id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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56de7066cffd8e1900b4b8cd | What term did Irenaeus use to describe the Christian community's ideologies? | orthodox | [
"Heresy\n\nThe use of the word \"heresy\" was given wide currency by Irenaeus in his 2nd century tract Contra Haereses (Against Heresies) to describe and discredit his opponents during the early centuries of the Christian community.[citation needed] He described the community's beliefs and doctrines as orthodox (fr... |
56de7066cffd8e1900b4b8cf | What concept did Irenaeus cite to help support his arguments? | apostolic succession | [
"Heresy\n\nThe use of the word \"heresy\" was given wide currency by Irenaeus in his 2nd century tract Contra Haereses (Against Heresies) to describe and discredit his opponents during the early centuries of the Christian community.[citation needed] He described the community's beliefs and doctrines as orthodox (fr... |
56de708f4396321400ee28df | Who was the first Roman Emporor that was baptized? | Constantine the Great | [
"Heresy\n\nConstantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the \"Edict of Milan\", and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the Col... |
56de708f4396321400ee28e0 | What did Constantine the Great and Licinius pass to introduce toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire? | Edict of Milan | [
"Heresy\n\nConstantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the \"Edict of Milan\", and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the Col... |
56de708f4396321400ee28e1 | What was the high priest in the College of Pontiffs called? | Pontifex Maximus | [
"Heresy\n\nConstantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the \"Edict of Milan\", and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the Col... |
56de708f4396321400ee28e2 | What were the meetings called that were hosted by Constantine that helped enforce orthodoxy by Imperial authority? | the ecumenical councils | [
"Heresy\n\nConstantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the \"Edict of Milan\", and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the Col... |
56de70a8cffd8e1900b4b8dc | In what year was the first usage of the term heresy in a legal context? | AD 380 | [
"Heresy\n\nThe first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what ... |
56de70a8cffd8e1900b4b8dd | Who intitiated Christianity to be a state church of the Roman Empire? | Thessalonica of Theodosius I | [
"Heresy\n\nThe first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what ... |
56de70a8cffd8e1900b4b8de | What was the church lacking before the edict that would allow them to legally counter heresy? | state-sponsored support | [
"Heresy\n\nThe first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what ... |
56de70a8cffd8e1900b4b8df | What did church authorities gain as a result of this edict? | state powers of legal enforcement | [
"Heresy\n\nThe first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what ... |
56de70a8cffd8e1900b4b8e0 | What punishment is cited as church authorities being able to exact on individuals perceived as heretics? | death sentence | [
"Heresy\n\nThe first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what ... |
56de70e54396321400ee28e7 | Who was the first Christian individual to be sentenced to death by the church for heresy in Rome? | Priscillian | [
"Heresy\n\nWithin six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan... |
56de70e54396321400ee28e8 | What happened to the people that sentenced Priscillian to death? | excommunicated | [
"Heresy\n\nWithin six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan... |
56de70e54396321400ee28e9 | What religion is an example of Protestants killing for conviction of heresy after the Reformation? | Catholics | [
"Heresy\n\nWithin six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan... |
56de70e54396321400ee28ea | Who was the last known person to be sentenced to death for the crime of heresy by the Roman Catholic Church? | Cayetano Ripoll | [
"Heresy\n\nWithin six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan... |
56de70e54396321400ee28eb | From what passage is cited as being one of the first known examples of using the word heresy? | Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter | [
"Heresy\n\nWithin six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan... |
56de71014396321400ee28f1 | What is thought of to spiritually cut one off from the Church even before excommunication? | obstinate and willful manifest heresy | [
"Heresy\n\nIn the Roman Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The Codex Justinianus (1:5:12) defines \"everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith\" a heretic. Th... |
56de71014396321400ee28f2 | What book gives the definition of a heretic as anyone that does not follow the Catholic Church or the orthodox holy faith? | The Codex Justinianus | [
"Heresy\n\nIn the Roman Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The Codex Justinianus (1:5:12) defines \"everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith\" a heretic. Th... |
56de71014396321400ee28f3 | What groups are cited as being considered heretical by the Church before the 11th century? | Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism | [
"Heresy\n\nIn the Roman Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The Codex Justinianus (1:5:12) defines \"everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith\" a heretic. Th... |
56de71014396321400ee28f4 | What group moved westward to give rise to the famous 11th and 12th century heresy in western Europe? | Paulicians | [
"Heresy\n\nIn the Roman Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The Codex Justinianus (1:5:12) defines \"everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith\" a heretic. Th... |
56de71014396321400ee28f5 | What groups began to appear in northern Italy and southern France during the 11th century? | Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars | [
"Heresy\n\nIn the Roman Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The Codex Justinianus (1:5:12) defines \"everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith\" a heretic. Th... |
56de71114396321400ee28fb | In what country did the Cathars grow to represent a popular movement? | France | [
"Heresy\n\nIn France the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement and the belief was spreading to other areas. The Cathar Crusade was initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in Languedoc. Heresy was a major justification for the Inquisition (Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis, I... |
56de71114396321400ee28fc | What was started by the Roman Catholic Church to dispense of the Cathars in Languedoc? | The Cathar Crusade | [
"Heresy\n\nIn France the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement and the belief was spreading to other areas. The Cathar Crusade was initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in Languedoc. Heresy was a major justification for the Inquisition (Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis, I... |
56de71114396321400ee28fd | What was a major reason and justification for the Europian wars of religion? | Heresy | [
"Heresy\n\nIn France the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement and the belief was spreading to other areas. The Cathar Crusade was initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in Languedoc. Heresy was a major justification for the Inquisition (Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis, I... |
56de7126cffd8e1900b4b8e8 | Who was brought before the Inquisition for heresy but renounced his beliefs and thus remained under house arrest for life? | Galileo Galilei | [
"Heresy\n\nGalileo Galilei was brought before the Inquisition for heresy, but abjured his views and was sentenced to house arrest, under which he spent the rest of his life. Galileo was found \"vehemently suspect of heresy\", namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the unive... |
56de7126cffd8e1900b4b8e9 | What belief did Galileo have at the time that appeared to be extremely heretical to the church? | the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe | [
"Heresy\n\nGalileo Galilei was brought before the Inquisition for heresy, but abjured his views and was sentenced to house arrest, under which he spent the rest of his life. Galileo was found \"vehemently suspect of heresy\", namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the unive... |
56de71424396321400ee2901 | Who denounced Jewish People in many of his writings? | Pope St. Gregory | [
"Heresy\n\nPope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: \"The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews.\" He labeled all heresy as \"Jewish\", claiming that Judaism would \"pollute [C... |
56de71424396321400ee2902 | What were the Jews described as enemies of? | Christ | [
"Heresy\n\nPope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: \"The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews.\" He labeled all heresy as \"Jewish\", claiming that Judaism would \"pollute [C... |
56de71424396321400ee2903 | According to Pope St. Gregory what religion must you be in order to be a heretic? | Jewish | [
"Heresy\n\nPope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: \"The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews.\" He labeled all heresy as \"Jewish\", claiming that Judaism would \"pollute [C... |
56de71424396321400ee2904 | In what culture of law were Jews and heretics often lumped together? | Roman-Christian law | [
"Heresy\n\nPope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: \"The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews.\" He labeled all heresy as \"Jewish\", claiming that Judaism would \"pollute [C... |
56de717acffd8e1900b4b8ee | What area of Christianity commonly cited the first seven Ecumenical Councils in regards to heresy? | Eastern Christianity | [
"Heresy\n\nIn Eastern Christianity heresy most commonly refers to those beliefs declared heretical by the first seven Ecumenical Councils.[citation needed] Since the Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation, various Christian churches have also used the concept in proceedings against individuals and groups those... |
56de717acffd8e1900b4b8ef | After what two events did various Christian churches also begin using the first seven Ecumenical Councils to identify heresy? | Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation | [
"Heresy\n\nIn Eastern Christianity heresy most commonly refers to those beliefs declared heretical by the first seven Ecumenical Councils.[citation needed] Since the Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation, various Christian churches have also used the concept in proceedings against individuals and groups those... |
56de717acffd8e1900b4b8f0 | What beginning Christian heresies did the Orthodox Church also reject during this time? | Arianism, Gnosticism, Origenism, Montanism, Judaizers, Marcionism, Docetism, Adoptionism, Nestorianism, Monophysitism, Monothelitism and Iconoclasm | [
"Heresy\n\nIn Eastern Christianity heresy most commonly refers to those beliefs declared heretical by the first seven Ecumenical Councils.[citation needed] Since the Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation, various Christian churches have also used the concept in proceedings against individuals and groups those... |
56de719ccffd8e1900b4b8f4 | What is the work called that Martin Luther created regarding Jews and heresy? | "On the Jews and Their Lies" | [
"Heresy\n\nIn his work \"On the Jews and Their Lies\" (1543), German Reformation leader Martin Luther claims that Jewish history was \"assailed by much heresy\", and that Christ the logos swept away the Jewish heresy and goes on to do so, \"as it still does daily before our eyes.\" He stigmatizes Jewish Prayer as b... |
56de719ccffd8e1900b4b8f5 | What term does Luther assign to the practice of Jewish Prayer? | blasphemous | [
"Heresy\n\nIn his work \"On the Jews and Their Lies\" (1543), German Reformation leader Martin Luther claims that Jewish history was \"assailed by much heresy\", and that Christ the logos swept away the Jewish heresy and goes on to do so, \"as it still does daily before our eyes.\" He stigmatizes Jewish Prayer as b... |
56de719ccffd8e1900b4b8f7 | What is said to be a special spiritual problem? | Jewish circumcision | [
"Heresy\n\nIn his work \"On the Jews and Their Lies\" (1543), German Reformation leader Martin Luther claims that Jewish history was \"assailed by much heresy\", and that Christ the logos swept away the Jewish heresy and goes on to do so, \"as it still does daily before our eyes.\" He stigmatizes Jewish Prayer as b... |
56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b8fc | What event in England during the 16th century had an outcome of many deaths for heresy? | European Reformation | [
"Heresy\n\nIn England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offence... |
56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b8fd | During what king's reign did 60 Protestants die for heresy? | Henry VIII | [
"Heresy\n\nIn England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offence... |
56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b8fe | What two notable figures are cited to have perished for refusing to give up the Church in England? | Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher | [
"Heresy\n\nIn England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offence... |
56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b8ff | Under which king were the heresy laws repealed in 1547? | Edward VI | [
"Heresy\n\nIn England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offence... |
56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b900 | In what year was the last known person sentenced to death in England for heresy? | 1612 | [
"Heresy\n\nIn England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offence... |
56de71ee4396321400ee2911 | During which years did the execution of the Boston martyrs take place? | 1659, 1660, and 1661 | [
"Heresy\n\nAnother example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At... |
56de71ee4396321400ee2912 | Which group was responsible for the deaths of the Boston martyrs? | Anglican Puritans | [
"Heresy\n\nAnother example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At... |
56de71ee4396321400ee2913 | What goal is cited as the reason these killings took place? | purer absolute theocracy | [
"Heresy\n\nAnother example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At... |
56de71ee4396321400ee2914 | What rival group did the Anglican Puritans want purged from their area? | Quaker sect | [
"Heresy\n\nAnother example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At... |
56de71ee4396321400ee2915 | Which two groups viewed the Puritans themselves as nothing more than heresy? | Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox | [
"Heresy\n\nAnother example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At... |
56de71ffcffd8e1900b4b906 | What year did the deaths of heretics under Christianity come to an end? | 1826 | [
"Heresy\n\nThe era of mass persecution and execution of heretics under the banner of Christianity came to an end in 1826 with the last execution of a \"heretic\", Cayetano Ripoll, by the Catholic Inquisition."
] |
56de71ffcffd8e1900b4b907 | Who was the last heretic put to death under the Catholic Inquisition? | Cayetano Ripoll | [
"Heresy\n\nThe era of mass persecution and execution of heretics under the banner of Christianity came to an end in 1826 with the last execution of a \"heretic\", Cayetano Ripoll, by the Catholic Inquisition."
] |
56de722fcffd8e1900b4b90a | Under which religion do charges of heresy still occur in modern times? | Christian | [
"Heresy\n\nAlthough less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the Catholic Church, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes... |
56de722fcffd8e1900b4b90b | Which religion is cited as having problems with modern biblical criticism? | Protestant | [
"Heresy\n\nAlthough less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the Catholic Church, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes... |
56de722fcffd8e1900b4b90c | What belief of the Catholic Church criticizes writings without using the word heresy? | Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith | [
"Heresy\n\nAlthough less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the Catholic Church, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes... |
56de723e4396321400ee291b | What event is stated as a reason why the word heretic is used less often in modern times? | Spanish inquisition | [
"Heresy\n\nPerhaps due to the many modern negative connotations associated with the term heretic, such as the Spanish inquisition, the term is used less often today. The subject of Christian heresy opens up broader questions as to who has a monopoly on spiritual truth, as explored by Jorge Luis Borges in the short ... |
56de723e4396321400ee291c | Who was the author of the short story "The Theologians"? | Jorge Luis Borges | [
"Heresy\n\nPerhaps due to the many modern negative connotations associated with the term heretic, such as the Spanish inquisition, the term is used less often today. The subject of Christian heresy opens up broader questions as to who has a monopoly on spiritual truth, as explored by Jorge Luis Borges in the short ... |
56de723e4396321400ee291d | What subject does the question of who has a monopoly on spiritual truth regard? | Christian heresy | [
"Heresy\n\nPerhaps due to the many modern negative connotations associated with the term heretic, such as the Spanish inquisition, the term is used less often today. The subject of Christian heresy opens up broader questions as to who has a monopoly on spiritual truth, as explored by Jorge Luis Borges in the short ... |
56de7251cffd8e1900b4b910 | What group did Sultan Selim the Grim label as heretics? | Shia Qizilbash | [
"Heresy\n\nOttoman Sultan Selim the Grim, regarded the Shia Qizilbash as heretics, reportedly proclaimed that \"the killing of one Shiite had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians.\""
] |
56de7251cffd8e1900b4b911 | What number of Christians did Selim the Grim equate to the killing of one Shiite? | 70 | [
"Heresy\n\nOttoman Sultan Selim the Grim, regarded the Shia Qizilbash as heretics, reportedly proclaimed that \"the killing of one Shiite had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians.\""
] |
56de725c4396321400ee2921 | What type of law is still in practice in which heresy results in execution? | Sharia law | [
"Heresy\n\nIn some modern day nations and regions in which Sharia law is ostensibly practiced, heresy remains an offense punishable by death. One example is the 1989 fatwa issued by the government of Iran, offering a substantial bounty for anyone who succeeds in the assassination of author Salman Rushdie, whose wri... |
56de725c4396321400ee2922 | What author was declared a heretic and had a bounty placed on his head by the government of Iran? | Salman Rushdie | [
"Heresy\n\nIn some modern day nations and regions in which Sharia law is ostensibly practiced, heresy remains an offense punishable by death. One example is the 1989 fatwa issued by the government of Iran, offering a substantial bounty for anyone who succeeds in the assassination of author Salman Rushdie, whose wri... |
56de7280cffd8e1900b4b914 | What does Orthodox Judaism regard Jews who depart from traditional practices as? | heretical | [
"Heresy\n\nOrthodox Judaism considers views on the part of Jews who depart from traditional Jewish principles of faith heretical. In addition, the more right-wing groups within Orthodox Judaism hold that all Jews who reject the simple meaning of Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith are heretics. As such, most... |
56de7280cffd8e1900b4b915 | What alignment within Orthodox Judaism view individuals as heretics that reject Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith? | right-wing groups | [
"Heresy\n\nOrthodox Judaism considers views on the part of Jews who depart from traditional Jewish principles of faith heretical. In addition, the more right-wing groups within Orthodox Judaism hold that all Jews who reject the simple meaning of Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith are heretics. As such, most... |
56de7280cffd8e1900b4b917 | Which wing of Orthodox Judaism is stated as having a more tolerant view of Conservative Judaism? | The liberal wing | [
"Heresy\n\nOrthodox Judaism considers views on the part of Jews who depart from traditional Jewish principles of faith heretical. In addition, the more right-wing groups within Orthodox Judaism hold that all Jews who reject the simple meaning of Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith are heretics. As such, most... |
56de728f4396321400ee2925 | What term is used for the act of using Church of Scientology techniques in contrast to what Hubbard envisioned? | squirreling | [
"Heresy\n\nThe act of using Church of Scientology techniques in a form different than originally described by Hubbard is referred to within Scientology as \"squirreling\" and is said by Scientologists to be high treason. The Religious Technology Center has prosecuted breakaway groups that have practiced Scientology... |
56de728f4396321400ee2926 | What institution has prosecuted groups that practice outside the official Church without permission? | The Religious Technology Center | [
"Heresy\n\nThe act of using Church of Scientology techniques in a form different than originally described by Hubbard is referred to within Scientology as \"squirreling\" and is said by Scientologists to be high treason. The Religious Technology Center has prosecuted breakaway groups that have practiced Scientology... |
56de739f4396321400ee2929 | What must be welcomed in areas for the term do be perceived as complimentary? | innovation | [
"Heresy\n\nIn other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered here... |
56de739f4396321400ee292a | What did Isaac Asimov consider heresy as? | an abstraction | [
"Heresy\n\nIn other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered here... |
56de739f4396321400ee292c | Which type of heresy is the scientific community well equipped to defend itself against? | endoheretics | [
"Heresy\n\nIn other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered here... |
56de739f4396321400ee292d | What has heresy within the scientific community repeatedly become? | orthodoxy | [
"Heresy\n\nIn other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered here... |
56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b92c | What is the title of the book published by Robert T. Bakker regarding mainstream opinion of dinosaurs? | The Dinosaur Heresies | [
"Heresy\n\nThe revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. \"I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orth... |
56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b92d | What criticism did Robert T. Bakker share about the paleontologist community regarding the last fifty years? | the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough | [
"Heresy\n\nThe revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. \"I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orth... |
56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b92e | What film did Robert T. Bakker's book reportedly influence? | Jurassic Park | [
"Heresy\n\nThe revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. \"I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orth... |
56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b92f | What type of poses did the book's illustrations portray dinosaurs as? | active poses | [
"Heresy\n\nThe revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. \"I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orth... |
56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b930 | What label is associated with Robert T. Bakker as a result of his work? | endoheretic | [
"Heresy\n\nThe revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. \"I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orth... |
56de73eb4396321400ee2933 | What label is associated with Immanuel Velikovsky due to his works outside the accepted discipline? | exoheretic | [
"Heresy\n\nImmanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of catastrophic change (extinction event and punctuated equilibrium) ha... |
56de73eb4396321400ee2934 | What medium did Immanuel Velikovsky not publish his works in that is accepted practice? | scientific journals | [
"Heresy\n\nImmanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of catastrophic change (extinction event and punctuated equilibrium) ha... |
56de73eb4396321400ee2935 | What two examples of ideas from Immanuel Velikovsky are stated as to have gained some acceptance? | extinction event and punctuated equilibrium | [
"Heresy\n\nImmanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of catastrophic change (extinction event and punctuated equilibrium) ha... |
56de73fbcffd8e1900b4b936 | By definition, what contrast does heresy depend on? | an established orthodoxy | [
"Heresy\n\nThe term heresy is also used as an ideological pigeonhole for contemporary writers because, by definition, heresy depends on contrasts with an established orthodoxy. For example, the tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage of heresy, such as to categorize a \"Wall Street heresy\" a \"Democratic heresy\" or a ... |
56de73fbcffd8e1900b4b937 | What figure of speech is the word heresy commonly used as in present day scenarios? | metaphors | [
"Heresy\n\nThe term heresy is also used as an ideological pigeonhole for contemporary writers because, by definition, heresy depends on contrasts with an established orthodoxy. For example, the tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage of heresy, such as to categorize a \"Wall Street heresy\" a \"Democratic heresy\" or a ... |
56de82f5cffd8e1900b4b9b2 | In which year was the Warsaw Pact established? | 1955 | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nThe Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The War... |
56de82f5cffd8e1900b4b9b3 | Which nation formed the nucleus of the Warsaw Pact? | Soviet Union | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nThe Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The War... |
56de82f5cffd8e1900b4b9b4 | Which conflict was the impetus for the formation of the Pact? | the Cold War | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nThe Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The War... |
56deff93c65bf219000b3eb7 | How many Soviet allied countries were members of the Warsaw Pact? | seven | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nThe Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The War... |
56deff93c65bf219000b3eb8 | The acceptance of which country into NATO prompted the formation of the Warsaw Pact? | West Germany | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nThe Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The War... |
56de83744396321400ee29bf | Which organization was in direct competition with the Warsaw Pact? | NATO | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nWhile the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respect... |
56de83744396321400ee29c0 | Which nation saw the most significant Warsaw Pact military deployment? | Czechoslovakia | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nWhile the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respect... |
56de83744396321400ee29c1 | What was the name of the Polish revolutionary movement which the Warsaw Pact failed to suppress? | Solidarity | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nWhile the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respect... |
56deffef3277331400b4d87d | Which country saw the largest Warsaw Pact deployment? | Czechoslovakia | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nWhile the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respect... |
56deffef3277331400b4d87e | In which year did the Warsaw Pact cease to function effectively? | 1989 | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nWhile the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respect... |
56deffef3277331400b4d87f | What was the name of the Polish labor movement which successfully defied the Warsaw Pact? | Solidarity | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nWhile the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respect... |
56de83e34396321400ee29c6 | In which country did the Warsaw Pact dissolution meeting take place? | Hungary | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nOn 25 February 1991, the Pact was declared at an end at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from the remaining member states meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally declared an end to the Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Co-operation, and ... |
56df006ec65bf219000b3ec0 | Who was the president of Czechoslovakia during the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact? | Václav Havel | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nOn 25 February 1991, the Pact was declared at an end at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from the remaining member states meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally declared an end to the Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Co-operation, and ... |
56de848fcffd8e1900b4b9d0 | Despite being headquartered in Poland, the top-ranking operatives of the Warsaw Pact were from which country? | the USSR | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nThe Warsaw Treaty's organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed For... |
56df00c33277331400b4d88d | Which nation was in effective control of both political and military functions of the Warsaw Pact? | the USSR | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nThe Warsaw Treaty's organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed For... |
56de8542cffd8e1900b4b9d8 | Which ideologies did the Soviet Union aspire to lead around the globe? | socialism and communism | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nThe strategy behind the formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by the desire of the Soviet Union to dominate Central and Eastern Europe. This policy was driven by ideological and geostrategic reasons. Ideologically, the Soviet Union arrogated the right to define socialism and communism and act as t... |
56de8542cffd8e1900b4b9d9 | Which Soviet leader formed doctrine aimed at keeping socialist satellite nations in line? | Brezhnev | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nThe strategy behind the formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by the desire of the Soviet Union to dominate Central and Eastern Europe. This policy was driven by ideological and geostrategic reasons. Ideologically, the Soviet Union arrogated the right to define socialism and communism and act as t... |
56de8542cffd8e1900b4b9da | The Soviet Union feared invasion from which potential enemy? | Western Europe | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nThe strategy behind the formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by the desire of the Soviet Union to dominate Central and Eastern Europe. This policy was driven by ideological and geostrategic reasons. Ideologically, the Soviet Union arrogated the right to define socialism and communism and act as t... |
56df02483277331400b4d8a1 | The formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by fears of which country rearming itself? | West Germany | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nBefore creation of Warsaw Pact, fearing Germany rearmed, Czechoslovak leadership sought to create security pact with East Germany and Poland. These states protested strongly against re-militarization of West Germany. The Warsaw Pact was primarily put in place as a consequence of the rearming of West... |
56df02483277331400b4d8a2 | Which country sought NATO admission in response to the fear of German rearmament? | the USSR | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nBefore creation of Warsaw Pact, fearing Germany rearmed, Czechoslovak leadership sought to create security pact with East Germany and Poland. These states protested strongly against re-militarization of West Germany. The Warsaw Pact was primarily put in place as a consequence of the rearming of West... |
56df03473277331400b4d8ab | Who was the Soviet minister who proposed German reunification? | Molotov | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nThe Soviet request to join NATO arose in the aftermath of the Berlin Conference of January–February 1954. Soviet foreign minister Molotov made proposals to have Germany reunified and elections for a pan-German government, under conditions of withdrawal of the four powers armies and German neutrality... |
56df03473277331400b4d8ac | When was reunification first proposed as an idea? | 1952 | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nThe Soviet request to join NATO arose in the aftermath of the Berlin Conference of January–February 1954. Soviet foreign minister Molotov made proposals to have Germany reunified and elections for a pan-German government, under conditions of withdrawal of the four powers armies and German neutrality... |
56df047bc65bf219000b3edf | The omission of which nation from involvement in the proposed security system led to its NATO opposition? | the USA | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nOne month later, the proposed European Treaty was rejected not only by supporters of the EDC but also by western opponents of the European Defense Community (like French Gaullist leader Palewski) who perceived it as \"unacceptable in its present form because it excludes the USA from participation in... |
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