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572821484b864d190016451e | Which insect hinders livestock development? | tsetse fly | [
"Central_African_Republic\n\nAgriculture is dominated by the cultivation and sale of food crops such as cassava, peanuts, maize, sorghum, millet, sesame, and plantain. The annual real GDP growth rate is just above 3%. The importance of food crops over exported cash crops is indicated by the fact that the total prod... |
572823b93acd2414000df57d | What is the major telecommunications provider in CAR? | Socatel | [
"Central_African_Republic\n\nPresently, the Central African Republic has active television services, radio stations, internet service providers, and mobile phone carriers; Socatel is the leading provider for both internet and mobile phone access throughout the country. The primary governmental regulating bodies of ... |
572823b93acd2414000df57e | Which body regulated communications? | Ministère des Postes and Télécommunications et des Nouvelles Technologies | [
"Central_African_Republic\n\nPresently, the Central African Republic has active television services, radio stations, internet service providers, and mobile phone carriers; Socatel is the leading provider for both internet and mobile phone access throughout the country. The primary governmental regulating bodies of ... |
572823b93acd2414000df57f | What type of access is available? | internet service | [
"Central_African_Republic\n\nPresently, the Central African Republic has active television services, radio stations, internet service providers, and mobile phone carriers; Socatel is the leading provider for both internet and mobile phone access throughout the country. The primary governmental regulating bodies of ... |
572823b93acd2414000df580 | Who assists CAR with telecommunications? | ITU Telecommunication Development Sector | [
"Central_African_Republic\n\nPresently, the Central African Republic has active television services, radio stations, internet service providers, and mobile phone carriers; Socatel is the leading provider for both internet and mobile phone access throughout the country. The primary governmental regulating bodies of ... |
572823b93acd2414000df581 | What does the CAR get help with with regards to communication from ITU-D? | improve infrastructure | [
"Central_African_Republic\n\nPresently, the Central African Republic has active television services, radio stations, internet service providers, and mobile phone carriers; Socatel is the leading provider for both internet and mobile phone access throughout the country. The primary governmental regulating bodies of ... |
5728249e4b864d190016457e | How are the human rights in the CAR? | poor | [
"Central_African_Republic\n\nThe 2009 Human Rights Report by the United States Department of State noted that human rights in CAR were poor and expressed concerns over numerous government abuses. The U.S. State Department alleged that major human rights abuses such as extrajudicial executions by security forces, to... |
5728249e4b864d190016457f | What concerns are there regarding to human rights? | government abuses | [
"Central_African_Republic\n\nThe 2009 Human Rights Report by the United States Department of State noted that human rights in CAR were poor and expressed concerns over numerous government abuses. The U.S. State Department alleged that major human rights abuses such as extrajudicial executions by security forces, to... |
5728249e4b864d1900164580 | What punishment is a human rights violation per the US state Dept? | extrajudicial executions | [
"Central_African_Republic\n\nThe 2009 Human Rights Report by the United States Department of State noted that human rights in CAR were poor and expressed concerns over numerous government abuses. The U.S. State Department alleged that major human rights abuses such as extrajudicial executions by security forces, to... |
5728249e4b864d1900164581 | How is the prison quality in the CAR? | harsh and life-threatening conditions | [
"Central_African_Republic\n\nThe 2009 Human Rights Report by the United States Department of State noted that human rights in CAR were poor and expressed concerns over numerous government abuses. The U.S. State Department alleged that major human rights abuses such as extrajudicial executions by security forces, to... |
5728249e4b864d1900164582 | What right in a court is denied and considered a human right violation? | arbitrary arrest, prolonged pretrial detention and denial of a fair trial | [
"Central_African_Republic\n\nThe 2009 Human Rights Report by the United States Department of State noted that human rights in CAR were poor and expressed concerns over numerous government abuses. The U.S. State Department alleged that major human rights abuses such as extrajudicial executions by security forces, to... |
572808852ca10214002d9c08 | What two factors cause asthma? | genetic and environmental factors | [
"Asthma\n\nAsthma is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Environmental factors include exposure to air pollution and allergens. Other potential triggers include medications such as aspirin and beta blockers. Diagnosis is usually based on the pattern of symptoms, response to t... |
572808852ca10214002d9c09 | What are two enviromental factors? | exposure to air pollution and allergens | [
"Asthma\n\nAsthma is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Environmental factors include exposure to air pollution and allergens. Other potential triggers include medications such as aspirin and beta blockers. Diagnosis is usually based on the pattern of symptoms, response to t... |
572808852ca10214002d9c0a | What medications can also trigger asthma? | aspirin and beta blockers | [
"Asthma\n\nAsthma is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Environmental factors include exposure to air pollution and allergens. Other potential triggers include medications such as aspirin and beta blockers. Diagnosis is usually based on the pattern of symptoms, response to t... |
572808852ca10214002d9c0b | What patterns are used to diagnose asthma? | the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy over time, and spirometry | [
"Asthma\n\nAsthma is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Environmental factors include exposure to air pollution and allergens. Other potential triggers include medications such as aspirin and beta blockers. Diagnosis is usually based on the pattern of symptoms, response to t... |
572808852ca10214002d9c0c | How is asthma classified? | according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate | [
"Asthma\n\nAsthma is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Environmental factors include exposure to air pollution and allergens. Other potential triggers include medications such as aspirin and beta blockers. Diagnosis is usually based on the pattern of symptoms, response to t... |
5728098f2ca10214002d9c30 | Is there a cure for asthma? | There is no cure for asthma | [
"Asthma\n\nThere is no cure for asthma. Symptoms can be prevented by avoiding triggers, such as allergens and irritants, and by the use of inhaled corticosteroids. Long-acting beta agonists (LABA) or antileukotriene agents may be used in addition to inhaled corticosteroids if asthma symptoms remain uncontrolled. Tr... |
5728098f2ca10214002d9c31 | How can symptoms be prevented? | by avoiding triggers, such as allergens and irritants, and by the use of inhaled corticosteroids | [
"Asthma\n\nThere is no cure for asthma. Symptoms can be prevented by avoiding triggers, such as allergens and irritants, and by the use of inhaled corticosteroids. Long-acting beta agonists (LABA) or antileukotriene agents may be used in addition to inhaled corticosteroids if asthma symptoms remain uncontrolled. Tr... |
5728098f2ca10214002d9c32 | What is taken by mouth to treat rapidly worsening symptoms? | an inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonist such as salbutamol and corticosteroids | [
"Asthma\n\nThere is no cure for asthma. Symptoms can be prevented by avoiding triggers, such as allergens and irritants, and by the use of inhaled corticosteroids. Long-acting beta agonists (LABA) or antileukotriene agents may be used in addition to inhaled corticosteroids if asthma symptoms remain uncontrolled. Tr... |
5728098f2ca10214002d9c33 | What happens in very severe cases of asthma? | intravenous corticosteroids, magnesium sulfate, and hospitalization may be required | [
"Asthma\n\nThere is no cure for asthma. Symptoms can be prevented by avoiding triggers, such as allergens and irritants, and by the use of inhaled corticosteroids. Long-acting beta agonists (LABA) or antileukotriene agents may be used in addition to inhaled corticosteroids if asthma symptoms remain uncontrolled. Tr... |
57280b532ca10214002d9c7a | What are the characteristics of asthma? | recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing | [
"Asthma\n\nAsthma is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. Sputum may be produced from the lung by coughing but is often hard to bring up. During recovery from an attack, it may appear pus-like due to high levels of white blood cells called eosinophils.... |
57280b532ca10214002d9c7b | When are symptoms of asthma normally worse? | at night and in the early morning or in response to exercise or cold air | [
"Asthma\n\nAsthma is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. Sputum may be produced from the lung by coughing but is often hard to bring up. During recovery from an attack, it may appear pus-like due to high levels of white blood cells called eosinophils.... |
57280b532ca10214002d9c7c | What is produced in the lungs by coughing? | Sputum | [
"Asthma\n\nAsthma is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. Sputum may be produced from the lung by coughing but is often hard to bring up. During recovery from an attack, it may appear pus-like due to high levels of white blood cells called eosinophils.... |
57280b532ca10214002d9c7d | Is asthma worst during the day or at night time? | worse at night | [
"Asthma\n\nAsthma is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. Sputum may be produced from the lung by coughing but is often hard to bring up. During recovery from an attack, it may appear pus-like due to high levels of white blood cells called eosinophils.... |
57280b532ca10214002d9c7e | Does everyone have horrible episodes of asthma? | Some people with asthma rarely experience symptoms, u | [
"Asthma\n\nAsthma is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. Sputum may be produced from the lung by coughing but is often hard to bring up. During recovery from an attack, it may appear pus-like due to high levels of white blood cells called eosinophils.... |
57280d0a2ca10214002d9cb2 | Do other health concerns happen less frequently or more frequently with asthma? | more frequently | [
"Asthma\n\nA number of other health conditions occur more frequently in those with asthma, including gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), rhinosinusitis, and obstructive sleep apnea. Psychological disorders are also more common, with anxiety disorders occurring in between 16–52% and mood disorders in 14–41%. Ho... |
57280d0a2ca10214002d9cb3 | What are three of the other health conditions that occur more frequently with asthma? | gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), rhinosinusitis, and obstructive sleep apnea | [
"Asthma\n\nA number of other health conditions occur more frequently in those with asthma, including gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), rhinosinusitis, and obstructive sleep apnea. Psychological disorders are also more common, with anxiety disorders occurring in between 16–52% and mood disorders in 14–41%. Ho... |
57280d0a2ca10214002d9cb4 | What other type of disorders are frequent in asthma sufferers? | Psychological disorders | [
"Asthma\n\nA number of other health conditions occur more frequently in those with asthma, including gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), rhinosinusitis, and obstructive sleep apnea. Psychological disorders are also more common, with anxiety disorders occurring in between 16–52% and mood disorders in 14–41%. Ho... |
57280d0a2ca10214002d9cb5 | What are those with asthma that is poorly controll more susceptable to? | radiocontrast reactions | [
"Asthma\n\nA number of other health conditions occur more frequently in those with asthma, including gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), rhinosinusitis, and obstructive sleep apnea. Psychological disorders are also more common, with anxiety disorders occurring in between 16–52% and mood disorders in 14–41%. Ho... |
57280e8c4b864d190016433e | What are some of the enviromental factors that have been linked to asthma? | allergens, air pollution, and other environmental chemicals | [
"Asthma\n\nMany environmental factors have been associated with asthma's development and exacerbation including allergens, air pollution, and other environmental chemicals. Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery is associated with a greater risk of asthma-like symptoms. Low air quality from factors such as tra... |
57280e8c4b864d190016433f | What two things are associated with a greater risk of asthma-like symptoms? | Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery | [
"Asthma\n\nMany environmental factors have been associated with asthma's development and exacerbation including allergens, air pollution, and other environmental chemicals. Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery is associated with a greater risk of asthma-like symptoms. Low air quality from factors such as tra... |
57280e8c4b864d1900164340 | What can cause symptoms and asthma serverity to change? | Low air quality from factors such as traffic pollution or high ozone levels | [
"Asthma\n\nMany environmental factors have been associated with asthma's development and exacerbation including allergens, air pollution, and other environmental chemicals. Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery is associated with a greater risk of asthma-like symptoms. Low air quality from factors such as tra... |
57280e8c4b864d1900164341 | Exposure to what compounds can also trigger asthma? | indoor volatile organic compounds | [
"Asthma\n\nMany environmental factors have been associated with asthma's development and exacerbation including allergens, air pollution, and other environmental chemicals. Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery is associated with a greater risk of asthma-like symptoms. Low air quality from factors such as tra... |
57280f752ca10214002d9ce2 | What hypothesis tries to explain the increased amount of asthma world wide? | The hygiene hypothesis | [
"Asthma\n\nThe hygiene hypothesis attempts to explain the increased rates of asthma worldwide as a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses. It has been proposed that the reduced exposure to bacteria and viruses is due, in part, to increased cleanlin... |
57280f752ca10214002d9ce3 | How does the hygiene hypothesis explain the increase in asthma? | a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses | [
"Asthma\n\nThe hygiene hypothesis attempts to explain the increased rates of asthma worldwide as a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses. It has been proposed that the reduced exposure to bacteria and viruses is due, in part, to increased cleanlin... |
57280f752ca10214002d9ce4 | What has caused the reduced exposure in childhood? | increased cleanliness and decreased family size in modern societies | [
"Asthma\n\nThe hygiene hypothesis attempts to explain the increased rates of asthma worldwide as a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses. It has been proposed that the reduced exposure to bacteria and viruses is due, in part, to increased cleanlin... |
57280f752ca10214002d9ce5 | What could prevent asthma? | Exposure to bacterial endotoxin in early childhood | [
"Asthma\n\nThe hygiene hypothesis attempts to explain the increased rates of asthma worldwide as a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses. It has been proposed that the reduced exposure to bacteria and viruses is due, in part, to increased cleanlin... |
57280f752ca10214002d9ce6 | What is some of the evidence backing the hygiene hypothesis? | lower rates of asthma on farms and in households with pets. | [
"Asthma\n\nThe hygiene hypothesis attempts to explain the increased rates of asthma worldwide as a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses. It has been proposed that the reduced exposure to bacteria and viruses is due, in part, to increased cleanlin... |
57281206ff5b5019007d9c62 | What else is a risk factor for asthma? | Family history | [
"Asthma\n\nFamily history is a risk factor for asthma, with many different genes being implicated. If one identical twin is affected, the probability of the other having the disease is approximately 25%. By the end of 2005, 25 genes had been associated with asthma in six or more separate populations, including GSTM... |
57281206ff5b5019007d9c63 | If one identical twin has asthma, what are the odds of the other twin having asthma? | approximately 25% | [
"Asthma\n\nFamily history is a risk factor for asthma, with many different genes being implicated. If one identical twin is affected, the probability of the other having the disease is approximately 25%. By the end of 2005, 25 genes had been associated with asthma in six or more separate populations, including GSTM... |
57281206ff5b5019007d9c64 | How many genes were associated with asthma by the end of 2005? | 25 genes | [
"Asthma\n\nFamily history is a risk factor for asthma, with many different genes being implicated. If one identical twin is affected, the probability of the other having the disease is approximately 25%. By the end of 2005, 25 genes had been associated with asthma in six or more separate populations, including GSTM... |
57281206ff5b5019007d9c65 | What else are these genes closely related to? | the immune system or modulating inflammation | [
"Asthma\n\nFamily history is a risk factor for asthma, with many different genes being implicated. If one identical twin is affected, the probability of the other having the disease is approximately 25%. By the end of 2005, 25 genes had been associated with asthma in six or more separate populations, including GSTM... |
57281206ff5b5019007d9c66 | How many genes were associated with asthma in 2006? | over 100 genes | [
"Asthma\n\nFamily history is a risk factor for asthma, with many different genes being implicated. If one identical twin is affected, the probability of the other having the disease is approximately 25%. By the end of 2005, 25 genes had been associated with asthma in six or more separate populations, including GSTM... |
5728a925ff5b5019007da3ce | What is asthma the result of? | chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways | [
"Asthma\n\nAsthma is the result of chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways (most especially the bronchi and bronchioles), which subsequently results in increased contractability of the surrounding smooth muscles. This among other factors leads to bouts of narrowing of the airway and the classic s... |
5728a925ff5b5019007da3cf | What two airways are most effected by asthma? | the bronchi and bronchioles | [
"Asthma\n\nAsthma is the result of chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways (most especially the bronchi and bronchioles), which subsequently results in increased contractability of the surrounding smooth muscles. This among other factors leads to bouts of narrowing of the airway and the classic s... |
5728a925ff5b5019007da3d0 | In what ways do airways change? | an increase in eosinophils and thickening of the lamina reticularis | [
"Asthma\n\nAsthma is the result of chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways (most especially the bronchi and bronchioles), which subsequently results in increased contractability of the surrounding smooth muscles. This among other factors leads to bouts of narrowing of the airway and the classic s... |
5728a925ff5b5019007da3d1 | What other cell types are involced with the changing of airways? | T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils | [
"Asthma\n\nAsthma is the result of chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways (most especially the bronchi and bronchioles), which subsequently results in increased contractability of the surrounding smooth muscles. This among other factors leads to bouts of narrowing of the airway and the classic s... |
5728a925ff5b5019007da3d2 | What other components of the immune systems are included? | cytokines, chemokines, histamine, and leukotrienes among others | [
"Asthma\n\nAsthma is the result of chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways (most especially the bronchi and bronchioles), which subsequently results in increased contractability of the surrounding smooth muscles. This among other factors leads to bouts of narrowing of the airway and the classic s... |
5728abac3acd2414000dfc8f | Is there a universal definition of astham? | there is not one universal agreed upon definition | [
"Asthma\n\nWhile asthma is a well recognized condition, there is not one universal agreed upon definition. It is defined by the Global Initiative for Asthma as \"a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells and cellular elements play a role. The chronic inflammation is associated with airway h... |
5728abac3acd2414000dfc90 | What main components play a role in asthma? | many cells and cellular elements play a role | [
"Asthma\n\nWhile asthma is a well recognized condition, there is not one universal agreed upon definition. It is defined by the Global Initiative for Asthma as \"a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells and cellular elements play a role. The chronic inflammation is associated with airway h... |
5728abac3acd2414000dfc91 | What is the inflamation a result of? | airway hyper-responsiveness | [
"Asthma\n\nWhile asthma is a well recognized condition, there is not one universal agreed upon definition. It is defined by the Global Initiative for Asthma as \"a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells and cellular elements play a role. The chronic inflammation is associated with airway h... |
5728abac3acd2414000dfc92 | What does hyper-responsiveness of the airways cause? | episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing | [
"Asthma\n\nWhile asthma is a well recognized condition, there is not one universal agreed upon definition. It is defined by the Global Initiative for Asthma as \"a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells and cellular elements play a role. The chronic inflammation is associated with airway h... |
5728abac3acd2414000dfc93 | What are two ways to reverse an asthma attack? | spontaneously or with treatment | [
"Asthma\n\nWhile asthma is a well recognized condition, there is not one universal agreed upon definition. It is defined by the Global Initiative for Asthma as \"a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells and cellular elements play a role. The chronic inflammation is associated with airway h... |
5728ac5d2ca10214002da58c | Is there a test to determine asthma in an individual? | There is currently no precise test | [
"Asthma\n\nThere is currently no precise test with the diagnosis typically based on the pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time. A diagnosis of asthma should be suspected if there is a history of: recurrent wheezing, coughing or difficulty breathing and these symptoms occur or worsen due to exercise, ... |
5728ac5d2ca10214002da58d | What is diagnosis based on typically? | pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time | [
"Asthma\n\nThere is currently no precise test with the diagnosis typically based on the pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time. A diagnosis of asthma should be suspected if there is a history of: recurrent wheezing, coughing or difficulty breathing and these symptoms occur or worsen due to exercise, ... |
5728ac5d2ca10214002da58e | When should you suspect asthma? | if there is a history of: recurrent wheezing, coughing or difficulty breathing | [
"Asthma\n\nThere is currently no precise test with the diagnosis typically based on the pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time. A diagnosis of asthma should be suspected if there is a history of: recurrent wheezing, coughing or difficulty breathing and these symptoms occur or worsen due to exercise, ... |
5728ac5d2ca10214002da58f | What is used to confirm the diagnosis of asthma? | Spirometry | [
"Asthma\n\nThere is currently no precise test with the diagnosis typically based on the pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time. A diagnosis of asthma should be suspected if there is a history of: recurrent wheezing, coughing or difficulty breathing and these symptoms occur or worsen due to exercise, ... |
5728ac5d2ca10214002da590 | What age is too young to use spirometry to determine asthma? | children under the age of six | [
"Asthma\n\nThere is currently no precise test with the diagnosis typically based on the pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time. A diagnosis of asthma should be suspected if there is a history of: recurrent wheezing, coughing or difficulty breathing and these symptoms occur or worsen due to exercise, ... |
5728ad4eff5b5019007da45e | What is recommended to help in the diagnosis of asthma? | Spirometry | [
"Asthma\n\nSpirometry is recommended to aid in diagnosis and management. It is the single best test for asthma. If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves more than 12% following administration of a bronchodilator such as salbutamol, this is supportive of the diagnosis. It however may be normal in those with a... |
5728ad4eff5b5019007da45f | Why is spirometry so commonly used to diagnose asthma? | It is the single best test for asthma | [
"Asthma\n\nSpirometry is recommended to aid in diagnosis and management. It is the single best test for asthma. If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves more than 12% following administration of a bronchodilator such as salbutamol, this is supportive of the diagnosis. It however may be normal in those with a... |
5728ad4eff5b5019007da460 | What helps support the evidence of asthma? | If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves more than 12% following administration of a bronchodilator | [
"Asthma\n\nSpirometry is recommended to aid in diagnosis and management. It is the single best test for asthma. If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves more than 12% following administration of a bronchodilator such as salbutamol, this is supportive of the diagnosis. It however may be normal in those with a... |
5728ad4eff5b5019007da461 | What substance can skew the results of an asthma test? | caffeine | [
"Asthma\n\nSpirometry is recommended to aid in diagnosis and management. It is the single best test for asthma. If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves more than 12% following administration of a bronchodilator such as salbutamol, this is supportive of the diagnosis. It however may be normal in those with a... |
5728ad4eff5b5019007da462 | What test can tell the difference between asthma and COPD? | Single-breath diffusing capacity | [
"Asthma\n\nSpirometry is recommended to aid in diagnosis and management. It is the single best test for asthma. If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves more than 12% following administration of a bronchodilator such as salbutamol, this is supportive of the diagnosis. It however may be normal in those with a... |
5728bffb3acd2414000dfda3 | What is the rate that is used in most of the evidence? | ≥20% | [
"Asthma\n\nOther supportive evidence includes: a ≥20% difference in peak expiratory flow rate on at least three days in a week for at least two weeks, a ≥20% improvement of peak flow following treatment with either salbutamol, inhaled corticosteroids or prednisone, or a ≥20% decrease in peak flow following exposure... |
5728bffb3acd2414000dfda4 | What is more variable than spirometry but not recommended? | . Testing peak expiratory flow | [
"Asthma\n\nOther supportive evidence includes: a ≥20% difference in peak expiratory flow rate on at least three days in a week for at least two weeks, a ≥20% improvement of peak flow following treatment with either salbutamol, inhaled corticosteroids or prednisone, or a ≥20% decrease in peak flow following exposure... |
5728c5952ca10214002da776 | How is asthma clinically classified? | according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate | [
"Asthma\n\nAsthma is clinically classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate. Asthma may also be classified as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic), based on whether symptoms are precipitated by allergens (atopic) or not (non... |
5728c5952ca10214002da777 | How else is asthma classified? | as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic) | [
"Asthma\n\nAsthma is clinically classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate. Asthma may also be classified as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic), based on whether symptoms are precipitated by allergens (atopic) or not (non... |
5728c5952ca10214002da778 | When asthma is caused by allergens that is called what? | atopic | [
"Asthma\n\nAsthma is clinically classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate. Asthma may also be classified as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic), based on whether symptoms are precipitated by allergens (atopic) or not (non... |
5728c5952ca10214002da779 | What is asthma usually classified based on? | severity | [
"Asthma\n\nAsthma is clinically classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate. Asthma may also be classified as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic), based on whether symptoms are precipitated by allergens (atopic) or not (non... |
5728c5952ca10214002da77a | What is a important goal of asthma research? | Finding ways to identify subgroups that respond well to different types of treatments | [
"Asthma\n\nAsthma is clinically classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate. Asthma may also be classified as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic), based on whether symptoms are precipitated by allergens (atopic) or not (non... |
5728cb54ff5b5019007da6b6 | What kind of condition is asthma? | a chronic obstructive condition | [
"Asthma\n\nAlthough asthma is a chronic obstructive condition, it is not considered as a part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as this term refers specifically to combinations of disease that are irreversible such as bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Unlike these diseases, the airway obstru... |
5728cb54ff5b5019007da6b7 | What are examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? | bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema | [
"Asthma\n\nAlthough asthma is a chronic obstructive condition, it is not considered as a part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as this term refers specifically to combinations of disease that are irreversible such as bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Unlike these diseases, the airway obstru... |
5728cb54ff5b5019007da6b8 | Is the airway obstuction reversable in asthma? | asthma is usually reversible | [
"Asthma\n\nAlthough asthma is a chronic obstructive condition, it is not considered as a part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as this term refers specifically to combinations of disease that are irreversible such as bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Unlike these diseases, the airway obstru... |
5728cb54ff5b5019007da6b9 | What part of the airway does emphysema affect? | alveoli | [
"Asthma\n\nAlthough asthma is a chronic obstructive condition, it is not considered as a part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as this term refers specifically to combinations of disease that are irreversible such as bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Unlike these diseases, the airway obstru... |
5728cb54ff5b5019007da6ba | What part of the airway does asthma affect? | the bronchi | [
"Asthma\n\nAlthough asthma is a chronic obstructive condition, it is not considered as a part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as this term refers specifically to combinations of disease that are irreversible such as bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Unlike these diseases, the airway obstru... |
5728cc524b864d1900164e42 | Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in what profession? | professional athletes | [
"Asthma\n\nExercise can trigger bronchoconstriction both in people with or without asthma. It occurs in most people with asthma and up to 20% of people without asthma. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in professional athletes. The highest rates are among cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-count... |
5728cc524b864d1900164e43 | What professions has the highest rate of Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction? | cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-country skiers | [
"Asthma\n\nExercise can trigger bronchoconstriction both in people with or without asthma. It occurs in most people with asthma and up to 20% of people without asthma. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in professional athletes. The highest rates are among cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-count... |
5728cc524b864d1900164e44 | What conditions are more likely to cause Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction? | when it is dry and cold | [
"Asthma\n\nExercise can trigger bronchoconstriction both in people with or without asthma. It occurs in most people with asthma and up to 20% of people without asthma. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in professional athletes. The highest rates are among cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-count... |
5728cc524b864d1900164e45 | What does not appear to help athletic performance that do not have asthma? | Inhaled beta2-agonists | [
"Asthma\n\nExercise can trigger bronchoconstriction both in people with or without asthma. It occurs in most people with asthma and up to 20% of people without asthma. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in professional athletes. The highest rates are among cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-count... |
5728ccd02ca10214002da80c | Asthma that is the result of or made worse by workplace exposure is reported as what? | occupational disease | [
"Asthma\n\nAsthma as a result of (or worsened by) workplace exposures, is a commonly reported occupational disease. Many cases however are not reported or recognized as such. It is estimated that 5–25% of asthma cases in adults are work–related. A few hundred different agents have been implicated with the most comm... |
5728ccd02ca10214002da80d | What percent of asthma cases in adults are work-related? | It is estimated that 5–25% | [
"Asthma\n\nAsthma as a result of (or worsened by) workplace exposures, is a commonly reported occupational disease. Many cases however are not reported or recognized as such. It is estimated that 5–25% of asthma cases in adults are work–related. A few hundred different agents have been implicated with the most comm... |
5728ccd02ca10214002da80e | What are some of the most common agents? | isocyanates, grain and wood dust, colophony, soldering flux, latex, animals, and aldehydes | [
"Asthma\n\nAsthma as a result of (or worsened by) workplace exposures, is a commonly reported occupational disease. Many cases however are not reported or recognized as such. It is estimated that 5–25% of asthma cases in adults are work–related. A few hundred different agents have been implicated with the most comm... |
5728ccd02ca10214002da80f | What professions normally have the highest risk of problems? | those who spray paint, bakers and those who process food, nurses, chemical workers, those who work with animals, welders, hairdressers and timber workers | [
"Asthma\n\nAsthma as a result of (or worsened by) workplace exposures, is a commonly reported occupational disease. Many cases however are not reported or recognized as such. It is estimated that 5–25% of asthma cases in adults are work–related. A few hundred different agents have been implicated with the most comm... |
5728cd713acd2414000dfee3 | What is a condition that can cause symptoms of astham in children? | allergic rhinitis and sinusitis | [
"Asthma\n\nMany other conditions can cause symptoms similar to those of asthma. In children, other upper airway diseases such as allergic rhinitis and sinusitis should be considered as well as other causes of airway obstruction including: foreign body aspiration, tracheal stenosis or laryngotracheomalacia, vascular... |
5728cd713acd2414000dfee4 | What are some other causes of airway obstruction? | foreign body aspiration, tracheal stenosis or laryngotracheomalacia, vascular rings, enlarged lymph nodes or neck masses | [
"Asthma\n\nMany other conditions can cause symptoms similar to those of asthma. In children, other upper airway diseases such as allergic rhinitis and sinusitis should be considered as well as other causes of airway obstruction including: foreign body aspiration, tracheal stenosis or laryngotracheomalacia, vascular... |
5728cd713acd2414000dfee5 | What other conditions can cause wheezing? | Bronchiolitis and other viral infections | [
"Asthma\n\nMany other conditions can cause symptoms similar to those of asthma. In children, other upper airway diseases such as allergic rhinitis and sinusitis should be considered as well as other causes of airway obstruction including: foreign body aspiration, tracheal stenosis or laryngotracheomalacia, vascular... |
5728cd713acd2414000dfee6 | In adults, what conditions can cause the symptoms of asthma? | COPD, congestive heart failure, airway masses, as well as drug-induced coughing due to ACE inhibitors | [
"Asthma\n\nMany other conditions can cause symptoms similar to those of asthma. In children, other upper airway diseases such as allergic rhinitis and sinusitis should be considered as well as other causes of airway obstruction including: foreign body aspiration, tracheal stenosis or laryngotracheomalacia, vascular... |
5728ce573acd2414000dfef5 | What is a complication of chronic asthma? | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [
"Asthma\n\nChronic obstructive pulmonary disease can coexist with asthma and can occur as a complication of chronic asthma. After the age of 65 most people with obstructive airway disease will have asthma and COPD. In this setting, COPD can be differentiated by increased airway neutrophils, abnormally increased wal... |
5728ce573acd2414000dfef6 | If you are 65 years old and have an obstructive airway disesase, you are more likely to have what other conditions? | asthma and COPD | [
"Asthma\n\nChronic obstructive pulmonary disease can coexist with asthma and can occur as a complication of chronic asthma. After the age of 65 most people with obstructive airway disease will have asthma and COPD. In this setting, COPD can be differentiated by increased airway neutrophils, abnormally increased wal... |
5728ce573acd2414000dfef7 | How is COPD differentiated? | by increased airway neutrophils, abnormally increased wall thickness, and increased smooth muscle in the bronchi | [
"Asthma\n\nChronic obstructive pulmonary disease can coexist with asthma and can occur as a complication of chronic asthma. After the age of 65 most people with obstructive airway disease will have asthma and COPD. In this setting, COPD can be differentiated by increased airway neutrophils, abnormally increased wal... |
5728ce573acd2414000dfef8 | Why is this not determined in a patient with COPD? | due to COPD and asthma sharing similar principles of management | [
"Asthma\n\nChronic obstructive pulmonary disease can coexist with asthma and can occur as a complication of chronic asthma. After the age of 65 most people with obstructive airway disease will have asthma and COPD. In this setting, COPD can be differentiated by increased airway neutrophils, abnormally increased wal... |
5728ce573acd2414000dfef9 | What are the principles of management for asthma and COPD? | corticosteroids, long acting beta agonists, and smoking cessation | [
"Asthma\n\nChronic obstructive pulmonary disease can coexist with asthma and can occur as a complication of chronic asthma. After the age of 65 most people with obstructive airway disease will have asthma and COPD. In this setting, COPD can be differentiated by increased airway neutrophils, abnormally increased wal... |
5728cf512ca10214002da860 | What is weak that is not helping prevent the development of asthma? | The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent | [
"Asthma\n\nThe evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent the development of asthma is weak. Some show promise including: limiting smoke exposure both in utero and after delivery, breastfeeding, and increased exposure to daycare or large families but none are well supported enough to be recommended for t... |
5728cf512ca10214002da861 | What preventative measures always work to prevent asthma? | none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication | [
"Asthma\n\nThe evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent the development of asthma is weak. Some show promise including: limiting smoke exposure both in utero and after delivery, breastfeeding, and increased exposure to daycare or large families but none are well supported enough to be recommended for t... |
5728cf512ca10214002da862 | What has been determined about dietry restrictions during pregnancy and when breast feeding? | have not been found to be effective and thus are not recommended | [
"Asthma\n\nThe evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent the development of asthma is weak. Some show promise including: limiting smoke exposure both in utero and after delivery, breastfeeding, and increased exposure to daycare or large families but none are well supported enough to be recommended for t... |
5728cf512ca10214002da863 | Why are smoking bans in place? | effective in decreasing exacerbations of asthma | [
"Asthma\n\nThe evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent the development of asthma is weak. Some show promise including: limiting smoke exposure both in utero and after delivery, breastfeeding, and increased exposure to daycare or large families but none are well supported enough to be recommended for t... |
5728cf512ca10214002da864 | Who recoomends immunizations? | World Health Organization | [
"Asthma\n\nThe evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent the development of asthma is weak. Some show promise including: limiting smoke exposure both in utero and after delivery, breastfeeding, and increased exposure to daycare or large families but none are well supported enough to be recommended for t... |
5728d079ff5b5019007da71e | What is a key component of control and preventing asthma attacks? | Avoidance of triggers | [
"Asthma\n\nAvoidance of triggers is a key component of improving control and preventing attacks. The most common triggers include allergens, smoke (tobacco and other), air pollution, non selective beta-blockers, and sulfite-containing foods. Cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke (passive smoke) may reduce the eff... |
5728d079ff5b5019007da71f | What are some of the more common triggers? | allergens, smoke (tobacco and other), air pollution, non selective beta-blockers, and sulfite-containing foods | [
"Asthma\n\nAvoidance of triggers is a key component of improving control and preventing attacks. The most common triggers include allergens, smoke (tobacco and other), air pollution, non selective beta-blockers, and sulfite-containing foods. Cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke (passive smoke) may reduce the eff... |
5728d079ff5b5019007da720 | What can reduce the effectiveness of medications? | Cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke | [
"Asthma\n\nAvoidance of triggers is a key component of improving control and preventing attacks. The most common triggers include allergens, smoke (tobacco and other), air pollution, non selective beta-blockers, and sulfite-containing foods. Cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke (passive smoke) may reduce the eff... |
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