id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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56dc552f14d3a41400c267cf | What are two cellular organelles which contain genetic material? | mitochondria and chloroplasts | [
"Genome\n\nSome organisms have multiple copies of chromosomes: diploid, triploid, tetraploid and so on. In classical genetics, in a sexually reproducing organism (typically eukarya) the gamete has half the number of chromosomes of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a diploid cell. The h... |
56dc561414d3a41400c267d3 | What is the science that deals with the common genetic characteristics of related organisms called? | genomics | [
"Genome\n\nWhen people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been \"sequenced\", typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in onl... |
56dc561414d3a41400c267d4 | In contrast to genomics, genetics usually studies what? | single genes or groups of genes | [
"Genome\n\nWhen people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been \"sequenced\", typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in onl... |
56dc561414d3a41400c267d5 | What is the catalog of contents of a particular species' genetic makeup? | sequenced | [
"Genome\n\nWhen people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been \"sequenced\", typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in onl... |
56dc56a414d3a41400c267d9 | What is the relation between the number of base pairs and total complement of genes in a species called? | C-value paradox | [
"Genome\n\nBoth the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see... |
56dc56a414d3a41400c267da | Which organism has the most genes? | trichomoniasis | [
"Genome\n\nBoth the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see... |
56dc56a414d3a41400c267db | How many genes is the trichomoniasis estimated to have? | 60,000 | [
"Genome\n\nBoth the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see... |
56dc56a414d3a41400c267dc | Relative to the human genome, how many more genes does trichomoniasis have? | three times | [
"Genome\n\nBoth the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see... |
56dc575814d3a41400c267e1 | Who was the first person to sequence a viral genome? | Walter Fiers | [
"Genome\n\nIn 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). The next year Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage Φ-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The first complete genome sequences among ... |
56dc575814d3a41400c267e2 | Which viral genome did Fiers sequence? | Bacteriophage MS2 | [
"Genome\n\nIn 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). The next year Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage Φ-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The first complete genome sequences among ... |
56dc575814d3a41400c267e3 | Who was first to sequence a DNA-based genome? | Fred Sanger | [
"Genome\n\nIn 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). The next year Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage Φ-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The first complete genome sequences among ... |
56dc575814d3a41400c267e4 | What organization first sequenced a bacterial genome? | Institute for Genomic Research | [
"Genome\n\nIn 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). The next year Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage Φ-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The first complete genome sequences among ... |
56dc575814d3a41400c267e5 | In what year was the archaeon genome sequenced? | 1996 | [
"Genome\n\nIn 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). The next year Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage Φ-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The first complete genome sequences among ... |
56dc57f714d3a41400c267eb | Which U.S. government agency keeps a large amount of information on genomes? | US National Institutes of Health | [
"Genome\n\nThe development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed ... |
56dc57f714d3a41400c267ec | What is a mammal whose genome has been sequenced? | mouse | [
"Genome\n\nThe development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed ... |
56dc57f714d3a41400c267ed | What is a fish whose genome has been sequenced? | puffer fish | [
"Genome\n\nThe development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed ... |
56dc57f714d3a41400c267ee | When was the Neanderthal's genome sequenced? | December 2013 | [
"Genome\n\nThe development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed ... |
56dc57f714d3a41400c267ef | How old in years was the material that was used to sequence the Neanderthal genome? | 130,000 | [
"Genome\n\nThe development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed ... |
56dc587714d3a41400c267f5 | What is a recent development in sequencing methods? | massive parallel sequencing | [
"Genome\n\nNew sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-... |
56dc587714d3a41400c267f6 | Which company has led the way in sequencing of individual genetic makeup? | Manteia Predictive Medicine | [
"Genome\n\nNew sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-... |
56dc587714d3a41400c267f7 | Whose complete genetic information was recorded in 2007? | James D. Watson | [
"Genome\n\nNew sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-... |
56dc587714d3a41400c267f8 | What is Watson famous for helping discover? | the structure of DNA | [
"Genome\n\nNew sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-... |
56dc591114d3a41400c267fd | What is the term for something that lists the important and notable parts of a genome? | genome map | [
"Genome\n\nWhereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step... |
56dc591114d3a41400c267fe | Which group was created to generate a genome map of human genetic material? | The Human Genome Project | [
"Genome\n\nWhereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step... |
56dc591114d3a41400c267ff | Whose genome map greatly aided the Human Genome Project? | Jean Weissenbach | [
"Genome\n\nWhereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step... |
56dc591114d3a41400c26800 | Where did Weissenbach and his colleagues work? | Genoscope | [
"Genome\n\nWhereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step... |
56dc5baa14d3a41400c26805 | What is the term that accounts for the constituents of the haploid genome? | Genome composition | [
"Genome\n\nGenome composition is used to describe the make up of contents of a haploid genome, which should include genome size, proportions of non-repetitive DNA and repetitive DNA in details. By comparing the genome compositions between genomes, scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given... |
56dc5baa14d3a41400c26806 | What aspect of a genome can genome compositions help researchers in learning about? | evolutionary history | [
"Genome\n\nGenome composition is used to describe the make up of contents of a haploid genome, which should include genome size, proportions of non-repetitive DNA and repetitive DNA in details. By comparing the genome compositions between genomes, scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given... |
56dc5c6214d3a41400c26809 | What two types of organisms have remarkable differences in their genomic composition? | prokaryotes and eukaryotes | [
"Genome\n\nWhen talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85–90%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small pa... |
56dc5c6214d3a41400c2680b | What type of organizing can be observed in eukaryote genomes? | exon-intron | [
"Genome\n\nWhen talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85–90%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small pa... |
56dc5c6214d3a41400c2680c | In what types of eukaryotes is there a large amount of non-coding DNA? | mammals and plants | [
"Genome\n\nWhen talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85–90%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small pa... |
56dc5cf614d3a41400c26811 | What is an example of an organism that has a portion of its genetic material outside of its chromosomes? | pathogenic microbe | [
"Genome\n\nMost biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, \"genome\" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary m... |
56dc5cf614d3a41400c26812 | What is an example of an organism whose full complement of genetic material resides in its chromosomes? | virus | [
"Genome\n\nMost biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, \"genome\" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary m... |
56dc5cf614d3a41400c26813 | Where is additional genetic material found in pathogenic microbes? | plasmids | [
"Genome\n\nMost biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, \"genome\" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary m... |
56dc5d6c14d3a41400c26817 | What are examples of classes of eukaryotes where genome only refers to the information found in chromosomes? | plants, protozoa and animals | [
"Genome\n\nIn eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, \"genome\" carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not... |
56dc5d6c14d3a41400c26819 | What is a name for the genetic material found within chloroplasts? | plastome | [
"Genome\n\nIn eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, \"genome\" carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not... |
56dc5d6c14d3a41400c2681a | What is a name for the genetic makeup of mitochondria? | mitochondrial genome | [
"Genome\n\nIn eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, \"genome\" carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not... |
56dc5de314d3a41400c2681f | What is the name for the count of all DNA base pairs in a single haploid genome? | Genome size | [
"Genome\n\nGenome size is the total number of DNA base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective.... |
56dc5de314d3a41400c26820 | What does genome size have a direct relationship with in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes? | morphological complexity | [
"Genome\n\nGenome size is the total number of DNA base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective.... |
56dc5de314d3a41400c26821 | What accounts for the breakdown of the relation between genome size and morphological complexity in higher eukaryotes? | repetitive DNA | [
"Genome\n\nGenome size is the total number of DNA base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective.... |
56dc5e7014d3a41400c26825 | What is a name for the reduced complement of genetic material necessary for an organism to live? | minimal genomes | [
"Genome\n\nSince genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organism... |
56dc5e7014d3a41400c26826 | In what experimental contexts are experiments being carried out on minimal genomes? | in vivo and in silico | [
"Genome\n\nSince genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organism... |
56dc5f8a14d3a41400c26829 | What are two types of non-repetitive DNA? | Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes | [
"Genome\n\nThe proportion of non-repetitive DNA is calculated by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size. Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes are generally non-repetitive DNA. A bigger genome does not mean more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasi... |
56dc5f8a14d3a41400c2682a | In higher eukaryotes, what has an inverse relationship with genome size? | proportion of non-repetitive DNA | [
"Genome\n\nThe proportion of non-repetitive DNA is calculated by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size. Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes are generally non-repetitive DNA. A bigger genome does not mean more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasi... |
56dc5f8a14d3a41400c2682b | What is the size of non-repetitive DNA divided by to get the proportion of non-repetitive DNA? | genome size | [
"Genome\n\nThe proportion of non-repetitive DNA is calculated by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size. Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes are generally non-repetitive DNA. A bigger genome does not mean more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasi... |
56dc600514d3a41400c26835 | What is an example of an organism which does not contain any repetitive DNA? | E. coli | [
"Genome\n\nIt had been found that the proportion of non-repetitive DNA can vary a lot between species. Some E. coli as prokaryotes only have non-repetitive DNA, lower eukaryotes such as C. elegans and fruit fly, still possess more non-repetitive DNA than repetitive DNA. Higher eukaryotes tend to have more repetitiv... |
56dc600514d3a41400c26836 | What are two organisms that have more non-repetitive than repetitive DNA? | C. elegans and fruit fly | [
"Genome\n\nIt had been found that the proportion of non-repetitive DNA can vary a lot between species. Some E. coli as prokaryotes only have non-repetitive DNA, lower eukaryotes such as C. elegans and fruit fly, still possess more non-repetitive DNA than repetitive DNA. Higher eukaryotes tend to have more repetitiv... |
56dc600514d3a41400c26837 | What is the percentage of non-repetitive DNA in some plant and amphibian genomes? | 20% | [
"Genome\n\nIt had been found that the proportion of non-repetitive DNA can vary a lot between species. Some E. coli as prokaryotes only have non-repetitive DNA, lower eukaryotes such as C. elegans and fruit fly, still possess more non-repetitive DNA than repetitive DNA. Higher eukaryotes tend to have more repetitiv... |
56dc604614d3a41400c2683b | What are two types of repetitive DNA found in genomes? | tandem repeats and interspersed repeats | [
"Genome\n\nThe proportion of repetitive DNA is calculated by using length of repetitive DNA divide by genome size. There are two categories of repetitive DNA in genome: tandem repeats and interspersed repeats."
] |
56dc604614d3a41400c2683c | What is found by dividing size of repetitive DNA by length of total genome? | proportion of repetitive DNA | [
"Genome\n\nThe proportion of repetitive DNA is calculated by using length of repetitive DNA divide by genome size. There are two categories of repetitive DNA in genome: tandem repeats and interspersed repeats."
] |
56dc610914d3a41400c2683f | Unequal crossing over can create what type of repetitive DNA? | Tandem repeats | [
"Genome\n\nTandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion, satellite DNA and microsatellites are forms of tandem repeats in the genome. Although tandem repeats count for a significant proportion in genome, the largest proportion in mammalian is the other ... |
56dc610914d3a41400c26840 | What are two examples of tandem repeats in DNA? | satellite DNA and microsatellites | [
"Genome\n\nTandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion, satellite DNA and microsatellites are forms of tandem repeats in the genome. Although tandem repeats count for a significant proportion in genome, the largest proportion in mammalian is the other ... |
56dc610914d3a41400c26841 | What is the most common type of repetitive DNA in mammals? | interspersed repeats. | [
"Genome\n\nTandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion, satellite DNA and microsatellites are forms of tandem repeats in the genome. Although tandem repeats count for a significant proportion in genome, the largest proportion in mammalian is the other ... |
56dc63c214d3a41400c26845 | What is the main source of interspersed repeats? | Transposable elements | [
"Genome\n\nInterspersed repeats mainly come from transposable elements (TEs), but they also include some protein coding gene families and pseudogenes. Transposable elements are able to integrate into the genome at another site within the cell. It is believed that TEs are an important driving force on genome evoluti... |
56dc63c214d3a41400c26846 | What do researchers think transposable elements are key factors in when considering higher eukaryotes? | genome evolution | [
"Genome\n\nInterspersed repeats mainly come from transposable elements (TEs), but they also include some protein coding gene families and pseudogenes. Transposable elements are able to integrate into the genome at another site within the cell. It is believed that TEs are an important driving force on genome evoluti... |
56dc63c214d3a41400c26847 | What are the constituents of Class 1 transposable elements? | retrotransposons | [
"Genome\n\nInterspersed repeats mainly come from transposable elements (TEs), but they also include some protein coding gene families and pseudogenes. Transposable elements are able to integrate into the genome at another site within the cell. It is believed that TEs are an important driving force on genome evoluti... |
56dc63c214d3a41400c26848 | What are the constituents of Class 2 transposable elements? | DNA transposons | [
"Genome\n\nInterspersed repeats mainly come from transposable elements (TEs), but they also include some protein coding gene families and pseudogenes. Transposable elements are able to integrate into the genome at another site within the cell. It is believed that TEs are an important driving force on genome evoluti... |
56dc63f014d3a41400c2684d | What kind of genetic material can be produced from retrotransposons? | RNA | [
"Genome\n\nRetrotransposons can be transcribed into RNA, which are then duplicated at another site into the genome. Retrotransposons can be divided into Long terminal repeats (LTRs) and Non-Long Terminal Repeats (Non-LTR)."
] |
56dc648d14d3a41400c26851 | What is a term that can describe how DNA transposons move? | cut and paste | [
"Genome\n\nDNA transposons generally move by \"cut and paste\" in the genome, but duplication has also been observed. Class 2 TEs do not use RNA as intermediate and are popular in bacteria, in metazoan it has also been found."
] |
56dc648d14d3a41400c26852 | DNA transposons do not use which genetic material used by Class 1 TEs? | RNA | [
"Genome\n\nDNA transposons generally move by \"cut and paste\" in the genome, but duplication has also been observed. Class 2 TEs do not use RNA as intermediate and are popular in bacteria, in metazoan it has also been found."
] |
56dc656c14d3a41400c26857 | What is another word for the total count of chromosomes? | karyotype | [
"Genome\n\nGenomes are more than the sum of an organism's genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products. Researchers compare traits such as chromosome number (karyotype), genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content to... |
56dc656c14d3a41400c26858 | Aside from karyotype, what are other genomic traits studied by scientists? | genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content | [
"Genome\n\nGenomes are more than the sum of an organism's genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products. Researchers compare traits such as chromosome number (karyotype), genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content to... |
56dc662314d3a41400c2685b | What type of generation of genetic material has a big part in making the genome what it is? | Duplications | [
"Genome\n\nDuplications play a major role in shaping the genome. Duplication may range from extension of short tandem repeats, to duplication of a cluster of genes, and all the way to duplication of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes. Such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic nove... |
56dc662314d3a41400c2685d | What is a possible product of duplications? | genetic novelty | [
"Genome\n\nDuplications play a major role in shaping the genome. Duplication may range from extension of short tandem repeats, to duplication of a cluster of genes, and all the way to duplication of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes. Such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic nove... |
56dc66bb14d3a41400c26861 | What is an explanation for the resemblance between disparate parts of the genome? | Horizontal gene transfer | [
"Genome\n\nHorizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfe... |
56dc66bb14d3a41400c26862 | In which organisms does horizontal gene transfer appear to occur commonly? | microbes | [
"Genome\n\nHorizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfe... |
56dc66bb14d3a41400c26863 | Parts of which organelle genomes are thought to have ended up in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells via transfer? | chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes | [
"Genome\n\nHorizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfe... |
56dc686a14d3a41400c26867 | What kind of school does not base its admissions on academic merit? | comprehensive school | [
"Comprehensive_school\n\nA comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England a... |
56dc686a14d3a41400c26868 | What kind of school system uses academic success to judge admissions? | selective school system | [
"Comprehensive_school\n\nA comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England a... |
56dc686a14d3a41400c26869 | What countries used comprehensive schools extensively? | England and Wales | [
"Comprehensive_school\n\nA comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England a... |
56dc686a14d3a41400c2686a | How many secondary school students attend comprehensive schools in England? | 90% | [
"Comprehensive_school\n\nA comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England a... |
56dc686a14d3a41400c2686b | What is the German analogue of the comprehensive school? | Gesamtschule | [
"Comprehensive_school\n\nA comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England a... |
56dc695914d3a41400c26871 | What are some areas of learning in comprehensive schools that were not found often in grammar schools? | design and technology and vocational learning | [
"Comprehensive_school\n\nComprehensive schools are primarily about providing an entitlement curriculum to all children, without selection whether due to financial considerations or attainment. A consequence of that is a wider ranging curriculum, including practical subjects such as design and technology and vocatio... |
56dc695914d3a41400c26872 | What two kinds of schools were developed in response to the costs of post-16 comprehensive school education? | Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges | [
"Comprehensive_school\n\nComprehensive schools are primarily about providing an entitlement curriculum to all children, without selection whether due to financial considerations or attainment. A consequence of that is a wider ranging curriculum, including practical subjects such as design and technology and vocatio... |
56dc695914d3a41400c26874 | Which types of school projects have called the model of comprehensive schools into question? | City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes | [
"Comprehensive_school\n\nComprehensive schools are primarily about providing an entitlement curriculum to all children, without selection whether due to financial considerations or attainment. A consequence of that is a wider ranging curriculum, including practical subjects such as design and technology and vocatio... |
56dc6a0914d3a41400c2687a | How many selective grammar schools are still currently functioning in England and Wales? | 164 | [
"Comprehensive_school\n\nIn these schools children could be selected on the basis of curriculum aptitude related to the school's specialism even though the schools do take quotas from each quartile of the attainment range to ensure they were not selective by attainment. A problem with this is whether the quotas sho... |
56dc6a0914d3a41400c2687b | In what year were comprehensive schools first created? | 1965 | [
"Comprehensive_school\n\nIn these schools children could be selected on the basis of curriculum aptitude related to the school's specialism even though the schools do take quotas from each quartile of the attainment range to ensure they were not selective by attainment. A problem with this is whether the quotas sho... |
56dc6a5c14d3a41400c26881 | What is a word that can be used to describe the scope of a comprehensive school's intake? | neighbourhood | [
"Comprehensive_school\n\nIn principle, comprehensive schools were conceived as \"neighbourhood\" schools for all students in a specified catchment area. Current education reforms with Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges will no doubt have some impact on the comprehensive ideal but it... |
56dc6a5c14d3a41400c26882 | What are some new initiatives that may impact the concept of comprehensive schools? | Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges | [
"Comprehensive_school\n\nIn principle, comprehensive schools were conceived as \"neighbourhood\" schools for all students in a specified catchment area. Current education reforms with Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges will no doubt have some impact on the comprehensive ideal but it... |
56dc6ab714d3a41400c26885 | In what decade did Finland begin employing comprehensive schools? | 1970s | [
"Comprehensive_school\n\nFinland has used comprehensive schools since the 1970s, in the sense that everyone is expected to complete the nine grades of peruskoulu, from the age 7 to 16. The division to lower comprehensive school (grades 1–6, ala-aste, alakoulu) and upper comprehensive school (grades 7–9, yläaste, yl... |
56dc6ab714d3a41400c26886 | What age ranges does Finnish comprehensive school cover? | 7 to 16 | [
"Comprehensive_school\n\nFinland has used comprehensive schools since the 1970s, in the sense that everyone is expected to complete the nine grades of peruskoulu, from the age 7 to 16. The division to lower comprehensive school (grades 1–6, ala-aste, alakoulu) and upper comprehensive school (grades 7–9, yläaste, yl... |
56dc6b3914d3a41400c2688d | What type of school is the Gesamtschule? | comprehensive | [
"Comprehensive_school\n\nGermany has a comprehensive school known as the Gesamtschule. While some German schools such as the Gymnasium and the Realschule have rather strict entrance requirements, the Gesamtschule does not have such requirements. They offer college preparatory classes for the students who are doing ... |
56dc6b3914d3a41400c2688f | What kinds of courses are offered to students who are not experiencing academic success? | remedial | [
"Comprehensive_school\n\nGermany has a comprehensive school known as the Gesamtschule. While some German schools such as the Gymnasium and the Realschule have rather strict entrance requirements, the Gesamtschule does not have such requirements. They offer college preparatory classes for the students who are doing ... |
56dc6b3914d3a41400c26890 | What are the different kinds of certificates that Gesamtschule students can earn? | the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur | [
"Comprehensive_school\n\nGermany has a comprehensive school known as the Gesamtschule. While some German schools such as the Gymnasium and the Realschule have rather strict entrance requirements, the Gesamtschule does not have such requirements. They offer college preparatory classes for the students who are doing ... |
56dc6b6714d3a41400c26895 | What percentage of Brandenburg students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007? | 50% | [
"Comprehensive_school\n\nThe percentage of students attending a Gesamtschule varies by Bundesland. In the State of Brandenburg more than 50% of all students attended a Gesamtschule in 2007, while in the State of Bavaria less than 1% did."
] |
56dc6b6714d3a41400c26896 | What percentage of Bavarian students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007? | less than 1% | [
"Comprehensive_school\n\nThe percentage of students attending a Gesamtschule varies by Bundesland. In the State of Brandenburg more than 50% of all students attended a Gesamtschule in 2007, while in the State of Bavaria less than 1% did."
] |
56dc6cc314d3a41400c26899 | What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Hamburg? | Stadtteilschule | [
"Comprehensive_school\n\nStarting in 2010/2011, Hauptschulen were merged with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen to form a new type of comprehensive school in the German States of Berlin and Hamburg, called Stadtteilschule in Hamburg and Sekundarschule in Berlin (see: Education in Berlin, Education in Hamburg)."
] |
56dc6cc314d3a41400c2689a | What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Berlin? | Sekundarschule | [
"Comprehensive_school\n\nStarting in 2010/2011, Hauptschulen were merged with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen to form a new type of comprehensive school in the German States of Berlin and Hamburg, called Stadtteilschule in Hamburg and Sekundarschule in Berlin (see: Education in Berlin, Education in Hamburg)."
] |
56dc6cc314d3a41400c2689b | In what school year were Hauptschulen first combined with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen? | 2010/2011 | [
"Comprehensive_school\n\nStarting in 2010/2011, Hauptschulen were merged with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen to form a new type of comprehensive school in the German States of Berlin and Hamburg, called Stadtteilschule in Hamburg and Sekundarschule in Berlin (see: Education in Berlin, Education in Hamburg)."
] |
56dc6dc514d3a41400c2689f | What kind of classes are not offered in Mittelschule? | college preparatory classes | [
"Comprehensive_school\n\nThe \"Mittelschule\" is a school in some States of Germany that offers regular classes and remedial classes but no college preparatory classes. In some States of Germany, the Hauptschule does not exist, and any student who has not been accepted by another school has to attend the Mittelschu... |
56dc6dc514d3a41400c268a0 | What certificate is not available to Mittelschule students? | Abitur | [
"Comprehensive_school\n\nThe \"Mittelschule\" is a school in some States of Germany that offers regular classes and remedial classes but no college preparatory classes. In some States of Germany, the Hauptschule does not exist, and any student who has not been accepted by another school has to attend the Mittelschu... |
56dc6dc514d3a41400c268a2 | What kind of school is not available in some parts of Germany? | Hauptschule | [
"Comprehensive_school\n\nThe \"Mittelschule\" is a school in some States of Germany that offers regular classes and remedial classes but no college preparatory classes. In some States of Germany, the Hauptschule does not exist, and any student who has not been accepted by another school has to attend the Mittelschu... |
56dc777a14d3a41400c268ab | What type of misconduct have comprehensive schools been alleged of engaging in? | grade inflation | [
"Comprehensive_school\n\nComprehensive schools have been accused of grade inflation after a study revealed that Gymnasium senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves at the very bottom of their class and had an average grade of \"Five\", which means \"Failed\". Gesamtschule senior students of a... |
56dc777a14d3a41400c268ac | Which German minister criticized comprehensive schools' ability to help students succeed? | Barbara Sommer | [
"Comprehensive_school\n\nComprehensive schools have been accused of grade inflation after a study revealed that Gymnasium senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves at the very bottom of their class and had an average grade of \"Five\", which means \"Failed\". Gesamtschule senior students of a... |
56dc777a14d3a41400c268ad | Which German politician defended comprehensive schools? | Sigrid Beer | [
"Comprehensive_school\n\nComprehensive schools have been accused of grade inflation after a study revealed that Gymnasium senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves at the very bottom of their class and had an average grade of \"Five\", which means \"Failed\". Gesamtschule senior students of a... |
56dc777a14d3a41400c268ae | Which party does Barbara Sommer belong to? | Christian Democratic Union | [
"Comprehensive_school\n\nComprehensive schools have been accused of grade inflation after a study revealed that Gymnasium senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves at the very bottom of their class and had an average grade of \"Five\", which means \"Failed\". Gesamtschule senior students of a... |
56dc777a14d3a41400c268af | Which party does Sigrid Beer belong to? | Alliance '90/The Greens | [
"Comprehensive_school\n\nComprehensive schools have been accused of grade inflation after a study revealed that Gymnasium senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves at the very bottom of their class and had an average grade of \"Five\", which means \"Failed\". Gesamtschule senior students of a... |
56dc784714d3a41400c268b5 | Who could be made vulnerable by the Gasemtschulen? | bright working class students | [
"Comprehensive_school\n\nGesamtschulen might put bright working class students at risk according to several studies. It could be shown that an achievement gap opens between working class students attending a comprehensive and their middle class peers. Also working class students attending a Gymnasium or a Realschul... |
56dc784714d3a41400c268b6 | From what group does an achievement gap separate working class students at comprehensive schools? | middle class peers | [
"Comprehensive_school\n\nGesamtschulen might put bright working class students at risk according to several studies. It could be shown that an achievement gap opens between working class students attending a comprehensive and their middle class peers. Also working class students attending a Gymnasium or a Realschul... |
56dc784714d3a41400c268b7 | At which school do students achieve the least success? | Hauptschule | [
"Comprehensive_school\n\nGesamtschulen might put bright working class students at risk according to several studies. It could be shown that an achievement gap opens between working class students attending a comprehensive and their middle class peers. Also working class students attending a Gymnasium or a Realschul... |
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