id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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5728cfdd4b864d1900164e9c | What phrase did Popper use to describe Darwinism's relation to proper falsifiable theories? | possible framework | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nThe creation–evolution controversy in the United States raises the issue of whether creationistic ideas may be legitimately called science and whether evolution itself may be legitimately called science. In the debate, both sides and even courts in their decisions have frequently invoked Popper's cr... |
5728cfdd4b864d1900164e9d | Popper's philosophy is often applied in what political debate concerning biological science? | creation–evolution | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nThe creation–evolution controversy in the United States raises the issue of whether creationistic ideas may be legitimately called science and whether evolution itself may be legitimately called science. In the debate, both sides and even courts in their decisions have frequently invoked Popper's cr... |
5728d0ed2ca10214002da896 | Along with some creationists, Popper believed that evolution must have what quality to its progress? | goal-directed | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nPopper had his own sophisticated views on evolution that go much beyond what the frequently-quoted passages say. In effect, Popper agreed with some of the points of both creationists and naturalists, but also disagreed with both views on crucial aspects. Popper understood the universe as a creative ... |
5728d0ed2ca10214002da897 | Popper disagreed with creationists that whose hand must be directing evolution? | god | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nPopper had his own sophisticated views on evolution that go much beyond what the frequently-quoted passages say. In effect, Popper agreed with some of the points of both creationists and naturalists, but also disagreed with both views on crucial aspects. Popper understood the universe as a creative ... |
5728d0ed2ca10214002da898 | What kind of an entity did Popper believe the universe to be? | creative | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nPopper had his own sophisticated views on evolution that go much beyond what the frequently-quoted passages say. In effect, Popper agreed with some of the points of both creationists and naturalists, but also disagreed with both views on crucial aspects. Popper understood the universe as a creative ... |
5728d21b2ca10214002da8b0 | What is the name of Popper's model of evolution? | spearhead | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nInstead, he formulated the spearhead model of evolution, a version of genetic pluralism. According to this model, living organisms themselves have goals, and act according to these goals, each guided by a central control. In its most sophisticated form, this is the brain of humans, but controls also... |
5728d21b2ca10214002da8b1 | Popper's model of evolution is part of what family of models? | genetic pluralism | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nInstead, he formulated the spearhead model of evolution, a version of genetic pluralism. According to this model, living organisms themselves have goals, and act according to these goals, each guided by a central control. In its most sophisticated form, this is the brain of humans, but controls also... |
5728d21b2ca10214002da8b2 | What directs the actions of organisms in Popper's biological model? | goals | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nInstead, he formulated the spearhead model of evolution, a version of genetic pluralism. According to this model, living organisms themselves have goals, and act according to these goals, each guided by a central control. In its most sophisticated form, this is the brain of humans, but controls also... |
5728d21b2ca10214002da8b3 | Organisms' goals shift along with which notable genetic process? | Mutations | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nInstead, he formulated the spearhead model of evolution, a version of genetic pluralism. According to this model, living organisms themselves have goals, and act according to these goals, each guided by a central control. In its most sophisticated form, this is the brain of humans, but controls also... |
5728d4494b864d1900164efe | Which view of evolution emphasizing large changes in organisms' phenotypes does Popper oppose to his own? | hopeful monster | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nPopper contrasts his views with the notion of the \"hopeful monster\" that has large phenotype mutations and calls it the \"hopeful behavioural monster\". After behaviour has changed radically, small but quick changes of the phenotype follow to make the organism fitter to its changed goals. This way... |
5728d4494b864d1900164eff | Which aspect of organisms changes most radically in the process of evolution Popper envisions? | behaviour | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nPopper contrasts his views with the notion of the \"hopeful monster\" that has large phenotype mutations and calls it the \"hopeful behavioural monster\". After behaviour has changed radically, small but quick changes of the phenotype follow to make the organism fitter to its changed goals. This way... |
5728d4494b864d1900164f00 | How does Popper describe the "monsters" that evolve in his view of evolutionary processes? | hopeful behavioural monster | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nPopper contrasts his views with the notion of the \"hopeful monster\" that has large phenotype mutations and calls it the \"hopeful behavioural monster\". After behaviour has changed radically, small but quick changes of the phenotype follow to make the organism fitter to its changed goals. This way... |
5728d4494b864d1900164f01 | What kind of Darwinism does Popper subscribe to in contrast to the naturalistic kind? | active | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nPopper contrasts his views with the notion of the \"hopeful monster\" that has large phenotype mutations and calls it the \"hopeful behavioural monster\". After behaviour has changed radically, small but quick changes of the phenotype follow to make the organism fitter to its changed goals. This way... |
5728d5b12ca10214002da8ea | Which professor cited by Popper described the creation-evolution debate as "a storm in a Victorian tea-cup?" | C.E. Raven | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nAbout the creation-evolution controversy, Popper wrote that he considered it \"a somewhat sensational clash between a brilliant scientific hypothesis concerning the history of the various species of animals and plants on earth, and an older metaphysical theory which, incidentally, happened to be par... |
5728d5b12ca10214002da8eb | What controversy involving science did Popper believe was sensationalized because of its connection with religion? | creation-evolution | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nAbout the creation-evolution controversy, Popper wrote that he considered it \"a somewhat sensational clash between a brilliant scientific hypothesis concerning the history of the various species of animals and plants on earth, and an older metaphysical theory which, incidentally, happened to be par... |
5728d5b12ca10214002da8ec | In which year did C.E. Raven publish the remarks on creation-evolution quoted by Popper? | 1943 | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nAbout the creation-evolution controversy, Popper wrote that he considered it \"a somewhat sensational clash between a brilliant scientific hypothesis concerning the history of the various species of animals and plants on earth, and an older metaphysical theory which, incidentally, happened to be par... |
5728d5b12ca10214002da8ed | What term does Popper use when describing creationism as a type of theory? | metaphysical | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nAbout the creation-evolution controversy, Popper wrote that he considered it \"a somewhat sensational clash between a brilliant scientific hypothesis concerning the history of the various species of animals and plants on earth, and an older metaphysical theory which, incidentally, happened to be par... |
5728d7342ca10214002da922 | In which year did Popper give a secret interview concerning his views about God? | 1969 | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nIn an interview that Popper gave in 1969 with the condition that it shall be kept secret until after his death, he summarised his position on God as follows: \"I don't know whether God exists or not. ... Some forms of atheism are arrogant and ignorant and should be rejected, but agnosticism—to admit... |
5728d7342ca10214002da923 | Which term for his religious outlook did Popper prefer? | agnosticism | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nIn an interview that Popper gave in 1969 with the condition that it shall be kept secret until after his death, he summarised his position on God as follows: \"I don't know whether God exists or not. ... Some forms of atheism are arrogant and ignorant and should be rejected, but agnosticism—to admit... |
5728d7342ca10214002da924 | What did Popper believe were at the heart of religious disagreements, and should not be the cause of as much conflict as they are? | myths | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nIn an interview that Popper gave in 1969 with the condition that it shall be kept secret until after his death, he summarised his position on God as follows: \"I don't know whether God exists or not. ... Some forms of atheism are arrogant and ignorant and should be rejected, but agnosticism—to admit... |
5728d7342ca10214002da925 | Although he opposed organized religion, what attitude did Popper think should be taken toward it: | tolerant | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nIn an interview that Popper gave in 1969 with the condition that it shall be kept secret until after his death, he summarised his position on God as follows: \"I don't know whether God exists or not. ... Some forms of atheism are arrogant and ignorant and should be rejected, but agnosticism—to admit... |
5728d86aff5b5019007da804 | What branch of philosophy did Popper advance the most? | philosophy of science | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nPopper played a vital role in establishing the philosophy of science as a vigorous, autonomous discipline within philosophy, through his own prolific and influential works, and also through his influence on his own contemporaries and students. Popper founded in 1946 the Department of Philosophy, Log... |
5728d86aff5b5019007da805 | Which department did Popper found at the London School of Economics? | Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nPopper played a vital role in establishing the philosophy of science as a vigorous, autonomous discipline within philosophy, through his own prolific and influential works, and also through his influence on his own contemporaries and students. Popper founded in 1946 the Department of Philosophy, Log... |
5728d86aff5b5019007da806 | Which two major philosophers of science learned a great deal from Popper at the London School Economics? | Imre Lakatos and Paul Feyerabend | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nPopper played a vital role in establishing the philosophy of science as a vigorous, autonomous discipline within philosophy, through his own prolific and influential works, and also through his influence on his own contemporaries and students. Popper founded in 1946 the Department of Philosophy, Log... |
5728d86aff5b5019007da807 | What did Paul Feyerabend ultimate do to Popper's philosophy of science? | repudiated it entirely | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nPopper played a vital role in establishing the philosophy of science as a vigorous, autonomous discipline within philosophy, through his own prolific and influential works, and also through his influence on his own contemporaries and students. Popper founded in 1946 the Department of Philosophy, Log... |
5728d86aff5b5019007da808 | Where did Popper establish a university department for the philosophy of science in 1946? | London School of Economics | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nPopper played a vital role in establishing the philosophy of science as a vigorous, autonomous discipline within philosophy, through his own prolific and influential works, and also through his influence on his own contemporaries and students. Popper founded in 1946 the Department of Philosophy, Log... |
5728d96a2ca10214002da978 | Which other Austrian scholar and friend of Popper also worked near him at the London School of Economics? | Friedrich Hayek | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nWhile there is some dispute as to the matter of influence, Popper had a long-standing and close friendship with economist Friedrich Hayek, who was also brought to the London School of Economics from Vienna. Each found support and similarities in the other's work, citing each other often, though not ... |
5728d96a2ca10214002da979 | What was Hayek's academic field? | Economics | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nWhile there is some dispute as to the matter of influence, Popper had a long-standing and close friendship with economist Friedrich Hayek, who was also brought to the London School of Economics from Vienna. Each found support and similarities in the other's work, citing each other often, though not ... |
5728d96a2ca10214002da97a | In which year did Popper write Hayek a letter expressing his intellectual debt to him? | 1944 | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nWhile there is some dispute as to the matter of influence, Popper had a long-standing and close friendship with economist Friedrich Hayek, who was also brought to the London School of Economics from Vienna. Each found support and similarities in the other's work, citing each other often, though not ... |
5728d96a2ca10214002da97b | Who did Popper say was the only thinker who might have had a greater influence on him than Hayek? | Alfred Tarski | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nWhile there is some dispute as to the matter of influence, Popper had a long-standing and close friendship with economist Friedrich Hayek, who was also brought to the London School of Economics from Vienna. Each found support and similarities in the other's work, citing each other often, though not ... |
5728d96a2ca10214002da97c | Which of Hayek's publications was dedicated to Popper? | Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nWhile there is some dispute as to the matter of influence, Popper had a long-standing and close friendship with economist Friedrich Hayek, who was also brought to the London School of Economics from Vienna. Each found support and similarities in the other's work, citing each other often, though not ... |
5728da9b2ca10214002da9a0 | What other contemporaneous school of thought is often confused with Popper's own contributions? | logical positivism | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nHe does not argue that any such conclusions are therefore true, or that this describes the actual methods of any particular scientist.[citation needed] Rather, it is recommended as an essential principle of methodology that, if enacted by a system or community, will lead to slow but steady progress ... |
5728da9b2ca10214002da9a1 | Popper has stressed that his description of scientific methodology should not be mistaken to apply to whom? | any particular scientist | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nHe does not argue that any such conclusions are therefore true, or that this describes the actual methods of any particular scientist.[citation needed] Rather, it is recommended as an essential principle of methodology that, if enacted by a system or community, will lead to slow but steady progress ... |
5728da9b2ca10214002da9a2 | At what level does Popper indicate his view of scientific methodology applies? | system or community | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nHe does not argue that any such conclusions are therefore true, or that this describes the actual methods of any particular scientist.[citation needed] Rather, it is recommended as an essential principle of methodology that, if enacted by a system or community, will lead to slow but steady progress ... |
5728da9b2ca10214002da9a3 | What kind of progress does science make given the methodology Popper describes? | slow but steady | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nHe does not argue that any such conclusions are therefore true, or that this describes the actual methods of any particular scientist.[citation needed] Rather, it is recommended as an essential principle of methodology that, if enacted by a system or community, will lead to slow but steady progress ... |
5728dc82ff5b5019007da872 | What thesis says a scientific hypothesis is not testable in isolation from its system of theories? | Quine-Duhem | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nThe Quine-Duhem thesis argues that it's impossible to test a single hypothesis on its own, since each one comes as part of an environment of theories. Thus we can only say that the whole package of relevant theories has been collectively falsified, but cannot conclusively say which element of the pa... |
5728dc82ff5b5019007da873 | Which of Popper's works responds to critiques of naive falsificationism? | The Logic of Scientific Discovery | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nThe Quine-Duhem thesis argues that it's impossible to test a single hypothesis on its own, since each one comes as part of an environment of theories. Thus we can only say that the whole package of relevant theories has been collectively falsified, but cannot conclusively say which element of the pa... |
5728dc82ff5b5019007da874 | The planet Uranus' apparent failure to follow Newton's laws led to the discovery of which planet? | Neptune | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nThe Quine-Duhem thesis argues that it's impossible to test a single hypothesis on its own, since each one comes as part of an environment of theories. Thus we can only say that the whole package of relevant theories has been collectively falsified, but cannot conclusively say which element of the pa... |
5728dc82ff5b5019007da875 | According to Popper, the scientific selection process favors which type of theory? | more generally applicable | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nThe Quine-Duhem thesis argues that it's impossible to test a single hypothesis on its own, since each one comes as part of an environment of theories. Thus we can only say that the whole package of relevant theories has been collectively falsified, but cannot conclusively say which element of the pa... |
5728de173acd2414000e00b5 | Popper believed he had already discussed similar ideas to Kuhn's about scientific communities in what work? | Logic of Discovery | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nPopper claimed to have recognised already in the 1934 version of his Logic of Discovery a fact later stressed by Kuhn, \"that scientists necessarily develop their ideas within a definite theoretical framework\", and to that extent to have anticipated Kuhn's central point about \"normal science\". (B... |
5728de173acd2414000e00b6 | What aspect of Kuhn's thinking did Popper criticize? | relativism | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nPopper claimed to have recognised already in the 1934 version of his Logic of Discovery a fact later stressed by Kuhn, \"that scientists necessarily develop their ideas within a definite theoretical framework\", and to that extent to have anticipated Kuhn's central point about \"normal science\". (B... |
5728de173acd2414000e00b7 | What did Popper say must be the beginning phase of science? | the critical discussion of myths | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nPopper claimed to have recognised already in the 1934 version of his Logic of Discovery a fact later stressed by Kuhn, \"that scientists necessarily develop their ideas within a definite theoretical framework\", and to that extent to have anticipated Kuhn's central point about \"normal science\". (B... |
5728de173acd2414000e00b8 | According to Popper, what second layer does scientific inquiry have that pre-scientific inquiry does not? | a critical attitude | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nPopper claimed to have recognised already in the 1934 version of his Logic of Discovery a fact later stressed by Kuhn, \"that scientists necessarily develop their ideas within a definite theoretical framework\", and to that extent to have anticipated Kuhn's central point about \"normal science\". (B... |
5728e14d2ca10214002daa18 | What kind of criteria frequently used in science complicates the definitiveness of some hypotheses' falsification? | statistical | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nAnother objection is that it is not always possible to demonstrate falsehood definitively, especially if one is using statistical criteria to evaluate a null hypothesis. More generally it is not always clear, if evidence contradicts a hypothesis, that this is a sign of flaws in the hypothesis rather... |
5728e14d2ca10214002daa19 | What other flaws complicate the problem of identifying faulty scientific hypotheses? | flaws in the evidence | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nAnother objection is that it is not always possible to demonstrate falsehood definitively, especially if one is using statistical criteria to evaluate a null hypothesis. More generally it is not always clear, if evidence contradicts a hypothesis, that this is a sign of flaws in the hypothesis rather... |
5728e14d2ca10214002daa1a | According to Popper, what resolves conflicting hypotheses and observations in the long run? | the collective judgment of scientists | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nAnother objection is that it is not always possible to demonstrate falsehood definitively, especially if one is using statistical criteria to evaluate a null hypothesis. More generally it is not always clear, if evidence contradicts a hypothesis, that this is a sign of flaws in the hypothesis rather... |
5728e27c3acd2414000e0111 | Which book by Houck points out logical flaws in Popper's falsificationism? | Science Versus Crime | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nIn a book called Science Versus Crime, Houck writes that Popper's falsificationism can be questioned logically: it is not clear how Popper would deal with a statement like \"for every metal, there is a temperature at which it will melt.\" The hypothesis cannot be falsified by any possible observatio... |
5728e27c3acd2414000e0112 | Who argued that Popper's falsificationism was just as logically untenable as Logical Positivism's verificationism? | Carl Gustav Hempel | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nIn a book called Science Versus Crime, Houck writes that Popper's falsificationism can be questioned logically: it is not clear how Popper would deal with a statement like \"for every metal, there is a temperature at which it will melt.\" The hypothesis cannot be falsified by any possible observatio... |
5728e27c3acd2414000e0113 | Who wrote the book Science Versus Crime which challenged the logic of falsificationism? | Houck | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nIn a book called Science Versus Crime, Houck writes that Popper's falsificationism can be questioned logically: it is not clear how Popper would deal with a statement like \"for every metal, there is a temperature at which it will melt.\" The hypothesis cannot be falsified by any possible observatio... |
5728e3e62ca10214002daa3c | Which German psychologist and tutor of Popper may have originated some of Popper's ideas? | Otto Selz | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nIn 2004, philosopher and psychologist Michel ter Hark (Groningen, The Netherlands) published a book, called Popper, Otto Selz and the rise of evolutionary epistemology, in which he claimed that Popper took some of his ideas from his tutor, the German psychologist Otto Selz. Selz never published his ... |
5728e3e62ca10214002daa3d | Who claimed Otto Selz deserved credit for ideas published by Popper? | Michel ter Hark | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nIn 2004, philosopher and psychologist Michel ter Hark (Groningen, The Netherlands) published a book, called Popper, Otto Selz and the rise of evolutionary epistemology, in which he claimed that Popper took some of his ideas from his tutor, the German psychologist Otto Selz. Selz never published his ... |
5728e3e62ca10214002daa3e | What contributed to Otto Selz's cessation of work in 1933? | the rise of Nazism | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nIn 2004, philosopher and psychologist Michel ter Hark (Groningen, The Netherlands) published a book, called Popper, Otto Selz and the rise of evolutionary epistemology, in which he claimed that Popper took some of his ideas from his tutor, the German psychologist Otto Selz. Selz never published his ... |
5728e3e62ca10214002daa3f | What is the name of the 2004 paper that links Popper's work to that of his tutor Otto Selz? | Popper, Otto Selz and the rise of evolutionary epistemology | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nIn 2004, philosopher and psychologist Michel ter Hark (Groningen, The Netherlands) published a book, called Popper, Otto Selz and the rise of evolutionary epistemology, in which he claimed that Popper took some of his ideas from his tutor, the German psychologist Otto Selz. Selz never published his ... |
5728e3e62ca10214002daa40 | Popper is criticized for dismissing which major philosophers in his work? | Plato, Hegel and Marx | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nIn 2004, philosopher and psychologist Michel ter Hark (Groningen, The Netherlands) published a book, called Popper, Otto Selz and the rise of evolutionary epistemology, in which he claimed that Popper took some of his ideas from his tutor, the German psychologist Otto Selz. Selz never published his ... |
5728e55c3acd2414000e015f | Which two prominent scientists advanced theories that John N. Gray claims would never have survived the scientific method Popper describes? | Darwin and Einstein | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nAccording to John N. Gray, Popper held that \"a theory is scientific only in so far as it is falsifiable, and should be given up as soon as it is falsified.\" By applying Popper's account of scientific method, Gray's Straw Dogs states that this would have \"killed the theories of Darwin and Einstein... |
5728e55c3acd2414000e0160 | Which work by John Gray challenges Popper's falsificationism? | Straw Dogs | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nAccording to John N. Gray, Popper held that \"a theory is scientific only in so far as it is falsifiable, and should be given up as soon as it is falsified.\" By applying Popper's account of scientific method, Gray's Straw Dogs states that this would have \"killed the theories of Darwin and Einstein... |
5728e55c3acd2414000e0161 | According to Gray, what should have falsified Einstein and Darwin's theories when first proposed? | available evidence | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nAccording to John N. Gray, Popper held that \"a theory is scientific only in so far as it is falsifiable, and should be given up as soon as it is falsified.\" By applying Popper's account of scientific method, Gray's Straw Dogs states that this would have \"killed the theories of Darwin and Einstein... |
5728e55c3acd2414000e0162 | What kind of thesis does Gray advance about scientific progress? | irrationalist | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nAccording to John N. Gray, Popper held that \"a theory is scientific only in so far as it is falsifiable, and should be given up as soon as it is falsified.\" By applying Popper's account of scientific method, Gray's Straw Dogs states that this would have \"killed the theories of Darwin and Einstein... |
5728e7254b864d1900165060 | Gray's approach aligns with which approach that Popper himself considered untenable? | inductivist | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nGray does not, however, give any indication of what available evidence these theories were at odds with, and his appeal to \"crucial support\" illustrates the very inductivist approach to science that Popper sought to show was logically illegitimate. For, according to Popper, Einstein's theory was a... |
5728e7254b864d1900165061 | A possible rebuttal to Gray's argument appears in Popper's reply to which philosopher? | Imre Lakatos | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nGray does not, however, give any indication of what available evidence these theories were at odds with, and his appeal to \"crucial support\" illustrates the very inductivist approach to science that Popper sought to show was logically illegitimate. For, according to Popper, Einstein's theory was a... |
5728e7254b864d1900165062 | What did general relativity do that made it tentatively acceptable when it was proposed? | explained the empirical refutations of Newton's theory | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nGray does not, however, give any indication of what available evidence these theories were at odds with, and his appeal to \"crucial support\" illustrates the very inductivist approach to science that Popper sought to show was logically illegitimate. For, according to Popper, Einstein's theory was a... |
5728e7254b864d1900165063 | In contrast to Gray, which theory did Popper argue was at least equally consistent with Newton's on the available evidence? | Einstein's theory | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nGray does not, however, give any indication of what available evidence these theories were at odds with, and his appeal to \"crucial support\" illustrates the very inductivist approach to science that Popper sought to show was logically illegitimate. For, according to Popper, Einstein's theory was a... |
5728e740ff5b5019007da91e | Which type of theory is most falsifiable? | simplest | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nSuch a theory would be true with higher probability, because it cannot be attacked so easily: to falsify the first one, it is sufficient to find that the sun has stopped rising; to falsify the second one, one additionally needs the assumption that the given day has not yet been reached. Popper held ... |
5728e740ff5b5019007da91f | What school of philosophy does Popper's thinking on induction oppose? | positivism | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nSuch a theory would be true with higher probability, because it cannot be attacked so easily: to falsify the first one, it is sufficient to find that the sun has stopped rising; to falsify the second one, one additionally needs the assumption that the given day has not yet been reached. Popper held ... |
5728e740ff5b5019007da920 | For Popper, knowing that a theory is true is what? | impossible | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nSuch a theory would be true with higher probability, because it cannot be attacked so easily: to falsify the first one, it is sufficient to find that the sun has stopped rising; to falsify the second one, one additionally needs the assumption that the given day has not yet been reached. Popper held ... |
5728e740ff5b5019007da921 | What quality of a useful theory must be easily detectable? | its falsity | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nSuch a theory would be true with higher probability, because it cannot be attacked so easily: to falsify the first one, it is sufficient to find that the sun has stopped rising; to falsify the second one, one additionally needs the assumption that the given day has not yet been reached. Popper held ... |
5728e9f0ff5b5019007da934 | Who instigated the 1919 riot that reshaped Popper's political views? | Communists | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nIn his early years Popper was impressed by Marxism, whether of Communists or socialists. An event that happened in 1919 had a profound effect on him: During a riot, caused by the Communists, the police shot several unarmed people, including some of Popper's friends, when they tried to free party com... |
5728e9f0ff5b5019007da935 | The 1919 riot involving Popper's comrades was part of what larger political move? | a coup | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nIn his early years Popper was impressed by Marxism, whether of Communists or socialists. An event that happened in 1919 had a profound effect on him: During a riot, caused by the Communists, the police shot several unarmed people, including some of Popper's friends, when they tried to free party com... |
5728e9f0ff5b5019007da936 | Popper's critique of which doctrine has its origins in first-hand observation of communist agitation? | historicism | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nIn his early years Popper was impressed by Marxism, whether of Communists or socialists. An event that happened in 1919 had a profound effect on him: During a riot, caused by the Communists, the police shot several unarmed people, including some of Popper's friends, when they tried to free party com... |
5728e9f0ff5b5019007da937 | Which historically significant communist activist was associated with the 1919 riots in which some of Popper's friends were killed? | Béla Kun | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nIn his early years Popper was impressed by Marxism, whether of Communists or socialists. An event that happened in 1919 had a profound effect on him: During a riot, caused by the Communists, the police shot several unarmed people, including some of Popper's friends, when they tried to free party com... |
5728e9f0ff5b5019007da938 | What did the Marxist rioters believe would cause more death and suffering than their own agitation? | class struggle | [
"Karl_Popper\n\nIn his early years Popper was impressed by Marxism, whether of Communists or socialists. An event that happened in 1919 had a profound effect on him: During a riot, caused by the Communists, the police shot several unarmed people, including some of Popper's friends, when they tried to free party com... |
57289b78ff5b5019007da330 | What country did the mandolin originate from? | Italian | [
"Mandolin\n\nA mandolin (Italian: mandolino pronounced [mandoˈliːno]; literally \"small mandola\") is a musical instrument in the lute family and is usually plucked with a plectrum or \"pick\". It commonly has four courses of doubled metal strings tuned in unison (8 strings), although five (10 strings) and six (12 ... |
57289b78ff5b5019007da331 | What does mandolin translate to? | small mandola | [
"Mandolin\n\nA mandolin (Italian: mandolino pronounced [mandoˈliːno]; literally \"small mandola\") is a musical instrument in the lute family and is usually plucked with a plectrum or \"pick\". It commonly has four courses of doubled metal strings tuned in unison (8 strings), although five (10 strings) and six (12 ... |
57289b78ff5b5019007da332 | What musical family does the mandolin come from? | lute family | [
"Mandolin\n\nA mandolin (Italian: mandolino pronounced [mandoˈliːno]; literally \"small mandola\") is a musical instrument in the lute family and is usually plucked with a plectrum or \"pick\". It commonly has four courses of doubled metal strings tuned in unison (8 strings), although five (10 strings) and six (12 ... |
57289b78ff5b5019007da333 | How is the mandolin usually played? | usually plucked with a plectrum or "pick" | [
"Mandolin\n\nA mandolin (Italian: mandolino pronounced [mandoˈliːno]; literally \"small mandola\") is a musical instrument in the lute family and is usually plucked with a plectrum or \"pick\". It commonly has four courses of doubled metal strings tuned in unison (8 strings), although five (10 strings) and six (12 ... |
57289b78ff5b5019007da334 | How many courses does a mandolin commonly have? | four | [
"Mandolin\n\nA mandolin (Italian: mandolino pronounced [mandoˈliːno]; literally \"small mandola\") is a musical instrument in the lute family and is usually plucked with a plectrum or \"pick\". It commonly has four courses of doubled metal strings tuned in unison (8 strings), although five (10 strings) and six (12 ... |
57289c363acd2414000dfb57 | What are the four common styles of mandolins? | the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin, the carved-top mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin. | [
"Mandolin\n\nThere are many styles of mandolin, but four are common, the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin, the carved-top mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin. The round-back has a deep bottom, constructed of strips of wood, glued together into a bowl. The carved-top or arch-top mandolin has a much shallower, a... |
57289c363acd2414000dfb58 | What is the round-back mandolin made of? | strips of wood, glued together into a bowl | [
"Mandolin\n\nThere are many styles of mandolin, but four are common, the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin, the carved-top mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin. The round-back has a deep bottom, constructed of strips of wood, glued together into a bowl. The carved-top or arch-top mandolin has a much shallower, a... |
57289c363acd2414000dfb59 | Which style of mandolin has a shallower, arched back, and arched top? | round-back | [
"Mandolin\n\nThere are many styles of mandolin, but four are common, the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin, the carved-top mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin. The round-back has a deep bottom, constructed of strips of wood, glued together into a bowl. The carved-top or arch-top mandolin has a much shallower, a... |
57289c363acd2414000dfb5a | Which form of music do Neapolitan mandolins feature? | European classical music and traditional music. | [
"Mandolin\n\nThere are many styles of mandolin, but four are common, the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin, the carved-top mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin. The round-back has a deep bottom, constructed of strips of wood, glued together into a bowl. The carved-top or arch-top mandolin has a much shallower, a... |
57289c363acd2414000dfb5b | Which mandolin is commin in American Folk music and blue grass music? | Carved-top instruments | [
"Mandolin\n\nThere are many styles of mandolin, but four are common, the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin, the carved-top mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin. The round-back has a deep bottom, constructed of strips of wood, glued together into a bowl. The carved-top or arch-top mandolin has a much shallower, a... |
57289dd54b864d1900164ac8 | What did most of the development of the mandolin revolve around? | soundboard (the top) | [
"Mandolin\n\nMuch of mandolin development revolved around the soundboard (the top). Pre-mandolin instruments were quiet instruments, strung with as many as six courses of gut strings, and were plucked with the fingers or with a quill. However, modern instruments are louder—using four courses of metal strings, which... |
57289dd54b864d1900164ac9 | Were premandolins quiet or loud instruments? | quiet instruments | [
"Mandolin\n\nMuch of mandolin development revolved around the soundboard (the top). Pre-mandolin instruments were quiet instruments, strung with as many as six courses of gut strings, and were plucked with the fingers or with a quill. However, modern instruments are louder—using four courses of metal strings, which... |
57289dd54b864d1900164aca | What are modern mandolins' strings made of? | four courses of metal strings, | [
"Mandolin\n\nMuch of mandolin development revolved around the soundboard (the top). Pre-mandolin instruments were quiet instruments, strung with as many as six courses of gut strings, and were plucked with the fingers or with a quill. However, modern instruments are louder—using four courses of metal strings, which... |
57289dd54b864d1900164acb | What is the most common soundboard shape? | generally round or teardrop-shaped | [
"Mandolin\n\nMuch of mandolin development revolved around the soundboard (the top). Pre-mandolin instruments were quiet instruments, strung with as many as six courses of gut strings, and were plucked with the fingers or with a quill. However, modern instruments are louder—using four courses of metal strings, which... |
57289dd54b864d1900164acc | What are the sound holes covered with? | bordered with decorative rosettes or purfling | [
"Mandolin\n\nMuch of mandolin development revolved around the soundboard (the top). Pre-mandolin instruments were quiet instruments, strung with as many as six courses of gut strings, and were plucked with the fingers or with a quill. However, modern instruments are louder—using four courses of metal strings, which... |
57289ec83acd2414000dfb7b | Who introduced the lute to Spain? | the Moors | [
"Mandolin\n\nBeside the introduction of the lute to Spain (Andalusia) by the Moors, another important point of transfer of the lute from Arabian to European culture was Sicily, where it was brought either by Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians. There were singer-lutenists at the court in Palermo following the No... |
57289ec83acd2414000dfb7c | What country helped transfer the lute from Arabian to European culture? | Sicily | [
"Mandolin\n\nBeside the introduction of the lute to Spain (Andalusia) by the Moors, another important point of transfer of the lute from Arabian to European culture was Sicily, where it was brought either by Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians. There were singer-lutenists at the court in Palermo following the No... |
57289ec83acd2414000dfb7d | Who brought the lute to Sicily? | Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians | [
"Mandolin\n\nBeside the introduction of the lute to Spain (Andalusia) by the Moors, another important point of transfer of the lute from Arabian to European culture was Sicily, where it was brought either by Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians. There were singer-lutenists at the court in Palermo following the No... |
57289ec83acd2414000dfb7e | What court held singer-lutenists after the Norman conquest? | Palermo | [
"Mandolin\n\nBeside the introduction of the lute to Spain (Andalusia) by the Moors, another important point of transfer of the lute from Arabian to European culture was Sicily, where it was brought either by Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians. There were singer-lutenists at the court in Palermo following the No... |
57289ec83acd2414000dfb7f | What building has ceeiling painting dedicated to the lutenists? | Palermo’s royal Cappella Palatina, | [
"Mandolin\n\nBeside the introduction of the lute to Spain (Andalusia) by the Moors, another important point of transfer of the lute from Arabian to European culture was Sicily, where it was brought either by Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians. There were singer-lutenists at the court in Palermo following the No... |
57289f804b864d1900164ae2 | What is there currently confusion over? | eldest Vinaccia luthier who first ran the shop | [
"Mandolin\n\nThere is confusion currently as to the name of the eldest Vinaccia luthier who first ran the shop. His name has been put forth as Gennaro Vinaccia (active c. 1710 to c. 1788) and Nic. Vinaccia. His son Antonio Vinaccia was active c. 1734 to c. 1796. An early extant example of a mandolin is one built by... |
57289f804b864d1900164ae3 | Who is said to have ran the first shop? | Gennaro Vinaccia (active c. 1710 to c. 1788) and Nic | [
"Mandolin\n\nThere is confusion currently as to the name of the eldest Vinaccia luthier who first ran the shop. His name has been put forth as Gennaro Vinaccia (active c. 1710 to c. 1788) and Nic. Vinaccia. His son Antonio Vinaccia was active c. 1734 to c. 1796. An early extant example of a mandolin is one built by... |
57289f804b864d1900164ae4 | Where does the mandolin built by Antonio Vinaccia reside? | University of Edinburgh | [
"Mandolin\n\nThere is confusion currently as to the name of the eldest Vinaccia luthier who first ran the shop. His name has been put forth as Gennaro Vinaccia (active c. 1710 to c. 1788) and Nic. Vinaccia. His son Antonio Vinaccia was active c. 1734 to c. 1796. An early extant example of a mandolin is one built by... |
57289f804b864d1900164ae5 | Where does the mandolin built by Giuseppe Vinaccia reside? | University of Edinburgh | [
"Mandolin\n\nThere is confusion currently as to the name of the eldest Vinaccia luthier who first ran the shop. His name has been put forth as Gennaro Vinaccia (active c. 1710 to c. 1788) and Nic. Vinaccia. His son Antonio Vinaccia was active c. 1734 to c. 1796. An early extant example of a mandolin is one built by... |
57289f804b864d1900164ae6 | Where does the mandolin that Gaetano Vinaccia reside? | Conservatoire Royal de Musique in Brussels, Belgium. | [
"Mandolin\n\nThere is confusion currently as to the name of the eldest Vinaccia luthier who first ran the shop. His name has been put forth as Gennaro Vinaccia (active c. 1710 to c. 1788) and Nic. Vinaccia. His son Antonio Vinaccia was active c. 1734 to c. 1796. An early extant example of a mandolin is one built by... |
5728a06a3acd2414000dfb8f | What year was the beginning of the transition from mandolino to mandolin? | 1744 | [
"Mandolin\n\nThe transition from the mandolino to the mandolin began around 1744 with the designing of the metal-string mandolin by the Vinaccia family, 3 brass strings and one of gut, using friction tuning pegs on a fingerboard that sat \"flush\" with the sound table. The mandolin grew in popularity over the next ... |
5728a06a3acd2414000dfb90 | Where did the mandolin grow in popularity? | in the streets where it was used by young men courting and by street musicians, and in the concert hall | [
"Mandolin\n\nThe transition from the mandolino to the mandolin began around 1744 with the designing of the metal-string mandolin by the Vinaccia family, 3 brass strings and one of gut, using friction tuning pegs on a fingerboard that sat \"flush\" with the sound table. The mandolin grew in popularity over the next ... |
5728a06a3acd2414000dfb91 | When did the mandolin's popularity begin to fall? | After the Napoleonic Wars of 1815, however, its popularity began to fall | [
"Mandolin\n\nThe transition from the mandolino to the mandolin began around 1744 with the designing of the metal-string mandolin by the Vinaccia family, 3 brass strings and one of gut, using friction tuning pegs on a fingerboard that sat \"flush\" with the sound table. The mandolin grew in popularity over the next ... |
5728a06a3acd2414000dfb92 | Who were two of the promiment players in the 19th century? | Bartolomeo Bortolazzi of Venice and Pietro Vimercati | [
"Mandolin\n\nThe transition from the mandolino to the mandolin began around 1744 with the designing of the metal-string mandolin by the Vinaccia family, 3 brass strings and one of gut, using friction tuning pegs on a fingerboard that sat \"flush\" with the sound table. The mandolin grew in popularity over the next ... |
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