id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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572f6eacb2c2fd140056810b | In what pattern is data stored on a CD? | spiral | [
"Compact_disc\n\nA CD is read by focusing a 780 nm wavelength (near infrared) semiconductor laser housed within the CD player, through the bottom of the polycarbonate layer. The change in height between pits and lands results in a difference in the way the light is reflected. By measuring the intensity change with ... |
572f6eacb2c2fd140056810c | What is used to discern the change of intensity in light on a CD? | photodiode | [
"Compact_disc\n\nA CD is read by focusing a 780 nm wavelength (near infrared) semiconductor laser housed within the CD player, through the bottom of the polycarbonate layer. The change in height between pits and lands results in a difference in the way the light is reflected. By measuring the intensity change with ... |
572f6eacb2c2fd140056810d | What createds the change in light reflected off of a CD? | change in height between pits and lands | [
"Compact_disc\n\nA CD is read by focusing a 780 nm wavelength (near infrared) semiconductor laser housed within the CD player, through the bottom of the polycarbonate layer. The change in height between pits and lands results in a difference in the way the light is reflected. By measuring the intensity change with ... |
572f6f8fb2c2fd1400568113 | What type of encoding do CDs implement? | non-return-to-zero | [
"Compact_disc\n\nThe pits and lands themselves do not directly represent the zeros and ones of binary data. Instead, non-return-to-zero, inverted encoding is used: a change from pit to land or land to pit indicates a one, while no change indicates a series of zeros. There must be at least two and no more than ten z... |
572f6f8fb2c2fd1400568114 | Where can one find the encoding techniques for CDs? | Red Book | [
"Compact_disc\n\nThe pits and lands themselves do not directly represent the zeros and ones of binary data. Instead, non-return-to-zero, inverted encoding is used: a change from pit to land or land to pit indicates a one, while no change indicates a series of zeros. There must be at least two and no more than ten z... |
572f6f8fb2c2fd1400568115 | What type of result from a CD will return a one? | change from pit to land or land to pit | [
"Compact_disc\n\nThe pits and lands themselves do not directly represent the zeros and ones of binary data. Instead, non-return-to-zero, inverted encoding is used: a change from pit to land or land to pit indicates a one, while no change indicates a series of zeros. There must be at least two and no more than ten z... |
572f6f8fb2c2fd1400568116 | What type of modulation is implemented when a disc is mastered? | eight-to-fourteen | [
"Compact_disc\n\nThe pits and lands themselves do not directly represent the zeros and ones of binary data. Instead, non-return-to-zero, inverted encoding is used: a change from pit to land or land to pit indicates a one, while no change indicates a series of zeros. There must be at least two and no more than ten z... |
572f7039947a6a140053c95e | Where can one expect to find damage on a disc? | label side of the disc | [
"Compact_disc\n\nCDs are susceptible to damage during handling and from environmental exposure. Pits are much closer to the label side of a disc, enabling defects and contaminants on the clear side to be out of focus during playback. Consequently, CDs are more likely to suffer damage on the label side of the disc. ... |
572f7039947a6a140053c95f | How are scratches on a CD fixed? | refilling them with similar refractive plastic or by careful polishing | [
"Compact_disc\n\nCDs are susceptible to damage during handling and from environmental exposure. Pits are much closer to the label side of a disc, enabling defects and contaminants on the clear side to be out of focus during playback. Consequently, CDs are more likely to suffer damage on the label side of the disc. ... |
572f7039947a6a140053c960 | What eats at the plastic and aluminum found in CDs? | fungus Geotrichum candidum | [
"Compact_disc\n\nCDs are susceptible to damage during handling and from environmental exposure. Pits are much closer to the label side of a disc, enabling defects and contaminants on the clear side to be out of focus during playback. Consequently, CDs are more likely to suffer damage on the label side of the disc. ... |
572f7039947a6a140053c961 | Where does the fungus Geotrichum candidum originate from? | Belize | [
"Compact_disc\n\nCDs are susceptible to damage during handling and from environmental exposure. Pits are much closer to the label side of a disc, enabling defects and contaminants on the clear side to be out of focus during playback. Consequently, CDs are more likely to suffer damage on the label side of the disc. ... |
572f7102a23a5019007fc631 | Where is the start of data on a CD? | the center | [
"Compact_disc\n\nThe digital data on a CD begins at the center of the disc and proceeds toward the edge, which allows adaptation to the different size formats available. Standard CDs are available in two sizes. By far, the most common is 120 millimetres (4.7 in) in diameter, with a 74- or 80-minute audio capacity a... |
572f7102a23a5019007fc632 | What size CD is most frequently used? | 120 millimetres (4.7 in) | [
"Compact_disc\n\nThe digital data on a CD begins at the center of the disc and proceeds toward the edge, which allows adaptation to the different size formats available. Standard CDs are available in two sizes. By far, the most common is 120 millimetres (4.7 in) in diameter, with a 74- or 80-minute audio capacity a... |
572f7102a23a5019007fc633 | What is the size of a Mini CD? | Eighty-millimeter | [
"Compact_disc\n\nThe digital data on a CD begins at the center of the disc and proceeds toward the edge, which allows adaptation to the different size formats available. Standard CDs are available in two sizes. By far, the most common is 120 millimetres (4.7 in) in diameter, with a 74- or 80-minute audio capacity a... |
572f7102a23a5019007fc634 | What is the size of a Maxi Single? | 120 mm | [
"Compact_disc\n\nThe digital data on a CD begins at the center of the disc and proceeds toward the edge, which allows adaptation to the different size formats available. Standard CDs are available in two sizes. By far, the most common is 120 millimetres (4.7 in) in diameter, with a 74- or 80-minute audio capacity a... |
572f7102a23a5019007fc635 | Who was the Sony Executive in 1980? | Norio Ohga | [
"Compact_disc\n\nThe digital data on a CD begins at the center of the disc and proceeds toward the edge, which allows adaptation to the different size formats available. Standard CDs are available in two sizes. By far, the most common is 120 millimetres (4.7 in) in diameter, with a 74- or 80-minute audio capacity a... |
572f71df04bcaa1900d76965 | Where does the Red Book get it's name from? | the colour of its cover | [
"Compact_disc\n\nThe logical format of an audio CD (officially Compact Disc Digital Audio or CD-DA) is described in a document produced in 1980 by the format's joint creators, Sony and Philips. The document is known colloquially as the Red Book CD-DA after the colour of its cover. The format is a two-channel 16-bit... |
572f71df04bcaa1900d76966 | What is the formal name for a CD? | Compact Disc Digital Audio | [
"Compact_disc\n\nThe logical format of an audio CD (officially Compact Disc Digital Audio or CD-DA) is described in a document produced in 1980 by the format's joint creators, Sony and Philips. The document is known colloquially as the Red Book CD-DA after the colour of its cover. The format is a two-channel 16-bit... |
572f71df04bcaa1900d76967 | Do CDs have a two or four channel format? | two-channel | [
"Compact_disc\n\nThe logical format of an audio CD (officially Compact Disc Digital Audio or CD-DA) is described in a document produced in 1980 by the format's joint creators, Sony and Philips. The document is known colloquially as the Red Book CD-DA after the colour of its cover. The format is a two-channel 16-bit... |
572f71df04bcaa1900d76968 | What format has never been implemented on CDs? | Four-channel sound | [
"Compact_disc\n\nThe logical format of an audio CD (officially Compact Disc Digital Audio or CD-DA) is described in a document produced in 1980 by the format's joint creators, Sony and Philips. The document is known colloquially as the Red Book CD-DA after the colour of its cover. The format is a two-channel 16-bit... |
572f72d8a23a5019007fc63b | What is the primary use of Compact Disc + Graphics? | to display lyrics on a television set for karaoke | [
"Compact_disc\n\nCompact Disc + Graphics is a special audio compact disc that contains graphics data in addition to the audio data on the disc. The disc can be played on a regular audio CD player, but when played on a special CD+G player, it can output a graphics signal (typically, the CD+G player is hooked up to a... |
572f72d8a23a5019007fc63c | How is graphics information read from a CD+ Graphics? | television set or a computer monitor | [
"Compact_disc\n\nCompact Disc + Graphics is a special audio compact disc that contains graphics data in addition to the audio data on the disc. The disc can be played on a regular audio CD player, but when played on a special CD+G player, it can output a graphics signal (typically, the CD+G player is hooked up to a... |
572f72d8a23a5019007fc63d | Which channels does the CD+G use to hold graphics data? | channels R through W | [
"Compact_disc\n\nCompact Disc + Graphics is a special audio compact disc that contains graphics data in addition to the audio data on the disc. The disc can be played on a regular audio CD player, but when played on a special CD+G player, it can output a graphics signal (typically, the CD+G player is hooked up to a... |
572f73b704bcaa1900d7696d | How much video can a CD-R contain? | 60 minutes | [
"Compact_disc\n\nSVCD has two-thirds the resolution of DVD, and over 2.7 times the resolution of VCD. One CD-R disc can hold up to 60 minutes of standard quality SVCD-format video. While no specific limit on SVCD video length is mandated by the specification, one must lower the video bit rate, and therefore quality... |
572f73b704bcaa1900d7696e | Which has better resolution, a VCD or SVCD? | SVCD | [
"Compact_disc\n\nSVCD has two-thirds the resolution of DVD, and over 2.7 times the resolution of VCD. One CD-R disc can hold up to 60 minutes of standard quality SVCD-format video. While no specific limit on SVCD video length is mandated by the specification, one must lower the video bit rate, and therefore quality... |
572f73b704bcaa1900d7696f | How are lengthy videos fit onto SVCDs? | lower the video bit rate | [
"Compact_disc\n\nSVCD has two-thirds the resolution of DVD, and over 2.7 times the resolution of VCD. One CD-R disc can hold up to 60 minutes of standard quality SVCD-format video. While no specific limit on SVCD video length is mandated by the specification, one must lower the video bit rate, and therefore quality... |
572f73b704bcaa1900d76970 | What is the maximum amount of video a SVCD can properly hold? | 100 minutes | [
"Compact_disc\n\nSVCD has two-thirds the resolution of DVD, and over 2.7 times the resolution of VCD. One CD-R disc can hold up to 60 minutes of standard quality SVCD-format video. While no specific limit on SVCD video length is mandated by the specification, one must lower the video bit rate, and therefore quality... |
572f748904bcaa1900d7697f | Who created Photo CDs? | Kodak | [
"Compact_disc\n\nPhoto CD is a system designed by Kodak for digitizing and storing photos on a CD. Launched in 1992, the discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high-quality images, scanned prints and slides using special proprietary encoding. Photo CDs are defined in the Beige Book and conform to the CD-ROM XA and ... |
572f748904bcaa1900d76980 | When were Photo CDs initially released? | 1992 | [
"Compact_disc\n\nPhoto CD is a system designed by Kodak for digitizing and storing photos on a CD. Launched in 1992, the discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high-quality images, scanned prints and slides using special proprietary encoding. Photo CDs are defined in the Beige Book and conform to the CD-ROM XA and ... |
572f748904bcaa1900d76981 | How many images could Photo CDs initially contain? | 100 | [
"Compact_disc\n\nPhoto CD is a system designed by Kodak for digitizing and storing photos on a CD. Launched in 1992, the discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high-quality images, scanned prints and slides using special proprietary encoding. Photo CDs are defined in the Beige Book and conform to the CD-ROM XA and ... |
572f748904bcaa1900d76982 | What type of paper can Photo CD images be produced on? | photographic paper | [
"Compact_disc\n\nPhoto CD is a system designed by Kodak for digitizing and storing photos on a CD. Launched in 1992, the discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high-quality images, scanned prints and slides using special proprietary encoding. Photo CDs are defined in the Beige Book and conform to the CD-ROM XA and ... |
572f748904bcaa1900d76983 | In what book are Photo CD standards defined? | Beige Book | [
"Compact_disc\n\nPhoto CD is a system designed by Kodak for digitizing and storing photos on a CD. Launched in 1992, the discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high-quality images, scanned prints and slides using special proprietary encoding. Photo CDs are defined in the Beige Book and conform to the CD-ROM XA and ... |
572f757a04bcaa1900d76993 | When did record companies first attempt to protect their CDs from copying? | 2001 | [
"Compact_disc\n\nThe Red Book audio specification, except for a simple \"anti-copy\" statement in the subcode, does not include any copy protection mechanism. Known at least as early as 2001, attempts were made by record companies to market \"copy-protected\" non-standard compact discs, which cannot be ripped, or c... |
572f757a04bcaa1900d76994 | Who said that protected CDs are not allowed to carry the CDDA logo? | Philips | [
"Compact_disc\n\nThe Red Book audio specification, except for a simple \"anti-copy\" statement in the subcode, does not include any copy protection mechanism. Known at least as early as 2001, attempts were made by record companies to market \"copy-protected\" non-standard compact discs, which cannot be ripped, or c... |
572f757a04bcaa1900d76995 | Where does the Red Book mention copy protection? | in the subcode | [
"Compact_disc\n\nThe Red Book audio specification, except for a simple \"anti-copy\" statement in the subcode, does not include any copy protection mechanism. Known at least as early as 2001, attempts were made by record companies to market \"copy-protected\" non-standard compact discs, which cannot be ripped, or c... |
572ed956c246551400ce471c | What is the use of a transistor? | to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power | [
"Transistor\n\nA transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the cu... |
572ed956c246551400ce471d | What is a transistor made of? | semiconductor material | [
"Transistor\n\nA transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the cu... |
572ed956c246551400ce471e | What is the minimum amount of external connection terminals to call an item a transistor? | three | [
"Transistor\n\nA transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the cu... |
572ed956c246551400ce471f | Why does a transistor increase a signal? | the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power | [
"Transistor\n\nA transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the cu... |
572ed956c246551400ce4720 | Where are most transistors found? | embedded in integrated circuits | [
"Transistor\n\nA transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the cu... |
572edac4dfa6aa1500f8d46b | When was the first transistor created? | 1926 | [
"Transistor\n\nThe transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. First conceived by Julius Lilienfeld in 1926 and practically implemented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the transistor re... |
572edac4dfa6aa1500f8d46c | Who invented the first transistor? | Julius Lilienfeld | [
"Transistor\n\nThe transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. First conceived by Julius Lilienfeld in 1926 and practically implemented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the transistor re... |
572edac4dfa6aa1500f8d46d | When was the first transistor implemented for practical use? | 1947 | [
"Transistor\n\nThe transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. First conceived by Julius Lilienfeld in 1926 and practically implemented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the transistor re... |
572edac4dfa6aa1500f8d46e | When did the implementers receive a Nobel Prize for making the transistor? | 1956 | [
"Transistor\n\nThe transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. First conceived by Julius Lilienfeld in 1926 and practically implemented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the transistor re... |
572edac4dfa6aa1500f8d46f | What list is the transistor on? | list of IEEE milestones in electronics | [
"Transistor\n\nThe transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. First conceived by Julius Lilienfeld in 1926 and practically implemented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the transistor re... |
572edbc103f9891900756a95 | When was the thermionic triode invented? | 1907 | [
"Transistor\n\nThe thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented in 1907, enabled amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony. The triode, however, was a fragile device that consumed a lot of power. Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor (FET) in Canada in 1925, which ... |
572edbc103f9891900756a96 | What was the purpose of the thermionic triode? | amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony | [
"Transistor\n\nThe thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented in 1907, enabled amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony. The triode, however, was a fragile device that consumed a lot of power. Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor (FET) in Canada in 1925, which ... |
572edbc103f9891900756a97 | Who filed a patent for the field-effect transistor? | Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld | [
"Transistor\n\nThe thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented in 1907, enabled amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony. The triode, however, was a fragile device that consumed a lot of power. Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor (FET) in Canada in 1925, which ... |
572edbc103f9891900756a98 | Where did Lilienfeld file his patent? | Canada | [
"Transistor\n\nThe thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented in 1907, enabled amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony. The triode, however, was a fragile device that consumed a lot of power. Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor (FET) in Canada in 1925, which ... |
572edbc103f9891900756a99 | What year did Lilienfeld file his patent? | 1925 | [
"Transistor\n\nThe thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented in 1907, enabled amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony. The triode, however, was a fragile device that consumed a lot of power. Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor (FET) in Canada in 1925, which ... |
572edd9ecb0c0d14000f1636 | At what time did Bardeen and Brattain experiment on increasing signal output? | November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947 | [
"Transistor\n\nFrom November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in the United States performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input. Solid... |
572edd9ecb0c0d14000f1637 | What were gold contacts attached to to increase signal output? | germanium | [
"Transistor\n\nFrom November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in the United States performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input. Solid... |
572edd9ecb0c0d14000f1638 | Who was the Solid State Physics Group Leader? | William Shockley | [
"Transistor\n\nFrom November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in the United States performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input. Solid... |
572edd9ecb0c0d14000f1639 | Who came up with the term transistor? | John R. Pierce | [
"Transistor\n\nFrom November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in the United States performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input. Solid... |
572edd9ecb0c0d14000f163a | Why was the term transistor used? | a contraction of the term transresistance | [
"Transistor\n\nFrom November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in the United States performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input. Solid... |
572edf1e03f9891900756a9f | In what year was the point-contact transistor invented? | 1948 | [
"Transistor\n\nIn 1948, the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux, a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris. Mataré had previous experience in developing crystal rectifiers from silicon and g... |
572edf1e03f9891900756aa0 | Who invented the point-contact transistor? | Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker | [
"Transistor\n\nIn 1948, the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux, a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris. Mataré had previous experience in developing crystal rectifiers from silicon and g... |
572edf1e03f9891900756aa1 | Where were Matare and Welker working when inventing the point-contact transistor? | Compagnie des Freins et Signaux | [
"Transistor\n\nIn 1948, the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux, a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris. Mataré had previous experience in developing crystal rectifiers from silicon and g... |
572edf1e03f9891900756aa2 | What was the name of Matare and Welker's transistor? | transistron | [
"Transistor\n\nIn 1948, the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux, a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris. Mataré had previous experience in developing crystal rectifiers from silicon and g... |
572edf1e03f9891900756aa3 | What was the transistron used for? | amplified use in France's telephone network | [
"Transistor\n\nIn 1948, the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux, a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris. Mataré had previous experience in developing crystal rectifiers from silicon and g... |
572ee0cc03f9891900756ab3 | How many transistors make up a logic gate? | up to about twenty transistors | [
"Transistor\n\nAlthough several companies each produce over a billion individually packaged (known as discrete) transistors every year, the vast majority of transistors are now produced in integrated circuits (often shortened to IC, microchips or simply chips), along with diodes, resistors, capacitors and other ele... |
572ee0cc03f9891900756ab4 | How many transistors make up a microprocessor? | as many as 3 billion transistors | [
"Transistor\n\nAlthough several companies each produce over a billion individually packaged (known as discrete) transistors every year, the vast majority of transistors are now produced in integrated circuits (often shortened to IC, microchips or simply chips), along with diodes, resistors, capacitors and other ele... |
572ee0cc03f9891900756ab5 | How many transistors were made in 2002? | 60 million transistors were built in 2002… for [each] man, woman, and child | [
"Transistor\n\nAlthough several companies each produce over a billion individually packaged (known as discrete) transistors every year, the vast majority of transistors are now produced in integrated circuits (often shortened to IC, microchips or simply chips), along with diodes, resistors, capacitors and other ele... |
572ee0cc03f9891900756ab6 | How many individually packaged transistors are produced each year? | over a billion | [
"Transistor\n\nAlthough several companies each produce over a billion individually packaged (known as discrete) transistors every year, the vast majority of transistors are now produced in integrated circuits (often shortened to IC, microchips or simply chips), along with diodes, resistors, capacitors and other ele... |
572ee0cc03f9891900756ab7 | What are some abbreviations for integrated circuits? | IC, microchips or simply chips | [
"Transistor\n\nAlthough several companies each produce over a billion individually packaged (known as discrete) transistors every year, the vast majority of transistors are now produced in integrated circuits (often shortened to IC, microchips or simply chips), along with diodes, resistors, capacitors and other ele... |
572ee21dc246551400ce476c | Why is a transistor so useful? | gain | [
"Transistor\n\nThe essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signal applied between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at another pair of terminals. This property is called gain. It can produce a stronger output signal, a voltage or current, which is proportio... |
572ee21dc246551400ce476d | What is gain? | it can act as an amplifier | [
"Transistor\n\nThe essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signal applied between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at another pair of terminals. This property is called gain. It can produce a stronger output signal, a voltage or current, which is proportio... |
572ee21dc246551400ce476e | What is an additional use of the transistor? | turn current on or off in a circuit | [
"Transistor\n\nThe essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signal applied between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at another pair of terminals. This property is called gain. It can produce a stronger output signal, a voltage or current, which is proportio... |
572ee21dc246551400ce476f | What determines the amount of current in an electrically controlled switch? | other circuit elements | [
"Transistor\n\nThe essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signal applied between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at another pair of terminals. This property is called gain. It can produce a stronger output signal, a voltage or current, which is proportio... |
572ee3c7c246551400ce4788 | How many types of transistors are there? | two | [
"Transistor\n\nThere are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger cu... |
572ee3c7c246551400ce4789 | What are the components of a bipolar transistor? | base, collector, and emitter | [
"Transistor\n\nThere are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger cu... |
572ee3c7c246551400ce478a | What controls the large current between the collector and emitter? | A small current at the base terminal | [
"Transistor\n\nThere are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger cu... |
572ee3c7c246551400ce478b | What are the components of a field-effect transistor? | gate, source, and drain | [
"Transistor\n\nThere are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger cu... |
572ee3c7c246551400ce478c | In a field-effect transistor, what controls the current between the source and drain? | a voltage at the gate | [
"Transistor\n\nThere are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger cu... |
572ee52903f9891900756ac7 | Why does the collector voltage drop in grounded-emitter transistor circuits? | reduced resistance from collector to emitter | [
"Transistor\n\nIn a grounded-emitter transistor circuit, such as the light-switch circuit shown, as the base voltage rises, the emitter and collector currents rise exponentially. The collector voltage drops because of reduced resistance from collector to emitter. If the voltage difference between the collector and ... |
572ee52903f9891900756ac8 | What would happen if the voltage difference from collector and emitter were zero? | the collector current would be limited only by the load resistance (light bulb) and the supply voltage | [
"Transistor\n\nIn a grounded-emitter transistor circuit, such as the light-switch circuit shown, as the base voltage rises, the emitter and collector currents rise exponentially. The collector voltage drops because of reduced resistance from collector to emitter. If the voltage difference between the collector and ... |
572ee52903f9891900756ac9 | What is the term for a zero difference between collector and emitter? | saturation | [
"Transistor\n\nIn a grounded-emitter transistor circuit, such as the light-switch circuit shown, as the base voltage rises, the emitter and collector currents rise exponentially. The collector voltage drops because of reduced resistance from collector to emitter. If the voltage difference between the collector and ... |
572ee52903f9891900756aca | Why is the term saturation named as such? | current is flowing from collector to emitter freely | [
"Transistor\n\nIn a grounded-emitter transistor circuit, such as the light-switch circuit shown, as the base voltage rises, the emitter and collector currents rise exponentially. The collector voltage drops because of reduced resistance from collector to emitter. If the voltage difference between the collector and ... |
572ee52903f9891900756acb | What position is the switch in when saturated? | on | [
"Transistor\n\nIn a grounded-emitter transistor circuit, such as the light-switch circuit shown, as the base voltage rises, the emitter and collector currents rise exponentially. The collector voltage drops because of reduced resistance from collector to emitter. If the voltage difference between the collector and ... |
572ee71203f9891900756adb | What is a major problem with using bipolar transistors as switches? | Providing sufficient base drive current | [
"Transistor\n\nProviding sufficient base drive current is a key problem in the use of bipolar transistors as switches. The transistor provides current gain, allowing a relatively large current in the collector to be switched by a much smaller current into the base terminal. The ratio of these currents varies depend... |
572ee71203f9891900756adc | What does the transistor provide? | current gain | [
"Transistor\n\nProviding sufficient base drive current is a key problem in the use of bipolar transistors as switches. The transistor provides current gain, allowing a relatively large current in the collector to be switched by a much smaller current into the base terminal. The ratio of these currents varies depend... |
572ee71203f9891900756add | What determines the current ratio in transistors? | the type of transistor | [
"Transistor\n\nProviding sufficient base drive current is a key problem in the use of bipolar transistors as switches. The transistor provides current gain, allowing a relatively large current in the collector to be switched by a much smaller current into the base terminal. The ratio of these currents varies depend... |
572ee71203f9891900756ade | If the type of transistor is the same what determines the current ratio? | collector current | [
"Transistor\n\nProviding sufficient base drive current is a key problem in the use of bipolar transistors as switches. The transistor provides current gain, allowing a relatively large current in the collector to be switched by a much smaller current into the base terminal. The ratio of these currents varies depend... |
572f4fb704bcaa1900d76839 | How are parameters chosen in a switching circuit? | the "off" output is limited to leakage currents too small to affect connected circuitry | [
"Transistor\n\nIn a switching circuit, the idea is to simulate, as near as possible, the ideal switch having the properties of open circuit when off, short circuit when on, and an instantaneous transition between the two states. Parameters are chosen such that the \"off\" output is limited to leakage currents too s... |
572f4fb704bcaa1900d7683a | What is a switching circuit trying to simulate when on? | short circuit | [
"Transistor\n\nIn a switching circuit, the idea is to simulate, as near as possible, the ideal switch having the properties of open circuit when off, short circuit when on, and an instantaneous transition between the two states. Parameters are chosen such that the \"off\" output is limited to leakage currents too s... |
572f4fb704bcaa1900d7683b | What is a switching circuit trying to simulate when off? | open circuit | [
"Transistor\n\nIn a switching circuit, the idea is to simulate, as near as possible, the ideal switch having the properties of open circuit when off, short circuit when on, and an instantaneous transition between the two states. Parameters are chosen such that the \"off\" output is limited to leakage currents too s... |
572f4fb704bcaa1900d7683c | How quickly does the change from open circuit to short circuit happen? | instantaneous | [
"Transistor\n\nIn a switching circuit, the idea is to simulate, as near as possible, the ideal switch having the properties of open circuit when off, short circuit when on, and an instantaneous transition between the two states. Parameters are chosen such that the \"off\" output is limited to leakage currents too s... |
572f50cbb2c2fd1400568001 | What gives bipolar transistors their name? | they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers | [
"Transistor\n\nBipolar transistors are so named because they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers. The bipolar junction transistor, the first type of transistor to be mass-produced, is a combination of two junction diodes, and is formed of either a thin layer of p-type semiconductor sandwiched betwe... |
572f50cbb2c2fd1400568002 | What was the first mass-produced transistor? | bipolar junction transistor | [
"Transistor\n\nBipolar transistors are so named because they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers. The bipolar junction transistor, the first type of transistor to be mass-produced, is a combination of two junction diodes, and is formed of either a thin layer of p-type semiconductor sandwiched betwe... |
572f50cbb2c2fd1400568003 | What is the bipolar junction transistor a combination of? | two junction diodes | [
"Transistor\n\nBipolar transistors are so named because they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers. The bipolar junction transistor, the first type of transistor to be mass-produced, is a combination of two junction diodes, and is formed of either a thin layer of p-type semiconductor sandwiched betwe... |
572f50cbb2c2fd1400568004 | What is the name for a layer of p-type semiconductor set between two n-type semiconductors? | n–p–n transistor | [
"Transistor\n\nBipolar transistors are so named because they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers. The bipolar junction transistor, the first type of transistor to be mass-produced, is a combination of two junction diodes, and is formed of either a thin layer of p-type semiconductor sandwiched betwe... |
572f50cbb2c2fd1400568005 | What is the name for a layer of n-type semiconductor set between two p-type semiconductors? | p–n–p transistor | [
"Transistor\n\nBipolar transistors are so named because they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers. The bipolar junction transistor, the first type of transistor to be mass-produced, is a combination of two junction diodes, and is formed of either a thin layer of p-type semiconductor sandwiched betwe... |
572f53ca04bcaa1900d76853 | How many terminals do BJTs have? | three | [
"Transistor\n\nBJTs have three terminals, corresponding to the three layers of semiconductor—an emitter, a base, and a collector. They are useful in amplifiers because the currents at the emitter and collector are controllable by a relatively small base current. In an n–p–n transistor operating in the active region... |
572f53ca04bcaa1900d76854 | How many layers of semiconductor do BJTs have? | three | [
"Transistor\n\nBJTs have three terminals, corresponding to the three layers of semiconductor—an emitter, a base, and a collector. They are useful in amplifiers because the currents at the emitter and collector are controllable by a relatively small base current. In an n–p–n transistor operating in the active region... |
572f53ca04bcaa1900d76855 | What are the layers of semiconductor in a BJT? | an emitter, a base, and a collector | [
"Transistor\n\nBJTs have three terminals, corresponding to the three layers of semiconductor—an emitter, a base, and a collector. They are useful in amplifiers because the currents at the emitter and collector are controllable by a relatively small base current. In an n–p–n transistor operating in the active region... |
572f53ca04bcaa1900d76856 | How can one find the amount of collector current? | β (common-emitter current gain) times the base current | [
"Transistor\n\nBJTs have three terminals, corresponding to the three layers of semiconductor—an emitter, a base, and a collector. They are useful in amplifiers because the currents at the emitter and collector are controllable by a relatively small base current. In an n–p–n transistor operating in the active region... |
572f53ca04bcaa1900d76857 | What is the usual collector current for small-signal transistors? | greater than 100 | [
"Transistor\n\nBJTs have three terminals, corresponding to the three layers of semiconductor—an emitter, a base, and a collector. They are useful in amplifiers because the currents at the emitter and collector are controllable by a relatively small base current. In an n–p–n transistor operating in the active region... |
572f5b1004bcaa1900d7689b | What determines the conductivity in a FET? | electric field that is produced when a voltage is applied between the gate and source terminals | [
"Transistor\n\nIn a FET, the drain-to-source current flows via a conducting channel that connects the source region to the drain region. The conductivity is varied by the electric field that is produced when a voltage is applied between the gate and source terminals; hence the current flowing between the drain and ... |
572f5b1004bcaa1900d7689c | What controls the current between the drain and source? | the voltage applied between the gate and source | [
"Transistor\n\nIn a FET, the drain-to-source current flows via a conducting channel that connects the source region to the drain region. The conductivity is varied by the electric field that is produced when a voltage is applied between the gate and source terminals; hence the current flowing between the drain and ... |
572f5b1004bcaa1900d7689d | At what rate is the drain-source current increased when the gate-source current is increased? | a roughly quadratic rate | [
"Transistor\n\nIn a FET, the drain-to-source current flows via a conducting channel that connects the source region to the drain region. The conductivity is varied by the electric field that is produced when a voltage is applied between the gate and source terminals; hence the current flowing between the drain and ... |
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