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57288d6b3acd2414000dfaf1	What disposition regarding books did Popper inherit from his father?	bibliophile	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nKarl Popper was born in Vienna (then in Austria-Hungary) in 1902, to upper middle-class parents. All of Karl Popper's grandparents were Jewish, but the Popper family converted to Lutheranism before Karl was born, and so he received Lutheran baptism. They understood this as part of their cultural ass...
57288ea43acd2414000dfafb	At which age did Popper first attend university?	16	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nPopper left school at the age of 16 and attended lectures in mathematics, physics, philosophy, psychology and the history of music as a guest student at the University of Vienna. In 1919, Popper became attracted by Marxism and subsequently joined the Association of Socialist School Students. He also...
57288ea43acd2414000dfafc	What political doctrine interested Popper in 1919?	Marxism	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nPopper left school at the age of 16 and attended lectures in mathematics, physics, philosophy, psychology and the history of music as a guest student at the University of Vienna. In 1919, Popper became attracted by Marxism and subsequently joined the Association of Socialist School Students. He also...
57288ea43acd2414000dfafd	Which Austrian political party did Popper join as a youth?	Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nPopper left school at the age of 16 and attended lectures in mathematics, physics, philosophy, psychology and the history of music as a guest student at the University of Vienna. In 1919, Popper became attracted by Marxism and subsequently joined the Association of Socialist School Students. He also...
57288ea43acd2414000dfafe	What incident killed several of Poppers Marxist political comrades?	street battle in the Hörlgasse	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nPopper left school at the age of 16 and attended lectures in mathematics, physics, philosophy, psychology and the history of music as a guest student at the University of Vienna. In 1919, Popper became attracted by Marxism and subsequently joined the Association of Socialist School Students. He also...
57288ea43acd2414000dfaff	To which political philosophy did Popper continue to adhere after moving away from Marxism?	social liberalism	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nPopper left school at the age of 16 and attended lectures in mathematics, physics, philosophy, psychology and the history of music as a guest student at the University of Vienna. In 1919, Popper became attracted by Marxism and subsequently joined the Association of Socialist School Students. He also...
57288fbf3acd2414000dfb1f	What trade did Popper enter as an apprentice?	cabinetmaker	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nHe worked in street construction for a short amount of time, but was unable to cope with the heavy labour. Continuing to attend university as a guest student, he started an apprenticeship as cabinetmaker, which he completed as a journeyman. He was dreaming at that time of starting a daycare facility...
57288fbf3acd2414000dfb20	What type of facility did Popper plan to open that would benefit from his furniture-making skills?	daycare	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nHe worked in street construction for a short amount of time, but was unable to cope with the heavy labour. Continuing to attend university as a guest student, he started an apprenticeship as cabinetmaker, which he completed as a journeyman. He was dreaming at that time of starting a daycare facility...
57288fbf3acd2414000dfb21	In which psychoanalysts clinics did Popper volunteer?	Alfred Adler	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nHe worked in street construction for a short amount of time, but was unable to cope with the heavy labour. Continuing to attend university as a guest student, he started an apprenticeship as cabinetmaker, which he completed as a journeyman. He was dreaming at that time of starting a daycare facility...
57288fbf3acd2414000dfb22	When did Popper become an ordinary student rather than a guest at university?	1922	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nHe worked in street construction for a short amount of time, but was unable to cope with the heavy labour. Continuing to attend university as a guest student, he started an apprenticeship as cabinetmaker, which he completed as a journeyman. He was dreaming at that time of starting a daycare facility...
57288fbf3acd2414000dfb23	For which vocation did Popper complete his university examinations?	elementary teacher	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nHe worked in street construction for a short amount of time, but was unable to cope with the heavy labour. Continuing to attend university as a guest student, he started an apprenticeship as cabinetmaker, which he completed as a journeyman. He was dreaming at that time of starting a daycare facility...
572891182ca10214002da478	Who supervised Popper's doctorate?	Karl Bühler	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nIn 1928, he earned a doctorate in psychology, under the supervision of Karl Bühler. His dissertation was entitled \"Die Methodenfrage der Denkpsychologie\" (The question of method in cognitive psychology). In 1929, he obtained the authorisation to teach mathematics and physics in secondary school, w...
572891182ca10214002da479	What is an English translation of the title of Popper's doctoral thesis?	The question of method in cognitive psychology	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nIn 1928, he earned a doctorate in psychology, under the supervision of Karl Bühler. His dissertation was entitled \"Die Methodenfrage der Denkpsychologie\" (The question of method in cognitive psychology). In 1929, he obtained the authorisation to teach mathematics and physics in secondary school, w...
572891182ca10214002da47a	What subjects was Popper authorized to teach in secondary school in 1929?	mathematics and physics	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nIn 1928, he earned a doctorate in psychology, under the supervision of Karl Bühler. His dissertation was entitled \"Die Methodenfrage der Denkpsychologie\" (The question of method in cognitive psychology). In 1929, he obtained the authorisation to teach mathematics and physics in secondary school, w...
572891182ca10214002da47b	Whose rise to power motivated Popper to publish his work in hopes of obtaining an academic position abroad?	Nazism	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nIn 1928, he earned a doctorate in psychology, under the supervision of Karl Bühler. His dissertation was entitled \"Die Methodenfrage der Denkpsychologie\" (The question of method in cognitive psychology). In 1929, he obtained the authorisation to teach mathematics and physics in secondary school, w...
572891182ca10214002da47c	In which work published in 1934 did Popper introduce his theories centered around falsifiability?	The Logic of Scientific Discovery	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nIn 1928, he earned a doctorate in psychology, under the supervision of Karl Bühler. His dissertation was entitled \"Die Methodenfrage der Denkpsychologie\" (The question of method in cognitive psychology). In 1929, he obtained the authorisation to teach mathematics and physics in secondary school, w...
5728929aff5b5019007da30a	Where did Popper move in 1937?	New Zealand	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nIn 1937, Popper finally managed to get a position that allowed him to emigrate to New Zealand, where he became lecturer in philosophy at Canterbury University College of the University of New Zealand in Christchurch. It was here that he wrote his influential work The Open Society and its Enemies. In...
5728929aff5b5019007da30b	Where was Popper's academic appointment in New Zealand?	Canterbury University College of the University of New Zealand	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nIn 1937, Popper finally managed to get a position that allowed him to emigrate to New Zealand, where he became lecturer in philosophy at Canterbury University College of the University of New Zealand in Christchurch. It was here that he wrote his influential work The Open Society and its Enemies. In...
5728929aff5b5019007da30c	Which lifelong friend did Popper make in Dunedin?	John Carew Eccles	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nIn 1937, Popper finally managed to get a position that allowed him to emigrate to New Zealand, where he became lecturer in philosophy at Canterbury University College of the University of New Zealand in Christchurch. It was here that he wrote his influential work The Open Society and its Enemies. In...
5728929aff5b5019007da30d	What philosophical fields did Popper teach at the London School of Economics?	logic and scientific method	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nIn 1937, Popper finally managed to get a position that allowed him to emigrate to New Zealand, where he became lecturer in philosophy at Canterbury University College of the University of New Zealand in Christchurch. It was here that he wrote his influential work The Open Society and its Enemies. In...
5728929aff5b5019007da30e	Which Austrian school's failure to give Popper a directorship prompted him to return to the United Kingdom at the end of his life?	Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nIn 1937, Popper finally managed to get a position that allowed him to emigrate to New Zealand, where he became lecturer in philosophy at Canterbury University College of the University of New Zealand in Christchurch. It was here that he wrote his influential work The Open Society and its Enemies. In...
5728935fff5b5019007da314	How old was Popper when he died?	92	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nPopper died of \"complications of cancer, pneumonia and kidney failure\" in Kenley at the age of 92 on 17 September 1994. He had been working continuously on his philosophy until two weeks before, when he suddenly fell terminally ill. After cremation, his ashes were taken to Vienna and buried at Lai...
5728935fff5b5019007da315	Which cemetery in Vienna received Popper's ashes?	Lainzer	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nPopper died of \"complications of cancer, pneumonia and kidney failure\" in Kenley at the age of 92 on 17 September 1994. He had been working continuously on his philosophy until two weeks before, when he suddenly fell terminally ill. After cremation, his ashes were taken to Vienna and buried at Lai...
5728935fff5b5019007da316	Where are Popper's manuscripts kept now?	Hoover Institution at Stanford University	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nPopper died of \"complications of cancer, pneumonia and kidney failure\" in Kenley at the age of 92 on 17 September 1994. He had been working continuously on his philosophy until two weeks before, when he suddenly fell terminally ill. After cremation, his ashes were taken to Vienna and buried at Lai...
5728935fff5b5019007da317	Which university has the contents of Popper's library?	Klagenfurt University	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nPopper died of \"complications of cancer, pneumonia and kidney failure\" in Kenley at the age of 92 on 17 September 1994. He had been working continuously on his philosophy until two weeks before, when he suddenly fell terminally ill. After cremation, his ashes were taken to Vienna and buried at Lai...
5728935fff5b5019007da318	What was Popper's wife's name?	Josefine Anna Popper	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nPopper died of \"complications of cancer, pneumonia and kidney failure\" in Kenley at the age of 92 on 17 September 1994. He had been working continuously on his philosophy until two weeks before, when he suddenly fell terminally ill. After cremation, his ashes were taken to Vienna and buried at Lai...
5728a1ddff5b5019007da35e	Which award did Popper receive from the American Political Science Association?	Lippincott Award	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nPopper won many awards and honours in his field, including the Lippincott Award of the American Political Science Association, the Sonning Prize, the Otto Hahn Peace Medal of the United Nations Association of Germany in Berlin and fellowships in the Royal Society, British Academy, London School of E...
5728a1ddff5b5019007da35f	What recognition did Austria bestow on Popper in 1986?	Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold for Services to the Republic of Austria	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nPopper won many awards and honours in his field, including the Lippincott Award of the American Political Science Association, the Sonning Prize, the Otto Hahn Peace Medal of the United Nations Association of Germany in Berlin and fellowships in the Royal Society, British Academy, London School of E...
5728a1ddff5b5019007da360	Who gave Popper its Humanist Laureate Award?	International Academy of Humanism	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nPopper won many awards and honours in his field, including the Lippincott Award of the American Political Science Association, the Sonning Prize, the Otto Hahn Peace Medal of the United Nations Association of Germany in Berlin and fellowships in the Royal Society, British Academy, London School of E...
5728a1ddff5b5019007da361	Which English monarch knighted Popper?	Queen Elizabeth II	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nPopper won many awards and honours in his field, including the Lippincott Award of the American Political Science Association, the Sonning Prize, the Otto Hahn Peace Medal of the United Nations Association of Germany in Berlin and fellowships in the Royal Society, British Academy, London School of E...
5728a1ddff5b5019007da362	Which central European university made Popper a fellow?	Charles University, Prague	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nPopper won many awards and honours in his field, including the Lippincott Award of the American Political Science Association, the Sonning Prize, the Otto Hahn Peace Medal of the United Nations Association of Germany in Berlin and fellowships in the Royal Society, British Academy, London School of E...
5728a2bfff5b5019007da37a	In which year did Popper win the Karl Renner Prize?	1978	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nOther awards and recognition for Popper included the City of Vienna Prize for the Humanities (1965), Karl Renner Prize (1978), Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (1980), Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize (1981), Ring of Honour of the City of Vienna (1983) and the Premio Internazionale of the Italian Fede...
5728a2bfff5b5019007da37b	Which city made Popper part of its Ring of Honour in 1983?	Vienna	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nOther awards and recognition for Popper included the City of Vienna Prize for the Humanities (1965), Karl Renner Prize (1978), Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (1980), Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize (1981), Ring of Honour of the City of Vienna (1983) and the Premio Internazionale of the Italian Fede...
5728a2bfff5b5019007da37c	What award given by a Japanese foundation did Popper win in 1992?	Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nOther awards and recognition for Popper included the City of Vienna Prize for the Humanities (1965), Karl Renner Prize (1978), Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (1980), Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize (1981), Ring of Honour of the City of Vienna (1983) and the Premio Internazionale of the Italian Fede...
5728a2bfff5b5019007da37d	Popper won the Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize in which year?	1981	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nOther awards and recognition for Popper included the City of Vienna Prize for the Humanities (1965), Karl Renner Prize (1978), Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (1980), Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize (1981), Ring of Honour of the City of Vienna (1983) and the Premio Internazionale of the Italian Fede...
5728a4824b864d1900164b46	What political philosophy that attracted Popper as a teenager had a profound influence on his thinking going forward?	Marxism	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nKarl Popper's rejection of Marxism during his teenage years left a profound mark on his thought. He had at one point joined a socialist association, and for a few months in 1919 considered himself a communist. During this time he became familiar with the Marxist view of economics, class-war, and his...
5728a4824b864d1900164b47	For a time during which year did Popper consider himself a communist?	1919	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nKarl Popper's rejection of Marxism during his teenage years left a profound mark on his thought. He had at one point joined a socialist association, and for a few months in 1919 considered himself a communist. During this time he became familiar with the Marxist view of economics, class-war, and his...
5728a4824b864d1900164b48	At which stage of life was Popper most strongly influenced by Marxist thinking?	teenage years	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nKarl Popper's rejection of Marxism during his teenage years left a profound mark on his thought. He had at one point joined a socialist association, and for a few months in 1919 considered himself a communist. During this time he became familiar with the Marxist view of economics, class-war, and his...
5728a4824b864d1900164b49	How did Popper feel about Marxism after only a short time associating with other Marxists?	disillusioned	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nKarl Popper's rejection of Marxism during his teenage years left a profound mark on his thought. He had at one point joined a socialist association, and for a few months in 1919 considered himself a communist. During this time he became familiar with the Marxist view of economics, class-war, and his...
5728a5ce4b864d1900164b6c	What political ideology dominated Austrian politics in the decades before the second world war?	fascism	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nThe failure of democratic parties to prevent fascism from taking over Austrian politics in the 1920s and 1930s traumatised Popper. He suffered from the direct consequences of this failure, since events after the Anschluss, the annexation of Austria by the German Reich in 1938, forced him into perman...
5728a5ce4b864d1900164b6d	What key event in 1938 pushed Popper into exile from Austria?	the Anschluss	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nThe failure of democratic parties to prevent fascism from taking over Austrian politics in the 1920s and 1930s traumatised Popper. He suffered from the direct consequences of this failure, since events after the Anschluss, the annexation of Austria by the German Reich in 1938, forced him into perman...
5728a5ce4b864d1900164b6e	What political ideology do Popper's major works defend?	democratic liberalism	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nThe failure of democratic parties to prevent fascism from taking over Austrian politics in the 1920s and 1930s traumatised Popper. He suffered from the direct consequences of this failure, since events after the Anschluss, the annexation of Austria by the German Reich in 1938, forced him into perman...
5728a5ce4b864d1900164b6f	What form of political organization do Popper's works mainly critique?	totalitarianism	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nThe failure of democratic parties to prevent fascism from taking over Austrian politics in the 1920s and 1930s traumatised Popper. He suffered from the direct consequences of this failure, since events after the Anschluss, the annexation of Austria by the German Reich in 1938, forced him into perman...
5728a5ce4b864d1900164b70	What was the Anschluss?	the annexation of Austria by the German Reich	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nThe failure of democratic parties to prevent fascism from taking over Austrian politics in the 1920s and 1930s traumatised Popper. He suffered from the direct consequences of this failure, since events after the Anschluss, the annexation of Austria by the German Reich in 1938, forced him into perman...
5728a7583acd2414000dfbef	Which two important psychologists did Popper view as advancing non-scientific theories?	Freud and Adler	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nPopper puzzled over the stark contrast between the non-scientific character of Freud and Adler's theories in the field of psychology and the revolution set off by Einstein's theory of relativity in physics in the early 20th century. Popper thought that Einstein's theory, as a theory properly grounde...
5728a7583acd2414000dfbf0	Whose recent breakthrough in physics did Popper view as paradigmatic science?	Einstein	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nPopper puzzled over the stark contrast between the non-scientific character of Freud and Adler's theories in the field of psychology and the revolution set off by Einstein's theory of relativity in physics in the early 20th century. Popper thought that Einstein's theory, as a theory properly grounde...
5728a7583acd2414000dfbf1	What quality of the theory of relativity did Popper believe made it proper science?	risky	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nPopper puzzled over the stark contrast between the non-scientific character of Freud and Adler's theories in the field of psychology and the revolution set off by Einstein's theory of relativity in physics in the early 20th century. Popper thought that Einstein's theory, as a theory properly grounde...
5728a7583acd2414000dfbf2	What did Popper think psychoanalytic theory shared more feature with than real science ?	primitive myths	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nPopper puzzled over the stark contrast between the non-scientific character of Freud and Adler's theories in the field of psychology and the revolution set off by Einstein's theory of relativity in physics in the early 20th century. Popper thought that Einstein's theory, as a theory properly grounde...
5728a7583acd2414000dfbf3	What could you not do to psychoanalytic theory that Popper believed crucial in genuine science?	falsify	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nPopper puzzled over the stark contrast between the non-scientific character of Freud and Adler's theories in the field of psychology and the revolution set off by Einstein's theory of relativity in physics in the early 20th century. Popper thought that Einstein's theory, as a theory properly grounde...
5728a9042ca10214002da550	According to Popper, a theory is scientific only is it is susceptible to what?	falsification	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nThis led Popper to conclude that what were regarded[by whom?] as the remarkable strengths of psychoanalytical theories were actually their weaknesses. Psychoanalytical theories were crafted in a way that made them able to refute any criticism and to give an explanation for every possible form of hum...
5728a9042ca10214002da551	What key components of science are ineffective when brought to bear on non-scientific theories?	criticism or experiment	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nThis led Popper to conclude that what were regarded[by whom?] as the remarkable strengths of psychoanalytical theories were actually their weaknesses. Psychoanalytical theories were crafted in a way that made them able to refute any criticism and to give an explanation for every possible form of hum...
5728a9042ca10214002da552	How did Popper characterize the wide applicability and immunity to criticism of psychoanalytic theory?	weaknesses	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nThis led Popper to conclude that what were regarded[by whom?] as the remarkable strengths of psychoanalytical theories were actually their weaknesses. Psychoanalytical theories were crafted in a way that made them able to refute any criticism and to give an explanation for every possible form of hum...
5728a9fe3acd2414000dfc4f	What term did Popper use for his philosophy?	critical rationalism	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nPopper coined the term \"critical rationalism\" to describe his philosophy. Concerning the method of science, the term indicates his rejection of classical empiricism, and the classical observationalist-inductivist account of science that had grown out of it. Popper argued strongly against the latte...
5728a9fe3acd2414000dfc50	Which account of scientific method did Popper's repudiate?	the classical observationalist-inductivist account	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nPopper coined the term \"critical rationalism\" to describe his philosophy. Concerning the method of science, the term indicates his rejection of classical empiricism, and the classical observationalist-inductivist account of science that had grown out of it. Popper argued strongly against the latte...
5728a9fe3acd2414000dfc51	What was Popper's position on classical empiricism?	rejection	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nPopper coined the term \"critical rationalism\" to describe his philosophy. Concerning the method of science, the term indicates his rejection of classical empiricism, and the classical observationalist-inductivist account of science that had grown out of it. Popper argued strongly against the latte...
5728a9fe3acd2414000dfc52	According to Popper, what is the only way one can test scientific theories because they are necessarily abstract?	indirectly	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nPopper coined the term \"critical rationalism\" to describe his philosophy. Concerning the method of science, the term indicates his rejection of classical empiricism, and the classical observationalist-inductivist account of science that had grown out of it. Popper argued strongly against the latte...
5728aba2ff5b5019007da414	Popper pointed out an important logical asymmetry between what two concepts?	verification and falsifiability	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nLogically, no number of positive outcomes at the level of experimental testing can confirm a scientific theory, but a single counterexample is logically decisive: it shows the theory, from which the implication is derived, to be false. To say that a given statement (e.g., the statement of a law of s...
5728aba2ff5b5019007da415	What does Popper say demarcates scientific theory from non-science?	falsifiability	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nLogically, no number of positive outcomes at the level of experimental testing can confirm a scientific theory, but a single counterexample is logically decisive: it shows the theory, from which the implication is derived, to be false. To say that a given statement (e.g., the statement of a law of s...
5728aba2ff5b5019007da416	What political theory did Popper say did not meet his falsifiability criterion?	Marxism	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nLogically, no number of positive outcomes at the level of experimental testing can confirm a scientific theory, but a single counterexample is logically decisive: it shows the theory, from which the implication is derived, to be false. To say that a given statement (e.g., the statement of a law of s...
5728aba2ff5b5019007da417	What branch of psychology was Popper critical of for not producing falsifiable theory?	psychoanalysis	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nLogically, no number of positive outcomes at the level of experimental testing can confirm a scientific theory, but a single counterexample is logically decisive: it shows the theory, from which the implication is derived, to be false. To say that a given statement (e.g., the statement of a law of s...
5728ac854b864d1900164c02	Which of Popper's works addresses the improvement of scientific understanding of the world over time?	All Life is Problem Solving	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nIn All Life is Problem Solving, Popper sought to explain the apparent progress of scientific knowledge – that is, how it is that our understanding of the universe seems to improve over time. This problem arises from his position that the truth content of our theories, even the best of them, cannot b...
5728ac854b864d1900164c03	Popper described the growth of scientific understanding as what kind of process?	evolutionary	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nIn All Life is Problem Solving, Popper sought to explain the apparent progress of scientific knowledge – that is, how it is that our understanding of the universe seems to improve over time. This problem arises from his position that the truth content of our theories, even the best of them, cannot b...
5728ac854b864d1900164c04	What aspect of a scientific theory can never be fully verified, according to Popper?	truth content	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nIn All Life is Problem Solving, Popper sought to explain the apparent progress of scientific knowledge – that is, how it is that our understanding of the universe seems to improve over time. This problem arises from his position that the truth content of our theories, even the best of them, cannot b...
5728ae21ff5b5019007da47c	What process in science is like the process of natural selection in nature?	error elimination	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nIn response to a given problem situation (), a number of competing conjectures, or tentative theories (), are systematically subjected to the most rigorous attempts at falsification possible. This process, error elimination (), performs a similar function for science that natural selection performs ...
5728ae21ff5b5019007da47d	What is a better description for theories that survive scientific scrutiny than "more true?"	more "fit"	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nIn response to a given problem situation (), a number of competing conjectures, or tentative theories (), are systematically subjected to the most rigorous attempts at falsification possible. This process, error elimination (), performs a similar function for science that natural selection performs ...
5728ae21ff5b5019007da47e	What is another term for the tentative theories enter the process of error elimination in science?	conjectures	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nIn response to a given problem situation (), a number of competing conjectures, or tentative theories (), are systematically subjected to the most rigorous attempts at falsification possible. This process, error elimination (), performs a similar function for science that natural selection performs ...
5728ae21ff5b5019007da47f	Toward what does Popper believe scientific understandings progress?	more and more interesting problems	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nIn response to a given problem situation (), a number of competing conjectures, or tentative theories (), are systematically subjected to the most rigorous attempts at falsification possible. This process, error elimination (), performs a similar function for science that natural selection performs ...
5728b0f44b864d1900164c30	Popper's thoughts on falsification present a solution to the philosophical problem concerning what type of scientific reasoning?	induction	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nAmong his contributions to philosophy is his claim to have solved the philosophical problem of induction. He states that while there is no way to prove that the sun will rise, it is possible to formulate the theory that every day the sun will rise; if it does not rise on some particular day, the the...
5728b0f44b864d1900164c31	What parts of a theory are unnecessary before the simple theory is falsified?	additional conditions	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nAmong his contributions to philosophy is his claim to have solved the philosophical problem of induction. He states that while there is no way to prove that the sun will rise, it is possible to formulate the theory that every day the sun will rise; if it does not rise on some particular day, the the...
5728b0f44b864d1900164c32	Who presented a solution to the philosophical problem of induction centered around falsifiability?	Popper	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nAmong his contributions to philosophy is his claim to have solved the philosophical problem of induction. He states that while there is no way to prove that the sun will rise, it is possible to formulate the theory that every day the sun will rise; if it does not rise on some particular day, the the...
5728b48a3acd2414000dfd1f	Popper's rational approach opposes what technique sometimes used to remove contradictions in knowledge?	ad-hoc-measures	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nPopper held that rationality is not restricted to the realm of empirical or scientific theories, but that it is merely a special case of the general method of criticism, the method of finding and eliminating contradictions in knowledge without ad-hoc-measures. According to this view, rational discus...
5728b48a3acd2414000dfd20	Which of Popper's students argued that rational criticism should be most widely applied?	W.W. Bartley III	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nPopper held that rationality is not restricted to the realm of empirical or scientific theories, but that it is merely a special case of the general method of criticism, the method of finding and eliminating contradictions in knowledge without ad-hoc-measures. According to this view, rational discus...
5728b48a3acd2414000dfd21	What type of knowledge is not the only sphere of rational criticism, according to Popper's student W.W. Bartley III?	empirical	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nPopper held that rationality is not restricted to the realm of empirical or scientific theories, but that it is merely a special case of the general method of criticism, the method of finding and eliminating contradictions in knowledge without ad-hoc-measures. According to this view, rational discus...
5728b5f5ff5b5019007da524	According to Popper, what is not grounds for doubt?	lack of justification	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nTo Popper, who was an anti-justificationist, traditional philosophy is misled by the false principle of sufficient reason. He thinks that no assumption can ever be or needs ever to be justified, so a lack of justification is not a justification for doubt. Instead, theories should be tested and scrut...
5728b5f5ff5b5019007da525	What principle of traditional philosophy did Popper take an anti-justificationist stance against?	principle of sufficient reason	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nTo Popper, who was an anti-justificationist, traditional philosophy is misled by the false principle of sufficient reason. He thinks that no assumption can ever be or needs ever to be justified, so a lack of justification is not a justification for doubt. Instead, theories should be tested and scrut...
5728b5f5ff5b5019007da526	What does Popper believe is essential to do to theories instead of justification?	eliminate errors	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nTo Popper, who was an anti-justificationist, traditional philosophy is misled by the false principle of sufficient reason. He thinks that no assumption can ever be or needs ever to be justified, so a lack of justification is not a justification for doubt. Instead, theories should be tested and scrut...
5728b5f5ff5b5019007da527	What don't we need to look for about theories in Popper's view?	good positive reasons	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nTo Popper, who was an anti-justificationist, traditional philosophy is misled by the false principle of sufficient reason. He thinks that no assumption can ever be or needs ever to be justified, so a lack of justification is not a justification for doubt. Instead, theories should be tested and scrut...
5728b7412ca10214002da646	Which of Popper's works criticized the idea that history has an inexorable developmental path?	The Poverty of Historicism	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nIn The Open Society and Its Enemies and The Poverty of Historicism, Popper developed a critique of historicism and a defence of the \"Open Society\". Popper considered historicism to be the theory that history develops inexorably and necessarily according to knowable general laws towards a determina...
5728b7412ca10214002da647	What is the term for the view that there are discoverable general laws constraining history's development?	historicism	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nIn The Open Society and Its Enemies and The Poverty of Historicism, Popper developed a critique of historicism and a defence of the \"Open Society\". Popper considered historicism to be the theory that history develops inexorably and necessarily according to knowable general laws towards a determina...
5728b7412ca10214002da648	What political forms did Popper believe historicism supported?	authoritarianism and totalitarianism	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nIn The Open Society and Its Enemies and The Poverty of Historicism, Popper developed a critique of historicism and a defence of the \"Open Society\". Popper considered historicism to be the theory that history develops inexorably and necessarily according to knowable general laws towards a determina...
5728b7412ca10214002da649	What unpredictable feature of the world did Popper say refuted historicism?	the growth of human knowledge	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nIn The Open Society and Its Enemies and The Poverty of Historicism, Popper developed a critique of historicism and a defence of the \"Open Society\". Popper considered historicism to be the theory that history develops inexorably and necessarily according to knowable general laws towards a determina...
5728c8083acd2414000dfe3d	Whose theory of truth did Popper read with intense interest in 1935?	Alfred Tarski	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nAs early as 1934, Popper wrote of the search for truth as \"one of the strongest motives for scientific discovery.\" Still, he describes in Objective Knowledge (1972) early concerns about the much-criticised notion of truth as correspondence. Then came the semantic theory of truth formulated by the ...
5728c8083acd2414000dfe3e	What theory of interest to Popper did Alfred Tarski publish in 1933?	semantic theory of truth	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nAs early as 1934, Popper wrote of the search for truth as \"one of the strongest motives for scientific discovery.\" Still, he describes in Objective Knowledge (1972) early concerns about the much-criticised notion of truth as correspondence. Then came the semantic theory of truth formulated by the ...
5728c8083acd2414000dfe3f	Tarski's theory overcame certain objections to what conception of truth?	truth as correspondence	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nAs early as 1934, Popper wrote of the search for truth as \"one of the strongest motives for scientific discovery.\" Still, he describes in Objective Knowledge (1972) early concerns about the much-criticised notion of truth as correspondence. Then came the semantic theory of truth formulated by the ...
5728c8083acd2414000dfe40	What kind of realism did Popper believe Tarski's theory supported?	metaphysical	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nAs early as 1934, Popper wrote of the search for truth as \"one of the strongest motives for scientific discovery.\" Still, he describes in Objective Knowledge (1972) early concerns about the much-criticised notion of truth as correspondence. Then came the semantic theory of truth formulated by the ...
5728ca7a2ca10214002da7e6	What term do philosophers give to the kind of theory Tarski proposed about truth?	deflationary	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nAccording to this theory, the conditions for the truth of a sentence as well as the sentences themselves are part of a metalanguage. So, for example, the sentence \"Snow is white\" is true if and only if snow is white. Although many philosophers have interpreted, and continue to interpret, Tarski's ...
5728ca7a2ca10214002da7e7	With what does Popper say Tarski's theory replaces the predicate "is true?"	"corresponds to the facts"	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nAccording to this theory, the conditions for the truth of a sentence as well as the sentences themselves are part of a metalanguage. So, for example, the sentence \"Snow is white\" is true if and only if snow is white. Although many philosophers have interpreted, and continue to interpret, Tarski's ...
5728ca7a2ca10214002da7e8	What concept did Tarski introduce to discuss the conditions for the truth of statements?	metalanguage	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nAccording to this theory, the conditions for the truth of a sentence as well as the sentences themselves are part of a metalanguage. So, for example, the sentence \"Snow is white\" is true if and only if snow is white. Although many philosophers have interpreted, and continue to interpret, Tarski's ...
5728ca7a2ca10214002da7e9	What two things does Popper argue Tarski's theory involves in an evaluation of truth?	assertions and the facts to which they refer	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nAccording to this theory, the conditions for the truth of a sentence as well as the sentences themselves are part of a metalanguage. So, for example, the sentence \"Snow is white\" is true if and only if snow is white. Although many philosophers have interpreted, and continue to interpret, Tarski's ...
5728cceb2ca10214002da814	What term does Popper use that roughly means verisimilitude?	truthlikeness	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nUpon this basis, along with that of the logical content of assertions (where logical content is inversely proportional to probability), Popper went on to develop his important notion of verisimilitude or \"truthlikeness\". The intuitive idea behind verisimilitude is that the assertions or hypotheses...
5728cceb2ca10214002da815	Poppers notion of verisimilitude leaves no place for which kind of probabilities in the evaluation of scientific hypotheses?	subjective	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nUpon this basis, along with that of the logical content of assertions (where logical content is inversely proportional to probability), Popper went on to develop his important notion of verisimilitude or \"truthlikeness\". The intuitive idea behind verisimilitude is that the assertions or hypotheses...
5728cceb2ca10214002da816	What class of considerations did Popper believe were not important in scientific measurement?	epistemic	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nUpon this basis, along with that of the logical content of assertions (where logical content is inversely proportional to probability), Popper went on to develop his important notion of verisimilitude or \"truthlikeness\". The intuitive idea behind verisimilitude is that the assertions or hypotheses...
5728cceb2ca10214002da817	What is the logical content of hypotheses inversely proportional to in Popper's reasoning?	probability	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nUpon this basis, along with that of the logical content of assertions (where logical content is inversely proportional to probability), Popper went on to develop his important notion of verisimilitude or \"truthlikeness\". The intuitive idea behind verisimilitude is that the assertions or hypotheses...
5728ce273acd2414000dfeeb	What did Popper argue was objective and independent of its subject?	knowledge	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nKnowledge, for Popper, was objective, both in the sense that it is objectively true (or truthlike), and also in the sense that knowledge has an ontological status (i.e., knowledge as object) independent of the knowing subject (Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach, 1972). He proposed three w...
5728ce273acd2414000dfeec	How many different worlds or realities did Popper differentiate in Objective Knowledge?	three	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nKnowledge, for Popper, was objective, both in the sense that it is objectively true (or truthlike), and also in the sense that knowledge has an ontological status (i.e., knowledge as object) independent of the knowing subject (Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach, 1972). He proposed three w...
5728ce273acd2414000dfeed	What constituted World One in Popper's theory?	the physical world	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nKnowledge, for Popper, was objective, both in the sense that it is objectively true (or truthlike), and also in the sense that knowledge has an ontological status (i.e., knowledge as object) independent of the knowing subject (Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach, 1972). He proposed three w...
5728ce273acd2414000dfeee	Who produced the contents of World Three?	individual human beings	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nKnowledge, for Popper, was objective, both in the sense that it is objectively true (or truthlike), and also in the sense that knowledge has an ontological status (i.e., knowledge as object) independent of the knowing subject (Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach, 1972). He proposed three w...
5728ce273acd2414000dfeef	Which world's evolution corresponds to the growth of human knowledge?	World Three	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nKnowledge, for Popper, was objective, both in the sense that it is objectively true (or truthlike), and also in the sense that knowledge has an ontological status (i.e., knowledge as object) independent of the knowing subject (Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach, 1972). He proposed three w...
5728cfdd4b864d1900164e9a	Which of Popper's notions is often invoked in creation-evolution debates?	criterion of falsifiability	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nThe creation–evolution controversy in the United States raises the issue of whether creationistic ideas may be legitimately called science and whether evolution itself may be legitimately called science. In the debate, both sides and even courts in their decisions have frequently invoked Popper's cr...
5728cfdd4b864d1900164e9b	What kind of research program did Popper call Darwinism?	metaphysical	[ "Karl_Popper\n\nThe creation–evolution controversy in the United States raises the issue of whether creationistic ideas may be legitimately called science and whether evolution itself may be legitimately called science. In the debate, both sides and even courts in their decisions have frequently invoked Popper's cr...

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