id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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572e86c7c246551400ce42d1 | What is Neptune's atmosphere primarily composed of? | hydrogen and helium | [
"Neptune\n\nNeptune is similar in composition to Uranus, and both have compositions that differ from those of the larger gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn. Like Jupiter and Saturn, Neptune's atmosphere is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, along with traces of hydrocarbons and possibly nitrogen, but contains a... |
572e86c7c246551400ce42d2 | What is the interior of Neptune composed of? | ices and rock | [
"Neptune\n\nNeptune is similar in composition to Uranus, and both have compositions that differ from those of the larger gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn. Like Jupiter and Saturn, Neptune's atmosphere is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, along with traces of hydrocarbons and possibly nitrogen, but contains a... |
572e86c7c246551400ce42d3 | What makes Neptune blue? | methane | [
"Neptune\n\nNeptune is similar in composition to Uranus, and both have compositions that differ from those of the larger gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn. Like Jupiter and Saturn, Neptune's atmosphere is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, along with traces of hydrocarbons and possibly nitrogen, but contains a... |
572e86c7c246551400ce42d4 | What "ices" makes up Neptune? | water, ammonia, and methane | [
"Neptune\n\nNeptune is similar in composition to Uranus, and both have compositions that differ from those of the larger gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn. Like Jupiter and Saturn, Neptune's atmosphere is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, along with traces of hydrocarbons and possibly nitrogen, but contains a... |
572e8793c246551400ce42da | What weather did Voyager 2 observe on Neptune? | Great Dark Spot | [
"Neptune\n\nIn contrast to the hazy, relatively featureless atmosphere of Uranus, Neptune's atmosphere has active and visible weather patterns. For example, at the time of the Voyager 2 flyby in 1989, the planet's southern hemisphere had a Great Dark Spot comparable to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. These weather p... |
572e8793c246551400ce42db | What weather feature does Neptune have stronger than any other planet? | sustained winds | [
"Neptune\n\nIn contrast to the hazy, relatively featureless atmosphere of Uranus, Neptune's atmosphere has active and visible weather patterns. For example, at the time of the Voyager 2 flyby in 1989, the planet's southern hemisphere had a Great Dark Spot comparable to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. These weather p... |
572e8793c246551400ce42dc | What were the wind speeds recorded on Neptune? | 2,100 kilometres per hour | [
"Neptune\n\nIn contrast to the hazy, relatively featureless atmosphere of Uranus, Neptune's atmosphere has active and visible weather patterns. For example, at the time of the Voyager 2 flyby in 1989, the planet's southern hemisphere had a Great Dark Spot comparable to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. These weather p... |
572e8793c246551400ce42dd | What is the cloud tops on Neptune temperature? | 55 K (−218 °C). | [
"Neptune\n\nIn contrast to the hazy, relatively featureless atmosphere of Uranus, Neptune's atmosphere has active and visible weather patterns. For example, at the time of the Voyager 2 flyby in 1989, the planet's southern hemisphere had a Great Dark Spot comparable to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. These weather p... |
572e8793c246551400ce42de | What is Neptune's planet center temperature? | 5,400 K (5,100 °C) | [
"Neptune\n\nIn contrast to the hazy, relatively featureless atmosphere of Uranus, Neptune's atmosphere has active and visible weather patterns. For example, at the time of the Voyager 2 flyby in 1989, the planet's southern hemisphere had a Great Dark Spot comparable to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. These weather p... |
572e8d3edfa6aa1500f8d10b | Who drew Neptune after observing it with a telescope? | Galileo | [
"Neptune\n\nSome of the earliest recorded observations ever made through a telescope, Galileo's drawings on 28 December 1612 and 27 January 1613, contain plotted points that match up with what is now known to be the position of Neptune. On both occasions, Galileo seems to have mistaken Neptune for a fixed star when... |
572e8d3edfa6aa1500f8d10c | What was Neptune mistaken for at first? | a fixed star | [
"Neptune\n\nSome of the earliest recorded observations ever made through a telescope, Galileo's drawings on 28 December 1612 and 27 January 1613, contain plotted points that match up with what is now known to be the position of Neptune. On both occasions, Galileo seems to have mistaken Neptune for a fixed star when... |
572e8d3edfa6aa1500f8d10d | What happens when Neptune goes retrograde? | Earth's orbit takes it past an outer planet | [
"Neptune\n\nSome of the earliest recorded observations ever made through a telescope, Galileo's drawings on 28 December 1612 and 27 January 1613, contain plotted points that match up with what is now known to be the position of Neptune. On both occasions, Galileo seems to have mistaken Neptune for a fixed star when... |
572e8d3edfa6aa1500f8d10e | What date was Neptune drawn first? | 28 December 1612 | [
"Neptune\n\nSome of the earliest recorded observations ever made through a telescope, Galileo's drawings on 28 December 1612 and 27 January 1613, contain plotted points that match up with what is now known to be the position of Neptune. On both occasions, Galileo seems to have mistaken Neptune for a fixed star when... |
572e8d3edfa6aa1500f8d10f | Who recently researched the original observation of Neptune? | David Jamieson | [
"Neptune\n\nSome of the earliest recorded observations ever made through a telescope, Galileo's drawings on 28 December 1612 and 27 January 1613, contain plotted points that match up with what is now known to be the position of Neptune. On both occasions, Galileo seems to have mistaken Neptune for a fixed star when... |
572e8e6bc246551400ce4344 | What year did Alexis Bouvard publish relevant astronomical tables? | 1821 | [
"Neptune\n\nIn 1821, Alexis Bouvard published astronomical tables of the orbit of Neptune's neighbour Uranus. Subsequent observations revealed substantial deviations from the tables, leading Bouvard to hypothesise that an unknown body was perturbing the orbit through gravitational interaction. In 1843, John Couch A... |
572e8e6bc246551400ce4345 | What did Alexis Bouvard study? | the orbit of Neptune's neighbour Uranus | [
"Neptune\n\nIn 1821, Alexis Bouvard published astronomical tables of the orbit of Neptune's neighbour Uranus. Subsequent observations revealed substantial deviations from the tables, leading Bouvard to hypothesise that an unknown body was perturbing the orbit through gravitational interaction. In 1843, John Couch A... |
572e8e6bc246551400ce4346 | When did John Couch Adams begin working on the orbit of Uranus? | 1843 | [
"Neptune\n\nIn 1821, Alexis Bouvard published astronomical tables of the orbit of Neptune's neighbour Uranus. Subsequent observations revealed substantial deviations from the tables, leading Bouvard to hypothesise that an unknown body was perturbing the orbit through gravitational interaction. In 1843, John Couch A... |
572e8e6bc246551400ce4347 | Who gave John Couch Adams extra data? | Sir George Airy | [
"Neptune\n\nIn 1821, Alexis Bouvard published astronomical tables of the orbit of Neptune's neighbour Uranus. Subsequent observations revealed substantial deviations from the tables, leading Bouvard to hypothesise that an unknown body was perturbing the orbit through gravitational interaction. In 1843, John Couch A... |
572e8e6bc246551400ce4348 | What did the extra data John Couch Adams received produce? | several different estimates of a new planet | [
"Neptune\n\nIn 1821, Alexis Bouvard published astronomical tables of the orbit of Neptune's neighbour Uranus. Subsequent observations revealed substantial deviations from the tables, leading Bouvard to hypothesise that an unknown body was perturbing the orbit through gravitational interaction. In 1843, John Couch A... |
572e8f1ddfa6aa1500f8d129 | Who was Henrich d'Arrest? | student at the observatory | [
"Neptune\n\nMeanwhile, Le Verrier by letter urged Berlin Observatory astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle to search with the observatory's refractor. Heinrich d'Arrest, a student at the observatory, suggested to Galle that they could compare a recently drawn chart of the sky in the region of Le Verrier's predicted loc... |
572e8f1ddfa6aa1500f8d12a | What did Henrich d'Arrest seek to find? | the displacement characteristic of a planet | [
"Neptune\n\nMeanwhile, Le Verrier by letter urged Berlin Observatory astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle to search with the observatory's refractor. Heinrich d'Arrest, a student at the observatory, suggested to Galle that they could compare a recently drawn chart of the sky in the region of Le Verrier's predicted loc... |
572e8f1ddfa6aa1500f8d12b | When did Galle discover Neptune? | 23 September 1846 | [
"Neptune\n\nMeanwhile, Le Verrier by letter urged Berlin Observatory astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle to search with the observatory's refractor. Heinrich d'Arrest, a student at the observatory, suggested to Galle that they could compare a recently drawn chart of the sky in the region of Le Verrier's predicted loc... |
572e8f1ddfa6aa1500f8d12c | How many degrees off was Adams' prediction? | 12° | [
"Neptune\n\nMeanwhile, Le Verrier by letter urged Berlin Observatory astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle to search with the observatory's refractor. Heinrich d'Arrest, a student at the observatory, suggested to Galle that they could compare a recently drawn chart of the sky in the region of Le Verrier's predicted loc... |
572e8f1ddfa6aa1500f8d12d | What was Challis looking for when he saw Neptune the first two times? | comet observations | [
"Neptune\n\nMeanwhile, Le Verrier by letter urged Berlin Observatory astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle to search with the observatory's refractor. Heinrich d'Arrest, a student at the observatory, suggested to Galle that they could compare a recently drawn chart of the sky in the region of Le Verrier's predicted loc... |
572e90cedfa6aa1500f8d151 | What two countries argued over credit for the discovery of Neptune? | French and the British | [
"Neptune\n\nIn the wake of the discovery, there was much nationalistic rivalry between the French and the British over who deserved credit for the discovery. Eventually, an international consensus emerged that both Le Verrier and Adams jointly deserved credit. Since 1966, Dennis Rawlins has questioned the credibili... |
572e90cedfa6aa1500f8d152 | Who ultimately deserved credit for the discovery of Neptune? | Le Verrier and Adams | [
"Neptune\n\nIn the wake of the discovery, there was much nationalistic rivalry between the French and the British over who deserved credit for the discovery. Eventually, an international consensus emerged that both Le Verrier and Adams jointly deserved credit. Since 1966, Dennis Rawlins has questioned the credibili... |
572e90cedfa6aa1500f8d153 | Who questioned Adams's claim to co-discovery of Neptune? | Dennis Rawlins | [
"Neptune\n\nIn the wake of the discovery, there was much nationalistic rivalry between the French and the British over who deserved credit for the discovery. Eventually, an international consensus emerged that both Le Verrier and Adams jointly deserved credit. Since 1966, Dennis Rawlins has questioned the credibili... |
572e90cedfa6aa1500f8d154 | Who did not deserve credit to co-discovery of Neptune? | Adams | [
"Neptune\n\nIn the wake of the discovery, there was much nationalistic rivalry between the French and the British over who deserved credit for the discovery. Eventually, an international consensus emerged that both Le Verrier and Adams jointly deserved credit. Since 1966, Dennis Rawlins has questioned the credibili... |
572e90cedfa6aa1500f8d155 | Who predicted Neptune's place and convinced astronomer's to search for it? | Le Verrier | [
"Neptune\n\nIn the wake of the discovery, there was much nationalistic rivalry between the French and the British over who deserved credit for the discovery. Eventually, an international consensus emerged that both Le Verrier and Adams jointly deserved credit. Since 1966, Dennis Rawlins has questioned the credibili... |
572e916ec246551400ce4356 | Who claimed the right to name Neptune? | Le Verrier | [
"Neptune\n\nClaiming the right to name his discovery, Le Verrier quickly proposed the name Neptune for this new planet, though falsely stating that this had been officially approved by the French Bureau des Longitudes. In October, he sought to name the planet Le Verrier, after himself, and he had loyal support in t... |
572e916ec246551400ce4357 | What did the discoverer want to name Neptune first? | Le Verrier | [
"Neptune\n\nClaiming the right to name his discovery, Le Verrier quickly proposed the name Neptune for this new planet, though falsely stating that this had been officially approved by the French Bureau des Longitudes. In October, he sought to name the planet Le Verrier, after himself, and he had loyal support in t... |
572e916ec246551400ce4358 | What country approved Neptune's first name? | France | [
"Neptune\n\nClaiming the right to name his discovery, Le Verrier quickly proposed the name Neptune for this new planet, though falsely stating that this had been officially approved by the French Bureau des Longitudes. In October, he sought to name the planet Le Verrier, after himself, and he had loyal support in t... |
572e916ec246551400ce4359 | What first introduced Neptune and Uranus's names? | French almanacs | [
"Neptune\n\nClaiming the right to name his discovery, Le Verrier quickly proposed the name Neptune for this new planet, though falsely stating that this had been officially approved by the French Bureau des Longitudes. In October, he sought to name the planet Le Verrier, after himself, and he had loyal support in t... |
572e916ec246551400ce435a | Who did not approve of the first name for Neptune? | French Bureau des Longitudes | [
"Neptune\n\nClaiming the right to name his discovery, Le Verrier quickly proposed the name Neptune for this new planet, though falsely stating that this had been officially approved by the French Bureau des Longitudes. In October, he sought to name the planet Le Verrier, after himself, and he had loyal support in t... |
572e923bdfa6aa1500f8d15b | What is the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean translations for Neptune? | sea king star | [
"Neptune\n\nMost languages today, even in countries that have no direct link to Greco-Roman culture, use some variant of the name \"Neptune\" for the planet. However, in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, the planet's name was translated as \"sea king star\" (海王星), because Neptune was the god of the sea. In Mongolian, ... |
572e923bdfa6aa1500f8d15c | What god was Neptune? | god of the sea | [
"Neptune\n\nMost languages today, even in countries that have no direct link to Greco-Roman culture, use some variant of the name \"Neptune\" for the planet. However, in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, the planet's name was translated as \"sea king star\" (海王星), because Neptune was the god of the sea. In Mongolian, ... |
572e923bdfa6aa1500f8d15d | What is the Mongolian name for Neptune? | Dalain Van | [
"Neptune\n\nMost languages today, even in countries that have no direct link to Greco-Roman culture, use some variant of the name \"Neptune\" for the planet. However, in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, the planet's name was translated as \"sea king star\" (海王星), because Neptune was the god of the sea. In Mongolian, ... |
572e923bdfa6aa1500f8d15e | What did the Greeks call Neptune? | Poseidon | [
"Neptune\n\nMost languages today, even in countries that have no direct link to Greco-Roman culture, use some variant of the name \"Neptune\" for the planet. However, in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, the planet's name was translated as \"sea king star\" (海王星), because Neptune was the god of the sea. In Mongolian, ... |
572e923bdfa6aa1500f8d15f | What was the Biblical sea monster that Neptune is named in Hebrew? | Rahab | [
"Neptune\n\nMost languages today, even in countries that have no direct link to Greco-Roman culture, use some variant of the name \"Neptune\" for the planet. However, in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, the planet's name was translated as \"sea king star\" (海王星), because Neptune was the god of the sea. In Mongolian, ... |
572e931103f98919007567c5 | What was Neptune before Pluto was discovered? | farthest known planet | [
"Neptune\n\nFrom its discovery in 1846 until the subsequent discovery of Pluto in 1930, Neptune was the farthest known planet. When Pluto was discovered it was considered a planet, and Neptune thus became the penultimate known planet, except for a 20-year period between 1979 and 1999 when Pluto's elliptical orbit b... |
572e931103f98919007567c6 | What period was Pluto closer to the sun than Neptune? | between 1979 and 1999 | [
"Neptune\n\nFrom its discovery in 1846 until the subsequent discovery of Pluto in 1930, Neptune was the farthest known planet. When Pluto was discovered it was considered a planet, and Neptune thus became the penultimate known planet, except for a 20-year period between 1979 and 1999 when Pluto's elliptical orbit b... |
572e931103f98919007567c7 | What discovery made astronomer's debate Pluto's status as a planet? | the Kuiper belt | [
"Neptune\n\nFrom its discovery in 1846 until the subsequent discovery of Pluto in 1930, Neptune was the farthest known planet. When Pluto was discovered it was considered a planet, and Neptune thus became the penultimate known planet, except for a 20-year period between 1979 and 1999 when Pluto's elliptical orbit b... |
572e931103f98919007567c8 | What year did the International Astronomical Union define the word planet? | 2006 | [
"Neptune\n\nFrom its discovery in 1846 until the subsequent discovery of Pluto in 1930, Neptune was the farthest known planet. When Pluto was discovered it was considered a planet, and Neptune thus became the penultimate known planet, except for a 20-year period between 1979 and 1999 when Pluto's elliptical orbit b... |
572e931103f98919007567c9 | Now that Pluto isn't a planet, what is Neptune known for in our solar system? | the outermost known planet | [
"Neptune\n\nFrom its discovery in 1846 until the subsequent discovery of Pluto in 1930, Neptune was the farthest known planet. When Pluto was discovered it was considered a planet, and Neptune thus became the penultimate known planet, except for a 20-year period between 1979 and 1999 when Pluto's elliptical orbit b... |
572e939ecb0c0d14000f12f4 | What is Neptune's mass? | 1.0243×1026 kg | [
"Neptune\n\nNeptune's mass of 1.0243×1026 kg, is intermediate between Earth and the larger gas giants: it is 17 times that of Earth but just 1/19th that of Jupiter.[d] Its gravity at 1 bar is 11.15 m/s2, 1.14 times the surface gravity of Earth, and surpassed only by Jupiter. Neptune's equatorial radius of 24,764 km... |
572e939ecb0c0d14000f12f5 | How much more mass does Neptune have compared to Earth? | 17 times | [
"Neptune\n\nNeptune's mass of 1.0243×1026 kg, is intermediate between Earth and the larger gas giants: it is 17 times that of Earth but just 1/19th that of Jupiter.[d] Its gravity at 1 bar is 11.15 m/s2, 1.14 times the surface gravity of Earth, and surpassed only by Jupiter. Neptune's equatorial radius of 24,764 km... |
572e939ecb0c0d14000f12f6 | What is Neptune's gravity at 1 bar? | 11.15 m/s2 | [
"Neptune\n\nNeptune's mass of 1.0243×1026 kg, is intermediate between Earth and the larger gas giants: it is 17 times that of Earth but just 1/19th that of Jupiter.[d] Its gravity at 1 bar is 11.15 m/s2, 1.14 times the surface gravity of Earth, and surpassed only by Jupiter. Neptune's equatorial radius of 24,764 km... |
572e939ecb0c0d14000f12f7 | What is Neptune's equatorial radius? | 24,764 km | [
"Neptune\n\nNeptune's mass of 1.0243×1026 kg, is intermediate between Earth and the larger gas giants: it is 17 times that of Earth but just 1/19th that of Jupiter.[d] Its gravity at 1 bar is 11.15 m/s2, 1.14 times the surface gravity of Earth, and surpassed only by Jupiter. Neptune's equatorial radius of 24,764 km... |
572e939ecb0c0d14000f12f8 | What is Neptune referred to due to it's size and concentration of volatiles? | ice giant | [
"Neptune\n\nNeptune's mass of 1.0243×1026 kg, is intermediate between Earth and the larger gas giants: it is 17 times that of Earth but just 1/19th that of Jupiter.[d] Its gravity at 1 bar is 11.15 m/s2, 1.14 times the surface gravity of Earth, and surpassed only by Jupiter. Neptune's equatorial radius of 24,764 km... |
572e945cc246551400ce4372 | What is Neptune's mantle rich in? | water, ammonia and methane | [
"Neptune\n\nThe mantle is equivalent to 10 to 15 Earth masses and is rich in water, ammonia and methane. As is customary in planetary science, this mixture is referred to as icy even though it is a hot, dense fluid. This fluid, which has a high electrical conductivity, is sometimes called a water–ammonia ocean. The... |
572e945cc246551400ce4373 | What is the hot, dense fluid in Neptune referred to as? | icy | [
"Neptune\n\nThe mantle is equivalent to 10 to 15 Earth masses and is rich in water, ammonia and methane. As is customary in planetary science, this mixture is referred to as icy even though it is a hot, dense fluid. This fluid, which has a high electrical conductivity, is sometimes called a water–ammonia ocean. The... |
572e945cc246551400ce4374 | What does the fluid in Neptune have a high conductivity of? | electrical | [
"Neptune\n\nThe mantle is equivalent to 10 to 15 Earth masses and is rich in water, ammonia and methane. As is customary in planetary science, this mixture is referred to as icy even though it is a hot, dense fluid. This fluid, which has a high electrical conductivity, is sometimes called a water–ammonia ocean. The... |
572e945cc246551400ce4375 | How deep does Neptune's water-ammonia ocean go? | 7000 km | [
"Neptune\n\nThe mantle is equivalent to 10 to 15 Earth masses and is rich in water, ammonia and methane. As is customary in planetary science, this mixture is referred to as icy even though it is a hot, dense fluid. This fluid, which has a high electrical conductivity, is sometimes called a water–ammonia ocean. The... |
572e945cc246551400ce4376 | What rains on Neptune? | diamond crystals | [
"Neptune\n\nThe mantle is equivalent to 10 to 15 Earth masses and is rich in water, ammonia and methane. As is customary in planetary science, this mixture is referred to as icy even though it is a hot, dense fluid. This fluid, which has a high electrical conductivity, is sometimes called a water–ammonia ocean. The... |
572e9983cb0c0d14000f132c | What is Neptune's atmosphere made of? | 80% hydrogen and 19% helium | [
"Neptune\n\nAt high altitudes, Neptune's atmosphere is 80% hydrogen and 19% helium. A trace amount of methane is also present. Prominent absorption bands of methane exist at wavelengths above 600 nm, in the red and infrared portion of the spectrum. As with Uranus, this absorption of red light by the atmospheric met... |
572e9983cb0c0d14000f132d | Where are absorption bands of methane on Neptune? | wavelengths above 600 nm | [
"Neptune\n\nAt high altitudes, Neptune's atmosphere is 80% hydrogen and 19% helium. A trace amount of methane is also present. Prominent absorption bands of methane exist at wavelengths above 600 nm, in the red and infrared portion of the spectrum. As with Uranus, this absorption of red light by the atmospheric met... |
572e9983cb0c0d14000f132e | What gives Neptune it's blue hue? | absorption of red light by the atmospheric methane | [
"Neptune\n\nAt high altitudes, Neptune's atmosphere is 80% hydrogen and 19% helium. A trace amount of methane is also present. Prominent absorption bands of methane exist at wavelengths above 600 nm, in the red and infrared portion of the spectrum. As with Uranus, this absorption of red light by the atmospheric met... |
572e9983cb0c0d14000f132f | What planet also gets it's color from atmospheric constituent? | Uranus | [
"Neptune\n\nAt high altitudes, Neptune's atmosphere is 80% hydrogen and 19% helium. A trace amount of methane is also present. Prominent absorption bands of methane exist at wavelengths above 600 nm, in the red and infrared portion of the spectrum. As with Uranus, this absorption of red light by the atmospheric met... |
572e9983cb0c0d14000f1330 | What color is Uranus, compared to Neptune? | cyan | [
"Neptune\n\nAt high altitudes, Neptune's atmosphere is 80% hydrogen and 19% helium. A trace amount of methane is also present. Prominent absorption bands of methane exist at wavelengths above 600 nm, in the red and infrared portion of the spectrum. As with Uranus, this absorption of red light by the atmospheric met... |
572e9ac6dfa6aa1500f8d1e9 | What is Neptune's clouds competition variants dependent on? | altitude | [
"Neptune\n\nModels suggest that Neptune's troposphere is banded by clouds of varying compositions depending on altitude. The upper-level clouds lie at pressures below one bar, where the temperature is suitable for methane to condense. For pressures between one and five bars (100 and 500 kPa), clouds of ammonia and ... |
572e9ac6dfa6aa1500f8d1ea | Which clouds on Neptune are suitable for methane to condense? | upper-level | [
"Neptune\n\nModels suggest that Neptune's troposphere is banded by clouds of varying compositions depending on altitude. The upper-level clouds lie at pressures below one bar, where the temperature is suitable for methane to condense. For pressures between one and five bars (100 and 500 kPa), clouds of ammonia and ... |
572e9ac6dfa6aa1500f8d1eb | What clouds form between one and five bars on Neptune? | ammonia and hydrogen sulfide | [
"Neptune\n\nModels suggest that Neptune's troposphere is banded by clouds of varying compositions depending on altitude. The upper-level clouds lie at pressures below one bar, where the temperature is suitable for methane to condense. For pressures between one and five bars (100 and 500 kPa), clouds of ammonia and ... |
572e9ac6dfa6aa1500f8d1ec | On Neptune, what do clouds above five bars consist of? | ammonia, ammonium sulfide, hydrogen sulfide and water | [
"Neptune\n\nModels suggest that Neptune's troposphere is banded by clouds of varying compositions depending on altitude. The upper-level clouds lie at pressures below one bar, where the temperature is suitable for methane to condense. For pressures between one and five bars (100 and 500 kPa), clouds of ammonia and ... |
572e9ac6dfa6aa1500f8d1ed | What is the temperature on Neptune's clouds that are at 50 bars? | 273 K (0 °C) | [
"Neptune\n\nModels suggest that Neptune's troposphere is banded by clouds of varying compositions depending on altitude. The upper-level clouds lie at pressures below one bar, where the temperature is suitable for methane to condense. For pressures between one and five bars (100 and 500 kPa), clouds of ammonia and ... |
572e9d16c246551400ce43f6 | On Neptune, which clouds cast shadows on the cloud deck below it? | High-altitude clouds | [
"Neptune\n\nHigh-altitude clouds on Neptune have been observed casting shadows on the opaque cloud deck below. There are also high-altitude cloud bands that wrap around the planet at constant latitude. These circumferential bands have widths of 50–150 km and lie about 50–110 km above the cloud deck. These altitudes... |
572e9d16c246551400ce43f7 | What are the widths of the cloud bands on Neptune? | 50–150 km | [
"Neptune\n\nHigh-altitude clouds on Neptune have been observed casting shadows on the opaque cloud deck below. There are also high-altitude cloud bands that wrap around the planet at constant latitude. These circumferential bands have widths of 50–150 km and lie about 50–110 km above the cloud deck. These altitudes... |
572e9d16c246551400ce43f8 | Where are the high altitude bands of clouds on Neptune? | 50–110 km above the cloud deck. | [
"Neptune\n\nHigh-altitude clouds on Neptune have been observed casting shadows on the opaque cloud deck below. There are also high-altitude cloud bands that wrap around the planet at constant latitude. These circumferential bands have widths of 50–150 km and lie about 50–110 km above the cloud deck. These altitudes... |
572e9d16c246551400ce43f9 | Where on Neptune does weather not occur? | higher stratosphere or thermosphere | [
"Neptune\n\nHigh-altitude clouds on Neptune have been observed casting shadows on the opaque cloud deck below. There are also high-altitude cloud bands that wrap around the planet at constant latitude. These circumferential bands have widths of 50–150 km and lie about 50–110 km above the cloud deck. These altitudes... |
572e9d16c246551400ce43fa | What does Neptune have more of compared to Uranus? | volume of ocean | [
"Neptune\n\nHigh-altitude clouds on Neptune have been observed casting shadows on the opaque cloud deck below. There are also high-altitude cloud bands that wrap around the planet at constant latitude. These circumferential bands have widths of 50–150 km and lie about 50–110 km above the cloud deck. These altitudes... |
572e9eb603f989190075683f | What is Neptune's temperature in the thermosphere? | 750 K | [
"Neptune\n\nFor reasons that remain obscure, the planet's thermosphere is at an anomalously high temperature of about 750 K. The planet is too far from the Sun for this heat to be generated by ultraviolet radiation. One candidate for a heating mechanism is atmospheric interaction with ions in the planet's magnetic ... |
572e9eb603f9891900756840 | What would interact with Neptune's magnetic field to make it warm? | atmospheric interaction with ions | [
"Neptune\n\nFor reasons that remain obscure, the planet's thermosphere is at an anomalously high temperature of about 750 K. The planet is too far from the Sun for this heat to be generated by ultraviolet radiation. One candidate for a heating mechanism is atmospheric interaction with ions in the planet's magnetic ... |
572e9eb603f9891900756841 | Where would gravity waves in Neptune's interior dissipate? | in the atmosphere | [
"Neptune\n\nFor reasons that remain obscure, the planet's thermosphere is at an anomalously high temperature of about 750 K. The planet is too far from the Sun for this heat to be generated by ultraviolet radiation. One candidate for a heating mechanism is atmospheric interaction with ions in the planet's magnetic ... |
572e9eb603f9891900756842 | What does Neptune's thermosphere containers traces of? | carbon dioxide and water | [
"Neptune\n\nFor reasons that remain obscure, the planet's thermosphere is at an anomalously high temperature of about 750 K. The planet is too far from the Sun for this heat to be generated by ultraviolet radiation. One candidate for a heating mechanism is atmospheric interaction with ions in the planet's magnetic ... |
572ea13b03f9891900756863 | What is the rotational axis of Neptune's magnetic field? | 47° | [
"Neptune\n\nNeptune also resembles Uranus in its magnetosphere, with a magnetic field strongly tilted relative to its rotational axis at 47° and offset at least 0.55 radii, or about 13500 km from the planet's physical centre. Before Voyager 2's arrival at Neptune, it was hypothesised that Uranus's tilted magnetosph... |
572ea13b03f9891900756864 | Where is Neptune's magnetic field offset from the physical centre? | 0.55 radii | [
"Neptune\n\nNeptune also resembles Uranus in its magnetosphere, with a magnetic field strongly tilted relative to its rotational axis at 47° and offset at least 0.55 radii, or about 13500 km from the planet's physical centre. Before Voyager 2's arrival at Neptune, it was hypothesised that Uranus's tilted magnetosph... |
572ea13b03f9891900756865 | What planet besides Neptune has a sideways rotation? | Uranus's | [
"Neptune\n\nNeptune also resembles Uranus in its magnetosphere, with a magnetic field strongly tilted relative to its rotational axis at 47° and offset at least 0.55 radii, or about 13500 km from the planet's physical centre. Before Voyager 2's arrival at Neptune, it was hypothesised that Uranus's tilted magnetosph... |
572ea13b03f9891900756866 | What might cause Neptune's extreme orientation? | flows in the planets' interiors | [
"Neptune\n\nNeptune also resembles Uranus in its magnetosphere, with a magnetic field strongly tilted relative to its rotational axis at 47° and offset at least 0.55 radii, or about 13500 km from the planet's physical centre. Before Voyager 2's arrival at Neptune, it was hypothesised that Uranus's tilted magnetosph... |
572ea13b03f9891900756867 | What fluids are in Neptune's interior? | ammonia, methane and water | [
"Neptune\n\nNeptune also resembles Uranus in its magnetosphere, with a magnetic field strongly tilted relative to its rotational axis at 47° and offset at least 0.55 radii, or about 13500 km from the planet's physical centre. Before Voyager 2's arrival at Neptune, it was hypothesised that Uranus's tilted magnetosph... |
572ea25103f989190075686d | What is Neptune's dipole magnetic moment? | 2.2 × 1017 T·m3 | [
"Neptune\n\nThe dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of Neptune is about 14 microteslas (0.14 G). The dipole magnetic moment of Neptune is about 2.2 × 1017 T·m3 (14 μT·RN3, where RN is the radius of Neptune). Neptune's magnetic field has a complex geometry that includes relatively large co... |
572ea25103f989190075686e | What is one of Neptune's non-dipolar component what may exceed the dipole moment in strength? | strong quadrupole moment | [
"Neptune\n\nThe dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of Neptune is about 14 microteslas (0.14 G). The dipole magnetic moment of Neptune is about 2.2 × 1017 T·m3 (14 μT·RN3, where RN is the radius of Neptune). Neptune's magnetic field has a complex geometry that includes relatively large co... |
572ea25103f989190075686f | Which three planets have small quadrupole moments compared to Neptune? | Earth, Jupiter and Saturn | [
"Neptune\n\nThe dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of Neptune is about 14 microteslas (0.14 G). The dipole magnetic moment of Neptune is about 2.2 × 1017 T·m3 (14 μT·RN3, where RN is the radius of Neptune). Neptune's magnetic field has a complex geometry that includes relatively large co... |
572ea25103f9891900756870 | Besides the geometrical constraints of Neptune's dynamo generator, what is another result of the quadrupole moment? | the planet's centre | [
"Neptune\n\nThe dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of Neptune is about 14 microteslas (0.14 G). The dipole magnetic moment of Neptune is about 2.2 × 1017 T·m3 (14 μT·RN3, where RN is the radius of Neptune). Neptune's magnetic field has a complex geometry that includes relatively large co... |
572ea25103f9891900756871 | What is the dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of neptune? | 14 microteslas (0.14 G) | [
"Neptune\n\nThe dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of Neptune is about 14 microteslas (0.14 G). The dipole magnetic moment of Neptune is about 2.2 × 1017 T·m3 (14 μT·RN3, where RN is the radius of Neptune). Neptune's magnetic field has a complex geometry that includes relatively large co... |
572ea38403f9891900756889 | What system, like Saturn, does Neptune have? | planetary ring system | [
"Neptune\n\nNeptune has a planetary ring system, though one much less substantial than that of Saturn. The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material, which most likely gives them a reddish hue. The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring, 63,000 km from the centre of Neptu... |
572ea38403f989190075688a | What might Neptune's rings consist of? | ice particles | [
"Neptune\n\nNeptune has a planetary ring system, though one much less substantial than that of Saturn. The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material, which most likely gives them a reddish hue. The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring, 63,000 km from the centre of Neptu... |
572ea38403f989190075688b | What might the ice particles of Neptune's rings be coated with? | silicates or carbon-based material | [
"Neptune\n\nNeptune has a planetary ring system, though one much less substantial than that of Saturn. The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material, which most likely gives them a reddish hue. The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring, 63,000 km from the centre of Neptu... |
572ea38403f989190075688c | Where is Adams ring from the center of Neptune? | 63,000 km | [
"Neptune\n\nNeptune has a planetary ring system, though one much less substantial than that of Saturn. The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material, which most likely gives them a reddish hue. The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring, 63,000 km from the centre of Neptu... |
572ea38403f989190075688d | Where is the La Verrier ring from the center of Neptune? | 53,000 km | [
"Neptune\n\nNeptune has a planetary ring system, though one much less substantial than that of Saturn. The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material, which most likely gives them a reddish hue. The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring, 63,000 km from the centre of Neptu... |
572ea40dcb0c0d14000f13d2 | What dynamic weather does Neptune have? | storm | [
"Neptune\n\nNeptune's weather is characterised by extremely dynamic storm systems, with winds reaching speeds of almost 600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph)—nearly reaching supersonic flow. More typically, by tracking the motion of persistent clouds, wind speeds have been shown to vary from 20 m/s in the easterly direct... |
572ea40dcb0c0d14000f13d3 | What does Neptune's wind speeds reach? | 600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph) | [
"Neptune\n\nNeptune's weather is characterised by extremely dynamic storm systems, with winds reaching speeds of almost 600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph)—nearly reaching supersonic flow. More typically, by tracking the motion of persistent clouds, wind speeds have been shown to vary from 20 m/s in the easterly direct... |
572ea40dcb0c0d14000f13d4 | What is the high wind speed on Neptune's cloud tops? | 400 m/s | [
"Neptune\n\nNeptune's weather is characterised by extremely dynamic storm systems, with winds reaching speeds of almost 600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph)—nearly reaching supersonic flow. More typically, by tracking the motion of persistent clouds, wind speeds have been shown to vary from 20 m/s in the easterly direct... |
572ea40dcb0c0d14000f13d5 | Which direction does Neptune's winds move relevant to the plant's rotation? | opposite | [
"Neptune\n\nNeptune's weather is characterised by extremely dynamic storm systems, with winds reaching speeds of almost 600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph)—nearly reaching supersonic flow. More typically, by tracking the motion of persistent clouds, wind speeds have been shown to vary from 20 m/s in the easterly direct... |
572ea40dcb0c0d14000f13d6 | What is the effect called that describes the flow direction on Neptune? | skin effect | [
"Neptune\n\nNeptune's weather is characterised by extremely dynamic storm systems, with winds reaching speeds of almost 600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph)—nearly reaching supersonic flow. More typically, by tracking the motion of persistent clouds, wind speeds have been shown to vary from 20 m/s in the easterly direct... |
572ea4b0c246551400ce4458 | How much warmer is Neptune's south pole to the rest of it's atmosphere? | 10 K | [
"Neptune\n\nIn 2007, it was discovered that the upper troposphere of Neptune's south pole was about 10 K warmer than the rest of its atmosphere, which averages approximately 73 K (−200 °C). The temperature differential is enough to let methane, which elsewhere is frozen in the troposphere, escape into the stratosph... |
572ea4b0c246551400ce4459 | What is the average temperature of Neptune's south pole? | 73 K (−200 °C). | [
"Neptune\n\nIn 2007, it was discovered that the upper troposphere of Neptune's south pole was about 10 K warmer than the rest of its atmosphere, which averages approximately 73 K (−200 °C). The temperature differential is enough to let methane, which elsewhere is frozen in the troposphere, escape into the stratosph... |
572ea4b0c246551400ce445a | Where does methane in the south pole escape to on Neptune? | the stratosphere near the pole. | [
"Neptune\n\nIn 2007, it was discovered that the upper troposphere of Neptune's south pole was about 10 K warmer than the rest of its atmosphere, which averages approximately 73 K (−200 °C). The temperature differential is enough to let methane, which elsewhere is frozen in the troposphere, escape into the stratosph... |
572ea4b0c246551400ce445b | How many earth years is Neptune's south pole exposed to the sun? | 40 | [
"Neptune\n\nIn 2007, it was discovered that the upper troposphere of Neptune's south pole was about 10 K warmer than the rest of its atmosphere, which averages approximately 73 K (−200 °C). The temperature differential is enough to let methane, which elsewhere is frozen in the troposphere, escape into the stratosph... |
572ea4b0c246551400ce445c | To which pole will Neptune's methane shift to as it moves to the opposite side of the sun? | north pole | [
"Neptune\n\nIn 2007, it was discovered that the upper troposphere of Neptune's south pole was about 10 K warmer than the rest of its atmosphere, which averages approximately 73 K (−200 °C). The temperature differential is enough to let methane, which elsewhere is frozen in the troposphere, escape into the stratosph... |
572ea63ac246551400ce446c | What white cloud group on Neptune is farther south than the dark great spot? | The Scooter | [
"Neptune\n\nThe Scooter is another storm, a white cloud group farther south than the Great Dark Spot. This nickname first arose during the months leading up to the Voyager 2 encounter in 1989, when they were observed moving at speeds faster than the Great Dark Spot (and images acquired later would subsequently reve... |
572ea63ac246551400ce446d | When was The Scooter on Neptune observed? | 1989 | [
"Neptune\n\nThe Scooter is another storm, a white cloud group farther south than the Great Dark Spot. This nickname first arose during the months leading up to the Voyager 2 encounter in 1989, when they were observed moving at speeds faster than the Great Dark Spot (and images acquired later would subsequently reve... |
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