id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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572878562ca10214002da39d | Was the idea of the Iraq War popular or unpopular in Western countries? | deeply unpopular | [
"Labour_Party_(UK)\n\nA perceived turning point was when Blair controversially allied himself with US President George W. Bush in supporting the Iraq War, which caused him to lose much of his political support. The UN Secretary-General, among many, considered the war illegal. The Iraq War was deeply unpopular in mo... |
572878f12ca10214002da3aa | When did Blair announce he was quitting? | September 2006 | [
"Labour_Party_(UK)\n\nBlair announced in September 2006 that he would quit as leader within the year, though he had been under pressure to quit earlier than May 2007 in order to get a new leader in place before the May elections which were expected to be disastrous for Labour. In the event, the party did lose power... |
572878f12ca10214002da3ab | When were the next elections? | May 2007 | [
"Labour_Party_(UK)\n\nBlair announced in September 2006 that he would quit as leader within the year, though he had been under pressure to quit earlier than May 2007 in order to get a new leader in place before the May elections which were expected to be disastrous for Labour. In the event, the party did lose power... |
572878f12ca10214002da3ac | Who did Labour lose power in the election to? | Scottish National Party | [
"Labour_Party_(UK)\n\nBlair announced in September 2006 that he would quit as leader within the year, though he had been under pressure to quit earlier than May 2007 in order to get a new leader in place before the May elections which were expected to be disastrous for Labour. In the event, the party did lose power... |
572878f12ca10214002da3ad | Who was Blair replaced by? | his Chancellor, Gordon Brown | [
"Labour_Party_(UK)\n\nBlair announced in September 2006 that he would quit as leader within the year, though he had been under pressure to quit earlier than May 2007 in order to get a new leader in place before the May elections which were expected to be disastrous for Labour. In the event, the party did lose power... |
572878f12ca10214002da3ae | What was the party membership at the end of 2009? | 156,205 | [
"Labour_Party_(UK)\n\nBlair announced in September 2006 that he would quit as leader within the year, though he had been under pressure to quit earlier than May 2007 in order to get a new leader in place before the May elections which were expected to be disastrous for Labour. In the event, the party did lose power... |
5728418cff5b5019007da014 | What is the official name for Estonia? | the Republic of Estonia | [
"Estonia\n\nEstonia (i/ɛˈstoʊniə/; Estonian: Eesti [ˈeːsti]), officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by La... |
5728418cff5b5019007da015 | Where is Estonia located in Northern Europe? | the Baltic region | [
"Estonia\n\nEstonia (i/ɛˈstoʊniə/; Estonian: Eesti [ˈeːsti]), officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by La... |
5728418cff5b5019007da016 | What borders the north of Estonia? | the Gulf of Finland | [
"Estonia\n\nEstonia (i/ɛˈstoʊniə/; Estonian: Eesti [ˈeːsti]), officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by La... |
5728418cff5b5019007da017 | What body of water borders Estonia on the west? | the Baltic Sea | [
"Estonia\n\nEstonia (i/ɛˈstoʊniə/; Estonian: Eesti [ˈeːsti]), officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by La... |
5728418cff5b5019007da018 | What country borders south Estonia? | Latvia | [
"Estonia\n\nEstonia (i/ɛˈstoʊniə/; Estonian: Eesti [ˈeːsti]), officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by La... |
572842434b864d1900164822 | Who was in control of Estonia for most of the country's history? | Danish, Swedish and German rule | [
"Estonia\n\nAfter centuries of Danish, Swedish and German rule the native Estonians started to yearn for independence during the period of national awakening while being governed by the Russian Empire. Established on 24 February 1918, the Republic of Estonia came into existence towards the end of World War I. Durin... |
572842434b864d1900164823 | When did Estonia start hoping for freedom? | the period of national awakening | [
"Estonia\n\nAfter centuries of Danish, Swedish and German rule the native Estonians started to yearn for independence during the period of national awakening while being governed by the Russian Empire. Established on 24 February 1918, the Republic of Estonia came into existence towards the end of World War I. Durin... |
572842434b864d1900164824 | Who was in control during the national awakening? | the Russian Empire | [
"Estonia\n\nAfter centuries of Danish, Swedish and German rule the native Estonians started to yearn for independence during the period of national awakening while being governed by the Russian Empire. Established on 24 February 1918, the Republic of Estonia came into existence towards the end of World War I. Durin... |
572842434b864d1900164825 | What year was the Republic of Estonia established? | 1918 | [
"Estonia\n\nAfter centuries of Danish, Swedish and German rule the native Estonians started to yearn for independence during the period of national awakening while being governed by the Russian Empire. Established on 24 February 1918, the Republic of Estonia came into existence towards the end of World War I. Durin... |
572842434b864d1900164826 | What war ended as Estonia was born? | World War I | [
"Estonia\n\nAfter centuries of Danish, Swedish and German rule the native Estonians started to yearn for independence during the period of national awakening while being governed by the Russian Empire. Established on 24 February 1918, the Republic of Estonia came into existence towards the end of World War I. Durin... |
572843282ca10214002da1d8 | What features describe Estonia as a developed nation? | high-income economy and high living standards | [
"Estonia\n\nA developed country with an advanced, high-income economy and high living standards, Estonia ranks very high in the Human Development Index, and performs favourably in measurements of economic freedom, civil liberties, education, and press freedom (third in the world in 2012). Estonia has been among the... |
572843282ca10214002da1d9 | What standard of living does Estonia rank well in? | the Human Development Index | [
"Estonia\n\nA developed country with an advanced, high-income economy and high living standards, Estonia ranks very high in the Human Development Index, and performs favourably in measurements of economic freedom, civil liberties, education, and press freedom (third in the world in 2012). Estonia has been among the... |
572843282ca10214002da1da | What country performs well in evaluation of economic freedom, civil liberties, and education? | Estonia | [
"Estonia\n\nA developed country with an advanced, high-income economy and high living standards, Estonia ranks very high in the Human Development Index, and performs favourably in measurements of economic freedom, civil liberties, education, and press freedom (third in the world in 2012). Estonia has been among the... |
572843282ca10214002da1db | What year did Estonia rank third in press freedom? | 2012 | [
"Estonia\n\nA developed country with an advanced, high-income economy and high living standards, Estonia ranks very high in the Human Development Index, and performs favourably in measurements of economic freedom, civil liberties, education, and press freedom (third in the world in 2012). Estonia has been among the... |
572843282ca10214002da1dc | What financial institution is associated with Estonia? | the Nordic Investment Bank | [
"Estonia\n\nA developed country with an advanced, high-income economy and high living standards, Estonia ranks very high in the Human Development Index, and performs favourably in measurements of economic freedom, civil liberties, education, and press freedom (third in the world in 2012). Estonia has been among the... |
5728442cff5b5019007da052 | When did political subgroups begin to appear in Estonia? | first centuries AD | [
"Estonia\n\nIn the first centuries AD, political and administrative subdivisions began to emerge in Estonia. Two larger subdivisions appeared: the province (Estonian: kihelkond) and the land (Estonian: maakond). Several elderships or villages made up a province. Nearly all provinces had at least one fortress. The k... |
5728442cff5b5019007da053 | What subdivision was associated with the province? | kihelkond | [
"Estonia\n\nIn the first centuries AD, political and administrative subdivisions began to emerge in Estonia. Two larger subdivisions appeared: the province (Estonian: kihelkond) and the land (Estonian: maakond). Several elderships or villages made up a province. Nearly all provinces had at least one fortress. The k... |
5728442cff5b5019007da054 | What subdivision was associated with the land? | maakond | [
"Estonia\n\nIn the first centuries AD, political and administrative subdivisions began to emerge in Estonia. Two larger subdivisions appeared: the province (Estonian: kihelkond) and the land (Estonian: maakond). Several elderships or villages made up a province. Nearly all provinces had at least one fortress. The k... |
5728442cff5b5019007da055 | What type of structure did most provinces have? | fortress | [
"Estonia\n\nIn the first centuries AD, political and administrative subdivisions began to emerge in Estonia. Two larger subdivisions appeared: the province (Estonian: kihelkond) and the land (Estonian: maakond). Several elderships or villages made up a province. Nearly all provinces had at least one fortress. The k... |
5728442cff5b5019007da056 | Who commanded the defense of an area? | The king or other highest administrative official elder | [
"Estonia\n\nIn the first centuries AD, political and administrative subdivisions began to emerge in Estonia. Two larger subdivisions appeared: the province (Estonian: kihelkond) and the land (Estonian: maakond). Several elderships or villages made up a province. Nearly all provinces had at least one fortress. The k... |
572844b64b864d1900164874 | Which subdivision of Estonians lived in Saaremaa? | The Oeselians | [
"Estonia\n\nThe Oeselians or Osilians (Estonian saarlased; singular: saarlane) were a historical subdivision of Estonians inhabiting Saaremaa (Danish: Øsel; German: Ösel; Swedish: Ösel), an Estonian island in the Baltic Sea. They were first mentioned as early as the second century BC in Ptolemy's Geography III. The... |
572844b64b864d1900164875 | Where is Saaremaa located? | the Baltic Sea | [
"Estonia\n\nThe Oeselians or Osilians (Estonian saarlased; singular: saarlane) were a historical subdivision of Estonians inhabiting Saaremaa (Danish: Øsel; German: Ösel; Swedish: Ösel), an Estonian island in the Baltic Sea. They were first mentioned as early as the second century BC in Ptolemy's Geography III. The... |
572844b64b864d1900164876 | Where was the initial mention of the Oeselians? | Ptolemy's Geography III | [
"Estonia\n\nThe Oeselians or Osilians (Estonian saarlased; singular: saarlane) were a historical subdivision of Estonians inhabiting Saaremaa (Danish: Øsel; German: Ösel; Swedish: Ösel), an Estonian island in the Baltic Sea. They were first mentioned as early as the second century BC in Ptolemy's Geography III. The... |
572844b64b864d1900164877 | Who described the sailboats of the Estonians as pirate ships? | Henry of Latvia | [
"Estonia\n\nThe Oeselians or Osilians (Estonian saarlased; singular: saarlane) were a historical subdivision of Estonians inhabiting Saaremaa (Danish: Øsel; German: Ösel; Swedish: Ösel), an Estonian island in the Baltic Sea. They were first mentioned as early as the second century BC in Ptolemy's Geography III. The... |
5728456d3acd2414000df82f | What year did the Oeselian pirates carry out a famous raid? | 1187 | [
"Estonia\n\nPerhaps the most famous raid by Oeselian pirates occurred in 1187, with the attack on the Swedish town of Sigtuna by Finnic raiders from Couronia and Oesel. Among the casualties of this raid was the Swedish archbishop Johannes. The city remained occupied for some time, contributing to its decline as a c... |
5728456d3acd2414000df830 | Who did the Oeselian pirates atack? | the Swedish town of Sigtuna | [
"Estonia\n\nPerhaps the most famous raid by Oeselian pirates occurred in 1187, with the attack on the Swedish town of Sigtuna by Finnic raiders from Couronia and Oesel. Among the casualties of this raid was the Swedish archbishop Johannes. The city remained occupied for some time, contributing to its decline as a c... |
5728456d3acd2414000df831 | What important figure was killed in the raid? | Swedish archbishop Johannes | [
"Estonia\n\nPerhaps the most famous raid by Oeselian pirates occurred in 1187, with the attack on the Swedish town of Sigtuna by Finnic raiders from Couronia and Oesel. Among the casualties of this raid was the Swedish archbishop Johannes. The city remained occupied for some time, contributing to its decline as a c... |
5728456d3acd2414000df832 | What two ships were used by the Oeselian pirates? | the piratica and the liburna | [
"Estonia\n\nPerhaps the most famous raid by Oeselian pirates occurred in 1187, with the attack on the Swedish town of Sigtuna by Finnic raiders from Couronia and Oesel. Among the casualties of this raid was the Swedish archbishop Johannes. The city remained occupied for some time, contributing to its decline as a c... |
5728456d3acd2414000df833 | What type of ship was the liburna? | merchant ship | [
"Estonia\n\nPerhaps the most famous raid by Oeselian pirates occurred in 1187, with the attack on the Swedish town of Sigtuna by Finnic raiders from Couronia and Oesel. Among the casualties of this raid was the Swedish archbishop Johannes. The city remained occupied for some time, contributing to its decline as a c... |
572846033acd2414000df843 | What god did the Oeselians worship? | Tharapita | [
"Estonia\n\nThe superior god of Oeselians as described by Henry of Latvia was called Tharapita. According to the legend in the chronicle Tharapita was born on a forested mountain in Virumaa (Latin: Vironia), mainland Estonia from where he flew to Oesel, Saaremaa The name Taarapita has been interpreted as \"Taara, h... |
572846033acd2414000df844 | Who described Tharapita? | Henry of Latvia | [
"Estonia\n\nThe superior god of Oeselians as described by Henry of Latvia was called Tharapita. According to the legend in the chronicle Tharapita was born on a forested mountain in Virumaa (Latin: Vironia), mainland Estonia from where he flew to Oesel, Saaremaa The name Taarapita has been interpreted as \"Taara, h... |
572846033acd2414000df845 | Where was Tharapita born in his legend story? | on a forested mountain in Virumaa | [
"Estonia\n\nThe superior god of Oeselians as described by Henry of Latvia was called Tharapita. According to the legend in the chronicle Tharapita was born on a forested mountain in Virumaa (Latin: Vironia), mainland Estonia from where he flew to Oesel, Saaremaa The name Taarapita has been interpreted as \"Taara, h... |
572846033acd2414000df846 | What famous Viking God is associated with Tharapita? | Thor | [
"Estonia\n\nThe superior god of Oeselians as described by Henry of Latvia was called Tharapita. According to the legend in the chronicle Tharapita was born on a forested mountain in Virumaa (Latin: Vironia), mainland Estonia from where he flew to Oesel, Saaremaa The name Taarapita has been interpreted as \"Taara, h... |
572846033acd2414000df847 | What event formed a crater in Saaremaa? | meteor disaster | [
"Estonia\n\nThe superior god of Oeselians as described by Henry of Latvia was called Tharapita. According to the legend in the chronicle Tharapita was born on a forested mountain in Virumaa (Latin: Vironia), mainland Estonia from where he flew to Oesel, Saaremaa The name Taarapita has been interpreted as \"Taara, h... |
572846ce2ca10214002da224 | What was the capital of Danish Estonia? | Reval | [
"Estonia\n\nThe capital of Danish Estonia (Danish: Hertugdømmet Estland) was Reval (Tallinn), founded at the place of Lyndanisse after the invasion of 1219. The Danes built the fortress of Castrum Danorum at Toompea Hill. Estonians still call their capital \"Tallinn\", which according to legend derives from Taani l... |
572846ce2ca10214002da225 | What event preceded the founding of the capital? | the invasion of 1219 | [
"Estonia\n\nThe capital of Danish Estonia (Danish: Hertugdømmet Estland) was Reval (Tallinn), founded at the place of Lyndanisse after the invasion of 1219. The Danes built the fortress of Castrum Danorum at Toompea Hill. Estonians still call their capital \"Tallinn\", which according to legend derives from Taani l... |
572846ce2ca10214002da226 | What structure was built at Toompea Hill? | the fortress of Castrum Danorum | [
"Estonia\n\nThe capital of Danish Estonia (Danish: Hertugdømmet Estland) was Reval (Tallinn), founded at the place of Lyndanisse after the invasion of 1219. The Danes built the fortress of Castrum Danorum at Toompea Hill. Estonians still call their capital \"Tallinn\", which according to legend derives from Taani l... |
572846ce2ca10214002da227 | What year was Reval granted with Lübeck city rights? | 1248 | [
"Estonia\n\nThe capital of Danish Estonia (Danish: Hertugdømmet Estland) was Reval (Tallinn), founded at the place of Lyndanisse after the invasion of 1219. The Danes built the fortress of Castrum Danorum at Toompea Hill. Estonians still call their capital \"Tallinn\", which according to legend derives from Taani l... |
5728479b4b864d19001648b2 | What is the date of St. George's Night? | 23 April 1343 | [
"Estonia\n\nOn St. George's Night (Estonian: Jüriöö ülestõus) 23 April 1343, the indigenous Estonian population in the Duchy of Estonia, the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek and the insular territories of the State of the Teutonic Order tried to rid themselves of the Danish and German rulers and landlords, who had conquered ... |
5728479b4b864d19001648b3 | When did the indigenous Estonians try to overthrow their Danish and German rulers? | St. George's Night | [
"Estonia\n\nOn St. George's Night (Estonian: Jüriöö ülestõus) 23 April 1343, the indigenous Estonian population in the Duchy of Estonia, the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek and the insular territories of the State of the Teutonic Order tried to rid themselves of the Danish and German rulers and landlords, who had conquered ... |
5728479b4b864d19001648b4 | What belief system did the native Estonians try to remove? | the non-indigenous Christian religion | [
"Estonia\n\nOn St. George's Night (Estonian: Jüriöö ülestõus) 23 April 1343, the indigenous Estonian population in the Duchy of Estonia, the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek and the insular territories of the State of the Teutonic Order tried to rid themselves of the Danish and German rulers and landlords, who had conquered ... |
5728479b4b864d19001648b5 | What event ended the uprising? | the invasion of the Teutonic Order. | [
"Estonia\n\nOn St. George's Night (Estonian: Jüriöö ülestõus) 23 April 1343, the indigenous Estonian population in the Duchy of Estonia, the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek and the insular territories of the State of the Teutonic Order tried to rid themselves of the Danish and German rulers and landlords, who had conquered ... |
5728479b4b864d19001648b6 | What date did sovereignty shift from the state of Denmark? | 1 November 1346 | [
"Estonia\n\nOn St. George's Night (Estonian: Jüriöö ülestõus) 23 April 1343, the indigenous Estonian population in the Duchy of Estonia, the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek and the insular territories of the State of the Teutonic Order tried to rid themselves of the Danish and German rulers and landlords, who had conquered ... |
5728484dff5b5019007da0ce | When was Terra Mariana established? | 2 February 1207 | [
"Estonia\n\nFrom 1228, after of the Livonian Crusade, through the 1560s, Estonia was part of Terra Mariana, established on 2 February 1207 as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire and proclaimed by Pope Innocent III in 1215 as subject to the Holy See. The southern parts of the country were conquered by Livonian B... |
5728484dff5b5019007da0cf | Who ruled the southern parts of Estonia? | Livonian Brothers of the Sword | [
"Estonia\n\nFrom 1228, after of the Livonian Crusade, through the 1560s, Estonia was part of Terra Mariana, established on 2 February 1207 as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire and proclaimed by Pope Innocent III in 1215 as subject to the Holy See. The southern parts of the country were conquered by Livonian B... |
5728484dff5b5019007da0d0 | What year did the Livonian Brothers join the Teutonic Order? | 1237 | [
"Estonia\n\nFrom 1228, after of the Livonian Crusade, through the 1560s, Estonia was part of Terra Mariana, established on 2 February 1207 as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire and proclaimed by Pope Innocent III in 1215 as subject to the Holy See. The southern parts of the country were conquered by Livonian B... |
5728484dff5b5019007da0d1 | What year did the King of Denmark sell Estonia to the Teutonic Order? | 1346 | [
"Estonia\n\nFrom 1228, after of the Livonian Crusade, through the 1560s, Estonia was part of Terra Mariana, established on 2 February 1207 as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire and proclaimed by Pope Innocent III in 1215 as subject to the Holy See. The southern parts of the country were conquered by Livonian B... |
5728484dff5b5019007da0d2 | Who did Estonia rebel against in 1343? | German rule | [
"Estonia\n\nFrom 1228, after of the Livonian Crusade, through the 1560s, Estonia was part of Terra Mariana, established on 2 February 1207 as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire and proclaimed by Pope Innocent III in 1215 as subject to the Holy See. The southern parts of the country were conquered by Livonian B... |
5728a94c4b864d1900164bbe | When did the Battle of Grunwald take place? | 1410 | [
"Estonia\n\nAfter the decline of the Teutonic Order following its defeat in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, and the defeat of the Livonian Order in the Battle of Swienta on 1 September 1435, the Livonian Confederation Agreement was signed on 4 December 1435. The Livonian Confederation ceased to exist during the Liv... |
5728a94c4b864d1900164bbf | What event preceded the decline of the Teutonic Order? | the Battle of Grunwald | [
"Estonia\n\nAfter the decline of the Teutonic Order following its defeat in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, and the defeat of the Livonian Order in the Battle of Swienta on 1 September 1435, the Livonian Confederation Agreement was signed on 4 December 1435. The Livonian Confederation ceased to exist during the Liv... |
5728a94c4b864d1900164bc0 | Who did the Estonians defeat in the Battle of Swienta? | the Livonian Order | [
"Estonia\n\nAfter the decline of the Teutonic Order following its defeat in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, and the defeat of the Livonian Order in the Battle of Swienta on 1 September 1435, the Livonian Confederation Agreement was signed on 4 December 1435. The Livonian Confederation ceased to exist during the Liv... |
5728a94c4b864d1900164bc1 | What is date of the Battle of Swienta? | 1 September 1435 | [
"Estonia\n\nAfter the decline of the Teutonic Order following its defeat in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, and the defeat of the Livonian Order in the Battle of Swienta on 1 September 1435, the Livonian Confederation Agreement was signed on 4 December 1435. The Livonian Confederation ceased to exist during the Liv... |
5728a94c4b864d1900164bc2 | When was the Livonian Confederation Agreement signed? | 4 December 1435 | [
"Estonia\n\nAfter the decline of the Teutonic Order following its defeat in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, and the defeat of the Livonian Order in the Battle of Swienta on 1 September 1435, the Livonian Confederation Agreement was signed on 4 December 1435. The Livonian Confederation ceased to exist during the Liv... |
5728a9eeff5b5019007da3e2 | When did the The Reformation in Europe start? | 1517 | [
"Estonia\n\nThe Reformation in Europe officially began in 1517 with Martin Luther (1483–1546) and his 95 Theses. The Reformation greatly changed the Baltic region. Its ideas came quickly to the Livonian Confederation and by the 1520s were widespread. Language, education, religion and politics were transformed. Chur... |
5728a9eeff5b5019007da3e3 | Who led the The Reformation in Europe? | Martin Luther | [
"Estonia\n\nThe Reformation in Europe officially began in 1517 with Martin Luther (1483–1546) and his 95 Theses. The Reformation greatly changed the Baltic region. Its ideas came quickly to the Livonian Confederation and by the 1520s were widespread. Language, education, religion and politics were transformed. Chur... |
5728a9eeff5b5019007da3e4 | What was the year of Martin Luther's death? | 1546 | [
"Estonia\n\nThe Reformation in Europe officially began in 1517 with Martin Luther (1483–1546) and his 95 Theses. The Reformation greatly changed the Baltic region. Its ideas came quickly to the Livonian Confederation and by the 1520s were widespread. Language, education, religion and politics were transformed. Chur... |
5728a9eeff5b5019007da3e5 | What parts of society did the Reformation change? | Language, education, religion and politics | [
"Estonia\n\nThe Reformation in Europe officially began in 1517 with Martin Luther (1483–1546) and his 95 Theses. The Reformation greatly changed the Baltic region. Its ideas came quickly to the Livonian Confederation and by the 1520s were widespread. Language, education, religion and politics were transformed. Chur... |
5728a9eeff5b5019007da3e6 | What was the previous language of the church? | Latin | [
"Estonia\n\nThe Reformation in Europe officially began in 1517 with Martin Luther (1483–1546) and his 95 Theses. The Reformation greatly changed the Baltic region. Its ideas came quickly to the Livonian Confederation and by the 1520s were widespread. Language, education, religion and politics were transformed. Chur... |
5728aaa53acd2414000dfc6b | What form of servitude was eliminated? | serfdom | [
"Estonia\n\nAs a result of the abolition of serfdom and the availability of education to the native Estonian-speaking population, an active Estonian nationalist movement developed in the 19th century.[citation needed] It began on a cultural level, resulting in the establishment of Estonian language literature, thea... |
5728aaa53acd2414000dfc6c | When did the Estonian nationalist movement begin? | 19th century | [
"Estonia\n\nAs a result of the abolition of serfdom and the availability of education to the native Estonian-speaking population, an active Estonian nationalist movement developed in the 19th century.[citation needed] It began on a cultural level, resulting in the establishment of Estonian language literature, thea... |
5728aaa53acd2414000dfc6d | The development of Estonian national identity was accompanied with what era? | the Age of Awakening | [
"Estonia\n\nAs a result of the abolition of serfdom and the availability of education to the native Estonian-speaking population, an active Estonian nationalist movement developed in the 19th century.[citation needed] It began on a cultural level, resulting in the establishment of Estonian language literature, thea... |
5728aaa53acd2414000dfc6e | Who were the leaders of the Age of Awakening? | Johann Voldemar Jannsen, Jakob Hurt and Carl Robert Jakobson. | [
"Estonia\n\nAs a result of the abolition of serfdom and the availability of education to the native Estonian-speaking population, an active Estonian nationalist movement developed in the 19th century.[citation needed] It began on a cultural level, resulting in the establishment of Estonian language literature, thea... |
5728ab303acd2414000dfc7d | What capital of France was lost to the Nazi Germans? | Paris | [
"Estonia\n\nOn 14 June, while the world's attention was focused on the fall of Paris to Nazi Germany a day earlier, the Soviet military blockade on Estonia went into effect, two Soviet bombers downed the Finnish passenger aeroplane \"Kaleva\" flying from Tallinn to Helsinki carrying three diplomatic pouches from th... |
5728ab303acd2414000dfc7e | When did the Soviet army initiate their blockade on Estonia? | 14 June | [
"Estonia\n\nOn 14 June, while the world's attention was focused on the fall of Paris to Nazi Germany a day earlier, the Soviet military blockade on Estonia went into effect, two Soviet bombers downed the Finnish passenger aeroplane \"Kaleva\" flying from Tallinn to Helsinki carrying three diplomatic pouches from th... |
5728ab303acd2414000dfc7f | What was the name of the Finnish aeroplane attacked by the Soviets? | Kaleva | [
"Estonia\n\nOn 14 June, while the world's attention was focused on the fall of Paris to Nazi Germany a day earlier, the Soviet military blockade on Estonia went into effect, two Soviet bombers downed the Finnish passenger aeroplane \"Kaleva\" flying from Tallinn to Helsinki carrying three diplomatic pouches from th... |
5728ab303acd2414000dfc80 | Where was the destination of Kaleva? | Helsinki | [
"Estonia\n\nOn 14 June, while the world's attention was focused on the fall of Paris to Nazi Germany a day earlier, the Soviet military blockade on Estonia went into effect, two Soviet bombers downed the Finnish passenger aeroplane \"Kaleva\" flying from Tallinn to Helsinki carrying three diplomatic pouches from th... |
5728abc13acd2414000dfc99 | Who commanded the defense of the Estonia to surrender? | the Estonian government | [
"Estonia\n\nMost of the Estonian Defence Forces surrendered according to the orders of the Estonian government, believing that resistance was useless and were disarmed by the Red Army. Only the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion showed resistance to Red Army and Communist militia \"People's Self-Defence\" units ... |
5728abc13acd2414000dfc9a | Who disarmed the Estonian Defence Forces? | the Red Army | [
"Estonia\n\nMost of the Estonian Defence Forces surrendered according to the orders of the Estonian government, believing that resistance was useless and were disarmed by the Red Army. Only the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion showed resistance to Red Army and Communist militia \"People's Self-Defence\" units ... |
5728abc13acd2414000dfc9b | What was the name of the single unit that didn't surrender? | the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion | [
"Estonia\n\nMost of the Estonian Defence Forces surrendered according to the orders of the Estonian government, believing that resistance was useless and were disarmed by the Red Army. Only the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion showed resistance to Red Army and Communist militia \"People's Self-Defence\" units ... |
5728abc13acd2414000dfc9c | When did the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion face off against the Soviets? | 21 June | [
"Estonia\n\nMost of the Estonian Defence Forces surrendered according to the orders of the Estonian government, believing that resistance was useless and were disarmed by the Red Army. Only the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion showed resistance to Red Army and Communist militia \"People's Self-Defence\" units ... |
5728ac583acd2414000dfcab | What date was Estonia annexed by the Soviets? | 6 August 1940 | [
"Estonia\n\nOn 6 August 1940, Estonia was annexed by the Soviet Union as the Estonian SSR. The provisions in the Estonian constitution requiring a popular referendum to decide on joining a supra-national body were ignored. Instead the vote to join the Soviet Union was taken by those elected in the elections held th... |
5728ac583acd2414000dfcac | Who annexed Estonia as the Estonian SSR? | the Soviet Union | [
"Estonia\n\nOn 6 August 1940, Estonia was annexed by the Soviet Union as the Estonian SSR. The provisions in the Estonian constitution requiring a popular referendum to decide on joining a supra-national body were ignored. Instead the vote to join the Soviet Union was taken by those elected in the elections held th... |
5728ac583acd2414000dfcad | The rules of joining a super power were ignored from what document? | the Estonian constitution | [
"Estonia\n\nOn 6 August 1940, Estonia was annexed by the Soviet Union as the Estonian SSR. The provisions in the Estonian constitution requiring a popular referendum to decide on joining a supra-national body were ignored. Instead the vote to join the Soviet Union was taken by those elected in the elections held th... |
5728ac583acd2414000dfcae | What system was used to decide on joining the Soviets? | elections | [
"Estonia\n\nOn 6 August 1940, Estonia was annexed by the Soviet Union as the Estonian SSR. The provisions in the Estonian constitution requiring a popular referendum to decide on joining a supra-national body were ignored. Instead the vote to join the Soviet Union was taken by those elected in the elections held th... |
5728acd92ca10214002da59e | What date did the Germans invade the Soviets? | 22 June 1941 | [
"Estonia\n\nAfter Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, the Wehrmacht crossed the Estonian southern border on 7 July. The Red Army retreated behind the Pärnu River – Emajõgi line on 12 July. At the end of July the Germans resumed their advance in Estonia working in tandem with the Estonian Forest Brothe... |
5728acd92ca10214002da59f | When did the Werhmacht cross the south border of Estonia? | 7 July | [
"Estonia\n\nAfter Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, the Wehrmacht crossed the Estonian southern border on 7 July. The Red Army retreated behind the Pärnu River – Emajõgi line on 12 July. At the end of July the Germans resumed their advance in Estonia working in tandem with the Estonian Forest Brothe... |
5728acd92ca10214002da5a0 | What body of water did the Red Army retreat behind? | the Pärnu River | [
"Estonia\n\nAfter Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, the Wehrmacht crossed the Estonian southern border on 7 July. The Red Army retreated behind the Pärnu River – Emajõgi line on 12 July. At the end of July the Germans resumed their advance in Estonia working in tandem with the Estonian Forest Brothe... |
5728acd92ca10214002da5a1 | When did the Red Army fall back to the Parnu River? | 12 July | [
"Estonia\n\nAfter Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, the Wehrmacht crossed the Estonian southern border on 7 July. The Red Army retreated behind the Pärnu River – Emajõgi line on 12 July. At the end of July the Germans resumed their advance in Estonia working in tandem with the Estonian Forest Brothe... |
5728b0db2ca10214002da5d8 | When did the Germans invade the Soviet Union? | 22 June 1941 | [
"Estonia\n\nAfter Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, the Wehrmacht crossed the Estonian southern border on 7 July. The Red Army retreated behind the Pärnu River – Emajõgi line on 12 July. At the end of July the Germans resumed their advance in Estonia working in tandem with the Estonian Forest Brothe... |
5728b0db2ca10214002da5d9 | When did the Werhmacht cross south border of Estonia? | 7 July | [
"Estonia\n\nAfter Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, the Wehrmacht crossed the Estonian southern border on 7 July. The Red Army retreated behind the Pärnu River – Emajõgi line on 12 July. At the end of July the Germans resumed their advance in Estonia working in tandem with the Estonian Forest Brothe... |
5728b0db2ca10214002da5db | Who helped the Germans take over Estonia? | the Estonian Forest Brothers | [
"Estonia\n\nAfter Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, the Wehrmacht crossed the Estonian southern border on 7 July. The Red Army retreated behind the Pärnu River – Emajõgi line on 12 July. At the end of July the Germans resumed their advance in Estonia working in tandem with the Estonian Forest Brothe... |
5728b1624b864d1900164c36 | What did the majority of Estonians view the Germans as? | liberators | [
"Estonia\n\nAlthough initially the Germans were welcomed by most Estonians as liberators from the USSR and its oppressions, and hopes were raised for the restoration of the country's independence, it was soon realised that the Nazis were but another occupying power. The Germans used Estonia's resources for their wa... |
5728b1624b864d1900164c37 | Who was in control of Estonia before the Germans? | the USSR | [
"Estonia\n\nAlthough initially the Germans were welcomed by most Estonians as liberators from the USSR and its oppressions, and hopes were raised for the restoration of the country's independence, it was soon realised that the Nazis were but another occupying power. The Germans used Estonia's resources for their wa... |
5728b1624b864d1900164c38 | What did Estonia hope to restore after the removal of the USSR? | the country's independence | [
"Estonia\n\nAlthough initially the Germans were welcomed by most Estonians as liberators from the USSR and its oppressions, and hopes were raised for the restoration of the country's independence, it was soon realised that the Nazis were but another occupying power. The Germans used Estonia's resources for their wa... |
5728b1624b864d1900164c39 | What did Germany take from Estonia for their war strategy? | Estonia's resources | [
"Estonia\n\nAlthough initially the Germans were welcomed by most Estonians as liberators from the USSR and its oppressions, and hopes were raised for the restoration of the country's independence, it was soon realised that the Nazis were but another occupying power. The Germans used Estonia's resources for their wa... |
5728b21f2ca10214002da5f2 | Who did some Estonians join as an alternative to the Germans? | the Finnish Army | [
"Estonia\n\nSome Estonians, unwilling to side directly with the Nazis, joined the Finnish Army (which was allied with the Nazis) to fight against the Soviet Union. The Finnish Infantry Regiment 200 (Estonian: soomepoisid) was formed out of Estonian volunteers in Finland. Although many Estonians were recruited into ... |
5728b21f2ca10214002da5f3 | Who was the Finnish Army allied with? | the Nazis | [
"Estonia\n\nSome Estonians, unwilling to side directly with the Nazis, joined the Finnish Army (which was allied with the Nazis) to fight against the Soviet Union. The Finnish Infantry Regiment 200 (Estonian: soomepoisid) was formed out of Estonian volunteers in Finland. Although many Estonians were recruited into ... |
5728b21f2ca10214002da5f4 | Who composed the The Finnish Infantry Regiment 200? | Estonian volunteers in Finland | [
"Estonia\n\nSome Estonians, unwilling to side directly with the Nazis, joined the Finnish Army (which was allied with the Nazis) to fight against the Soviet Union. The Finnish Infantry Regiment 200 (Estonian: soomepoisid) was formed out of Estonian volunteers in Finland. Although many Estonians were recruited into ... |
5728b21f2ca10214002da5f5 | What year did most Estonians join the Germans after a new Soviet threat was emerging? | 1944 | [
"Estonia\n\nSome Estonians, unwilling to side directly with the Nazis, joined the Finnish Army (which was allied with the Nazis) to fight against the Soviet Union. The Finnish Infantry Regiment 200 (Estonian: soomepoisid) was formed out of Estonian volunteers in Finland. Although many Estonians were recruited into ... |
5728b2d64b864d1900164c48 | How many Estonians chose to retreat or flee when in anticipation of another Soviet invasion? | tens of thousands | [
"Estonia\n\nIn the face of the country being re-occupied by the Red Army, tens of thousands of Estonians (including a majority of the education, culture, science, political and social specialists) chose to either retreat with the Germans or flee to Finland or Sweden where they sought refuge in other western countri... |
5728b2d64b864d1900164c49 | Which countries did most Estonians desire to flee to? | Finland or Sweden | [
"Estonia\n\nIn the face of the country being re-occupied by the Red Army, tens of thousands of Estonians (including a majority of the education, culture, science, political and social specialists) chose to either retreat with the Germans or flee to Finland or Sweden where they sought refuge in other western countri... |
5728b2d64b864d1900164c4a | What was the name of the refugee ship that Estonians boarded? | the SS Walnut | [
"Estonia\n\nIn the face of the country being re-occupied by the Red Army, tens of thousands of Estonians (including a majority of the education, culture, science, political and social specialists) chose to either retreat with the Germans or flee to Finland or Sweden where they sought refuge in other western countri... |
5728b2d64b864d1900164c4b | What date did the Soviet Council of Ministers issue a declaration to remove native Estonians? | 12 January 1949 | [
"Estonia\n\nIn the face of the country being re-occupied by the Red Army, tens of thousands of Estonians (including a majority of the education, culture, science, political and social specialists) chose to either retreat with the Germans or flee to Finland or Sweden where they sought refuge in other western countri... |
5728b383ff5b5019007da4de | What percentage of Estonians died after deporation? | Half the deported perished | [
"Estonia\n\nHalf the deported perished, and the other half were not allowed to return until the early 1960s (years after Stalin's death).[citation needed] The activities of Soviet forces in 1940–41 and after reoccupation sparked a guerrilla war against Soviet authorities in Estonia by the Forest Brothers, who consi... |
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