted), which in turn incr...

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