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573422a84776f4190066191e | What type of medium is provided for a specific agent in a microbial culture? | growth | [
"Infection\n\nMicrobiological culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease. In a microbial culture, a growth medium is provided for a specific agent. A sample taken from potentially diseased tissue or fluid is then tested for the presence of an infectious agent able to grow within that medium. Mo... |
573422a84776f4190066191f | What are most pathogenic bacteria easily grown on? | nutrient agar | [
"Infection\n\nMicrobiological culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease. In a microbial culture, a growth medium is provided for a specific agent. A sample taken from potentially diseased tissue or fluid is then tested for the presence of an infectious agent able to grow within that medium. Mo... |
573422a84776f41900661920 | What is it called when a visible mound forms on the surface of a plate? | a colony | [
"Infection\n\nMicrobiological culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease. In a microbial culture, a growth medium is provided for a specific agent. A sample taken from potentially diseased tissue or fluid is then tested for the presence of an infectious agent able to grow within that medium. Mo... |
573422a84776f41900661921 | What is a region of dead cells resulting from viral growth called? | a "plaque" | [
"Infection\n\nMicrobiological culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease. In a microbial culture, a growth medium is provided for a specific agent. A sample taken from potentially diseased tissue or fluid is then tested for the presence of an infectious agent able to grow within that medium. Mo... |
573423284776f4190066192d | What are live animals required by? | some microbes | [
"Infection\n\nIn the absence of suitable plate culture techniques, some microbes require culture within live animals. Bacteria such as Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum can be grown in animals, although serological and microscopic techniques make the use of live animals unnecessary. Viruses are also usual... |
573423284776f4190066192e | What can Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum be grown in? | animals | [
"Infection\n\nIn the absence of suitable plate culture techniques, some microbes require culture within live animals. Bacteria such as Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum can be grown in animals, although serological and microscopic techniques make the use of live animals unnecessary. Viruses are also usual... |
573423284776f4190066192f | What type of eggs may some viruses be grown in? | embryonated | [
"Infection\n\nIn the absence of suitable plate culture techniques, some microbes require culture within live animals. Bacteria such as Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum can be grown in animals, although serological and microscopic techniques make the use of live animals unnecessary. Viruses are also usual... |
573423284776f41900661930 | What is Xenodiagnosis? | use of a vector to support the growth of an infectious agent | [
"Infection\n\nIn the absence of suitable plate culture techniques, some microbes require culture within live animals. Bacteria such as Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum can be grown in animals, although serological and microscopic techniques make the use of live animals unnecessary. Viruses are also usual... |
573423294776f41900661931 | What is it difficult to demonstrate the presence of in Chagas disease? | the causative agent | [
"Infection\n\nIn the absence of suitable plate culture techniques, some microbes require culture within live animals. Bacteria such as Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum can be grown in animals, although serological and microscopic techniques make the use of live animals unnecessary. Viruses are also usual... |
573423bed058e614000b69d0 | What is microscopy used for? | diagnosis of infectious disease | [
"Infection\n\nAnother principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is microscopy. Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely, at some point, on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent. Microscopy may be carried out with simple instruments, such as the... |
573423bed058e614000b69d1 | What do virtually all culture techniques rely on at some point? | microscopic examination | [
"Infection\n\nAnother principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is microscopy. Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely, at some point, on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent. Microscopy may be carried out with simple instruments, such as the... |
573423bed058e614000b69d2 | What can samples obtained from patients viewed directly under? | light microscope | [
"Infection\n\nAnother principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is microscopy. Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely, at some point, on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent. Microscopy may be carried out with simple instruments, such as the... |
573423bed058e614000b69d3 | When is microscopy exquisitely specific? | when used in combination with antibody based techniques. | [
"Infection\n\nAnother principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is microscopy. Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely, at some point, on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent. Microscopy may be carried out with simple instruments, such as the... |
573423bed058e614000b69d4 | What can antibodies with artificial fluorescence be directed to do? | bind to and identify a specific antigens present on a pathogen | [
"Infection\n\nAnother principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is microscopy. Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely, at some point, on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent. Microscopy may be carried out with simple instruments, such as the... |
57342435d058e614000b69e4 | What do almost all cells readily stain with? | a number of basic dyes | [
"Infection\n\nOther microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents. Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye. A cell is normally transparent under a microscope... |
57342435d058e614000b69e5 | Why do cells easily stain with dyes? | electrostatic attraction | [
"Infection\n\nOther microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents. Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye. A cell is normally transparent under a microscope... |
57342435d058e614000b69e6 | What electronic charge do cellular molecules have? | negatively charged | [
"Infection\n\nOther microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents. Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye. A cell is normally transparent under a microscope... |
57342435d058e614000b69e7 | What is Geimsa stain? | a dye | [
"Infection\n\nOther microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents. Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye. A cell is normally transparent under a microscope... |
57342435d058e614000b69e8 | How many methods comprise standard approaches used to classify bacteria and diagnose disease? | Two | [
"Infection\n\nOther microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents. Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye. A cell is normally transparent under a microscope... |
5734257c4776f41900661961 | What needs to be isolated from infected tissue to provide a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease? | enzymes | [
"Infection\n\nThe isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections. The a... |
5734257c4776f41900661962 | What enzyme's presence is characteristic of specific types of viral infections? | RNA replicases | [
"Infection\n\nThe isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections. The a... |
5734257c4776f41900661963 | What does the protein hemagglutinin bind together? | red blood cells | [
"Infection\n\nThe isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections. The a... |
5734257c4776f41900661964 | Why are the presence of certain enymzes a tell tale sign of a virus? | humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase | [
"Infection\n\nThe isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections. The a... |
57342628d058e614000b6a0c | What methods are highly sensitive, specifc and rapid tests used to identify microorganisms? | Serological | [
"Infection\n\nSerological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent, is bound by the anti... |
57342628d058e614000b6a0d | What are serological tests based upon the ability of an antibody to do? | bind specifically to an antigen | [
"Infection\n\nSerological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent, is bound by the anti... |
57342628d058e614000b6a0e | What is the antigen bound to by the antibody usually? | a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent | [
"Infection\n\nSerological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent, is bound by the anti... |
57342628d058e614000b6a0f | What does the binding set off that will result in something visibly obvious in various ways? | a chain of events | [
"Infection\n\nSerological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent, is bound by the anti... |
57342628d058e614000b6a10 | What is the causative agent of "strep throat"? | S. pyogenes | [
"Infection\n\nSerological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent, is bound by the anti... |
57342720d058e614000b6a26 | What are immunoassays? | Complex serological techniques | [
"Infection\n\nComplex serological techniques have been developed into what are known as Immunoassays. Immunoassays can use the basic antibody – antigen binding as the basis to produce an electro - magnetic or particle radiation signal, which can be detected by some form of instrumentation. Signal of unknowns can be... |
57342720d058e614000b6a27 | What type of signal do immunoassays produce? | electro - magnetic or particle radiation | [
"Infection\n\nComplex serological techniques have been developed into what are known as Immunoassays. Immunoassays can use the basic antibody – antigen binding as the basis to produce an electro - magnetic or particle radiation signal, which can be detected by some form of instrumentation. Signal of unknowns can be... |
57342720d058e614000b6a28 | What allows quantitation of the target antigen? | unknowns can be compared to that of standards | [
"Infection\n\nComplex serological techniques have been developed into what are known as Immunoassays. Immunoassays can use the basic antibody – antigen binding as the basis to produce an electro - magnetic or particle radiation signal, which can be detected by some form of instrumentation. Signal of unknowns can be... |
57342720d058e614000b6a29 | Immunoassays are able to detect what type of proteins? | generated by an infected organism in response to a foreign agent | [
"Infection\n\nComplex serological techniques have been developed into what are known as Immunoassays. Immunoassays can use the basic antibody – antigen binding as the basis to produce an electro - magnetic or particle radiation signal, which can be detected by some form of instrumentation. Signal of unknowns can be... |
573427ac4776f419006619a5 | What does the acronym PCR expand to? | polymerase chain reaction | [
"Infection\n\nTechnologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future, for several reasons. First, the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human po... |
573427ac4776f419006619a6 | What will be the ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics in the near future? | PCR | [
"Infection\n\nTechnologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future, for several reasons. First, the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human po... |
573427ac4776f419006619a7 | What has the catalog of infectious agents grown to the point of? | virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been identified | [
"Infection\n\nTechnologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future, for several reasons. First, the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human po... |
573427ac4776f419006619a8 | What must an infectious agent do to cause disease? | grow within the human body | [
"Infection\n\nTechnologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future, for several reasons. First, the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human po... |
573427ac4776f419006619a9 | What are primers derived from the genomes of? | infectious agents | [
"Infection\n\nTechnologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future, for several reasons. First, the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human po... |
5734284ad058e614000b6a48 | What technological ability with regards to detection is currently available? | ability to detect any infectious agent | [
"Infection\n\nThus, the technological ability to detect any infectious agent rapidly and specifically are currently available. The only remaining blockades to the use of PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis are in its cost and application, neither of which is insurmountable. The diagnosis of a few diseases will not ... |
5734284ad058e614000b6a49 | What are the remaining blockades to the use or PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis? | cost and application | [
"Infection\n\nThus, the technological ability to detect any infectious agent rapidly and specifically are currently available. The only remaining blockades to the use of PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis are in its cost and application, neither of which is insurmountable. The diagnosis of a few diseases will not ... |
5734284ad058e614000b6a4a | What are some diseases which won't benefit from PCR methods? | clostridial diseases | [
"Infection\n\nThus, the technological ability to detect any infectious agent rapidly and specifically are currently available. The only remaining blockades to the use of PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis are in its cost and application, neither of which is insurmountable. The diagnosis of a few diseases will not ... |
5734284ad058e614000b6a4b | PCR can't detect the presence of any bacteria when what doesn't occur? | significant proliferation of the infectious agent | [
"Infection\n\nThus, the technological ability to detect any infectious agent rapidly and specifically are currently available. The only remaining blockades to the use of PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis are in its cost and application, neither of which is insurmountable. The diagnosis of a few diseases will not ... |
57342ac5d058e614000b6a88 | What is used in the treatment of AIDS? | AZT | [
"Infection\n\nThere is usually an indication for a specific identification of an infectious agent only when such identification can aid in the treatment or prevention of the disease, or to advance knowledge of the course of an illness prior to the development of effective therapeutic or preventative measures. For e... |
57342ac5d058e614000b6a89 | How was the course of AIDS followed? | monitoring the composition of patient blood samples | [
"Infection\n\nThere is usually an indication for a specific identification of an infectious agent only when such identification can aid in the treatment or prevention of the disease, or to advance knowledge of the course of an illness prior to the development of effective therapeutic or preventative measures. For e... |
57342ac5d058e614000b6a8a | What could be done by understanding how the disease was transmitted? | resources could be targeted to the communities at greatest risk | [
"Infection\n\nThere is usually an indication for a specific identification of an infectious agent only when such identification can aid in the treatment or prevention of the disease, or to advance knowledge of the course of an illness prior to the development of effective therapeutic or preventative measures. For e... |
57342ac5d058e614000b6a8b | What did the genotypic identification of HIV later enable? | geographical origins of the virus | [
"Infection\n\nThere is usually an indication for a specific identification of an infectious agent only when such identification can aid in the treatment or prevention of the disease, or to advance knowledge of the course of an illness prior to the development of effective therapeutic or preventative measures. For e... |
57342ac5d058e614000b6a8c | What is now commonly used to identify HIV in healthy people before the onset of the illnes? | Molecular diagnostics | [
"Infection\n\nThere is usually an indication for a specific identification of an infectious agent only when such identification can aid in the treatment or prevention of the disease, or to advance knowledge of the course of an illness prior to the development of effective therapeutic or preventative measures. For e... |
57342b4c4776f419006619e7 | What can wearing gowns and face masks help prevent? | infections from being passed from one person to another | [
"Infection\n\nTechniques like hand washing, wearing gowns, and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another. Frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms. There are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use ... |
57342b4c4776f419006619e8 | What is the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms? | Frequent hand washing | [
"Infection\n\nTechniques like hand washing, wearing gowns, and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another. Frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms. There are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use ... |
57342b4c4776f419006619e9 | Avoiding drugs and using condoms are other forms of what? | prevention | [
"Infection\n\nTechniques like hand washing, wearing gowns, and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another. Frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms. There are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use ... |
57342b4c4776f419006619ea | Why is it important to cook foods well? | prevention | [
"Infection\n\nTechniques like hand washing, wearing gowns, and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another. Frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms. There are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use ... |
57342b4c4776f419006619eb | What should one do with foods that have been left outside for a long time? | avoiding | [
"Infection\n\nTechniques like hand washing, wearing gowns, and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another. Frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms. There are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use ... |
57342c544776f419006619f9 | Recognizing the different characteristics of various diseases is one way to do what? | prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases | [
"Infection\n\nOne of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases. Some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated include virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness. The human stra... |
57342c544776f419006619fa | What are some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated? | virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness | [
"Infection\n\nOne of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases. Some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated include virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness. The human stra... |
57342c544776f419006619fb | What virus' strains incapacitate their victims extremely quickly before killing them? | Ebola | [
"Infection\n\nOne of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases. Some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated include virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness. The human stra... |
57342c544776f419006619fc | Why is the initial stage of Ebola not very contagious? | victims experience only internal hemorrhaging | [
"Infection\n\nOne of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases. Some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated include virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness. The human stra... |
57342c544776f419006619fd | What does the low virulence of HIV allow victims to do? | travel long distances | [
"Infection\n\nOne of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases. Some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated include virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness. The human stra... |
57342d2b4776f41900661a0d | Recognizing the effects of small-world networks allows one to decrease what? | transmission rate of infectious diseases | [
"Infection\n\nAnother effective way to decrease the transmission rate of infectious diseases is to recognize the effects of small-world networks. In epidemics, there are often extensive interactions within hubs or groups of infected individuals and other interactions within discrete hubs of susceptible individuals.... |
57342d2b4776f41900661a0e | What type of interactions happen within groups of infected individuals in epidemics? | extensive interactions | [
"Infection\n\nAnother effective way to decrease the transmission rate of infectious diseases is to recognize the effects of small-world networks. In epidemics, there are often extensive interactions within hubs or groups of infected individuals and other interactions within discrete hubs of susceptible individuals.... |
57342d2b4776f41900661a0f | What is a way of drastically reducing infection rates? | focus is on the prevention of transmission jumps | [
"Infection\n\nAnother effective way to decrease the transmission rate of infectious diseases is to recognize the effects of small-world networks. In epidemics, there are often extensive interactions within hubs or groups of infected individuals and other interactions within discrete hubs of susceptible individuals.... |
57342d2b4776f41900661a10 | What is an example of a success implementation of preventing transmission jumps? | needle exchange programs in areas with a high density of drug users | [
"Infection\n\nAnother effective way to decrease the transmission rate of infectious diseases is to recognize the effects of small-world networks. In epidemics, there are often extensive interactions within hubs or groups of infected individuals and other interactions within discrete hubs of susceptible individuals.... |
57342d2b4776f41900661a11 | When was vaccination used to prevent the spread of the foot-and-mouth virus? | 2001 | [
"Infection\n\nAnother effective way to decrease the transmission rate of infectious diseases is to recognize the effects of small-world networks. In epidemics, there are often extensive interactions within hubs or groups of infected individuals and other interactions within discrete hubs of susceptible individuals.... |
57342dcc4776f41900661a21 | What is resistance to infection known technically as? | immunity | [
"Infection\n\nResistance to infection (immunity) may be acquired following a disease, by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen, by harboring an organism with a similar structure (crossreacting), or by vaccination. Knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for pr... |
57342dcc4776f41900661a22 | When may immunity be acquired? | following a disease | [
"Infection\n\nResistance to infection (immunity) may be acquired following a disease, by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen, by harboring an organism with a similar structure (crossreacting), or by vaccination. Knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for pr... |
57342dcc4776f41900661a23 | What is knowledge of protective antigens more complete for? | primary pathogens | [
"Infection\n\nResistance to infection (immunity) may be acquired following a disease, by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen, by harboring an organism with a similar structure (crossreacting), or by vaccination. Knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for pr... |
57342dcc4776f41900661a24 | What does herd immunity offer to vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity? | a measure of protection | [
"Infection\n\nResistance to infection (immunity) may be acquired following a disease, by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen, by harboring an organism with a similar structure (crossreacting), or by vaccination. Knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for pr... |
57342dcc4776f41900661a25 | Vaccination is a way in which what may be acquired? | immunity | [
"Infection\n\nResistance to infection (immunity) may be acquired following a disease, by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen, by harboring an organism with a similar structure (crossreacting), or by vaccination. Knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for pr... |
57342eb44776f41900661a2b | What can the clearance of pathogens be influenced by in an individual? | genetic variants | [
"Infection\n\nThe clearance of the pathogens, either treatment-induced or spontaneous, it can be influenced by the genetic variants carried by the individual patients. For instance, for genotype 1 hepatitis C treated with Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a or Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b (brand names Pegasys or PEG-Int... |
57342eb44776f41900661a2c | What is the brand name Pegasys for? | Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b | [
"Infection\n\nThe clearance of the pathogens, either treatment-induced or spontaneous, it can be influenced by the genetic variants carried by the individual patients. For instance, for genotype 1 hepatitis C treated with Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a or Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b (brand names Pegasys or PEG-Int... |
57342eb44776f41900661a2d | What are patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene more likely to achieve? | sustained virological response | [
"Infection\n\nThe clearance of the pathogens, either treatment-induced or spontaneous, it can be influenced by the genetic variants carried by the individual patients. For instance, for genotype 1 hepatitis C treated with Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a or Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b (brand names Pegasys or PEG-Int... |
57342f81d058e614000b6ab8 | What type of drugs can suppress an infection when it attacks the body? | anti-infective | [
"Infection\n\nWhen infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic; including antitubercular), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic (including antipro... |
57342f81d058e614000b6ab9 | How many broad types of anti-infective drugs exist? | Several | [
"Infection\n\nWhen infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic; including antitubercular), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic (including antipro... |
57342f81d058e614000b6aba | What depends on the method an antibiotic is given? | severity and the type of infection | [
"Infection\n\nWhen infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic; including antitubercular), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic (including antipro... |
57342f81d058e614000b6abb | How are severe infections of the brain usually treated? | with intravenous antibiotics | [
"Infection\n\nWhen infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic; including antitubercular), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic (including antipro... |
57342f81d058e614000b6abc | How do antibiotics work? | slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria | [
"Infection\n\nWhen infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic; including antitubercular), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic (including antipro... |
57342fe6d058e614000b6ac2 | What are the top three killer diseases? | HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria | [
"Infection\n\nThe top three single agent/disease killers are HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria. While the number of deaths due to nearly every disease have decreased, deaths due to HIV/AIDS have increased fourfold. Childhood diseases include pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus. Children also make up a ... |
57342fe6d058e614000b6ac3 | How much have deaths due to HIV/AIDS increased? | fourfold | [
"Infection\n\nThe top three single agent/disease killers are HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria. While the number of deaths due to nearly every disease have decreased, deaths due to HIV/AIDS have increased fourfold. Childhood diseases include pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus. Children also make up a ... |
57342fe6d058e614000b6ac4 | What are some popular childhood diseases? | pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus | [
"Infection\n\nThe top three single agent/disease killers are HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria. While the number of deaths due to nearly every disease have decreased, deaths due to HIV/AIDS have increased fourfold. Childhood diseases include pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus. Children also make up a ... |
57342fe6d058e614000b6ac5 | Who makes up a large percentage of diarrheal deaths? | Children | [
"Infection\n\nThe top three single agent/disease killers are HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria. While the number of deaths due to nearly every disease have decreased, deaths due to HIV/AIDS have increased fourfold. Childhood diseases include pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus. Children also make up a ... |
57342fe6d058e614000b6ac6 | What is the number 4 leading cause of death in the world? | lower respiratory infections | [
"Infection\n\nThe top three single agent/disease killers are HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria. While the number of deaths due to nearly every disease have decreased, deaths due to HIV/AIDS have increased fourfold. Childhood diseases include pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus. Children also make up a ... |
57343074d058e614000b6acc | What medical field does the treatment of infectious diseases fall into? | field of Infectious Disease | [
"Infection\n\nThe medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of Infectious Disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of Epidemiology. Generally, infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists. For example, an \... |
57343074d058e614000b6acd | Disease propagation can fall under the purview of what field of study? | Epidemiology | [
"Infection\n\nThe medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of Infectious Disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of Epidemiology. Generally, infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists. For example, an \... |
57343074d058e614000b6ace | Who tends to initially diagnose an infection? | primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists | [
"Infection\n\nThe medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of Infectious Disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of Epidemiology. Generally, infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists. For example, an \... |
57343074d058e614000b6acf | What is the non-medical mumbo jumbo term for pulmonologist? | lung physician | [
"Infection\n\nThe medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of Infectious Disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of Epidemiology. Generally, infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists. For example, an \... |
57343074d058e614000b6ad0 | Who works with both patients and general practitioners to identify a disease? | infectious diseases specialist | [
"Infection\n\nThe medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of Infectious Disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of Epidemiology. Generally, infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists. For example, an \... |
573431514776f41900661a3b | What have a number of studies found a correlation between? | pathogen load in an area and human behavior | [
"Infection\n\nA number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen transmi... |
573431514776f41900661a3c | What is higher pathogen load associated with? | decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area | [
"Infection\n\nA number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen transmi... |
573431514776f41900661a3d | What does avoidance of other groups reduce? | pathogen transmission | [
"Infection\n\nA number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen transmi... |
573431514776f41900661a3e | What does more restricted sexual behavior result in? | Higher pathogen load | [
"Infection\n\nA number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen transmi... |
573431514776f41900661a3f | What may poor socioeconomic factors ultimately in part be due to? | high pathogen load preventing economic development. | [
"Infection\n\nA number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen transmi... |
57343210d058e614000b6ae0 | What profession finds evidence of infection in fossil remains to be interesting? | paleopathologists | [
"Infection\n\nEvidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists, scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms. Signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs. When present, however, these infections seem to tend to... |
57343210d058e614000b6ae1 | What do paleopathologists study? | occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms | [
"Infection\n\nEvidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists, scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms. Signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs. When present, however, these infections seem to tend to... |
57343210d058e614000b6ae2 | What has been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs? | Signs of infection | [
"Infection\n\nEvidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists, scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms. Signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs. When present, however, these infections seem to tend to... |
57343210d058e614000b6ae3 | What dinosaur's skull had pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone? | Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis | [
"Infection\n\nEvidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists, scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms. Signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs. When present, however, these infections seem to tend to... |
57343210d058e614000b6ae4 | How did tyrannosaurs become infected? | being bitten during a fight | [
"Infection\n\nEvidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists, scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms. Signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs. When present, however, these infections seem to tend to... |
573443cb879d6814001ca423 | What is the practice of killing or trapping any animal? | Hunting | [
"Hunting\n\nHunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal, or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so. Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food, recreation, to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals, or for trade. In the 2010s, la... |
573443cb879d6814001ca424 | Why do humans most commonly hunt wildlife? | food | [
"Hunting\n\nHunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal, or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so. Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food, recreation, to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals, or for trade. In the 2010s, la... |
573443cb879d6814001ca425 | What is there a distinction between lawful hunting and? | poaching | [
"Hunting\n\nHunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal, or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so. Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food, recreation, to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals, or for trade. In the 2010s, la... |
573443cb879d6814001ca426 | What is poaching? | illegal killing, trapping or capture of the hunted species | [
"Hunting\n\nHunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal, or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so. Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food, recreation, to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals, or for trade. In the 2010s, la... |
573443cb879d6814001ca427 | What is the species which is hunted referred to as? | prey | [
"Hunting\n\nHunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal, or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so. Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food, recreation, to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals, or for trade. In the 2010s, la... |
5735ab1adc94161900571efd | What is the practice of killing or trapping any animal called? | Hunting | [
"Hunting\n\nHunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal, or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so. Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food, recreation, to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals, or for trade. In the 2010s, la... |
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