id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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56df0af2c65bf219000b3ef3 | Who was the general who spoke out against the USSR joining NATO? | Hastings Ismay | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nAgain all proposals, including the request to join NATO, were rejected by UK, US, and French governments shortly after. Emblematic was the position of British General Hastings Ismay, supporter of NATO expansion, who said that NATO \"must grow until the whole free world gets under one umbrella.\" He ... |
56df0af2c65bf219000b3ef4 | To what did the British general compare the USSR in his opposition to their joining NATO? | burglar | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nAgain all proposals, including the request to join NATO, were rejected by UK, US, and French governments shortly after. Emblematic was the position of British General Hastings Ismay, supporter of NATO expansion, who said that NATO \"must grow until the whole free world gets under one umbrella.\" He ... |
56df0bf73277331400b4d919 | In what year did Konrad Adenauer first visit the United States? | 1954 | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nIn April 1954 Adenauer made his first visit to the USA meeting Nixon, Eisenhower and Dulles. Ratification of EDC was delaying but the US representatives made it clear to Adenauer that EDC would have to become a part of NATO."
] |
56df114cc65bf219000b3f1d | Which NATO country feared a unified and rearmed Germany? | France | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nMemories of the Nazi occupation were still strong, and the rearmament of Germany was feared by France too. On 30 August 1954 French Parliament rejected the EDC, thus ensuring its failure and blocking a major objective of US policy towards Europe: to associate Germany militarily with the West. The US... |
56df11aac65bf219000b3f1f | In which year was West Germany admitted to NATO? | 1954 | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nOn 23 October 1954 – only nine years after Allies (UK, USA and USSR) defeated Nazi Germany ending World War II in Europe – the admission of the Federal Republic of Germany to the North Atlantic Pact was finally decided. The incorporation of West Germany into the organization on 9 May 1955 was descri... |
56df11aac65bf219000b3f20 | Halvard Lange was a minister of which NATO member? | Norway | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nOn 23 October 1954 – only nine years after Allies (UK, USA and USSR) defeated Nazi Germany ending World War II in Europe – the admission of the Federal Republic of Germany to the North Atlantic Pact was finally decided. The incorporation of West Germany into the organization on 9 May 1955 was descri... |
56df12383277331400b4d93e | In which month of 1955 was this pact declared? | May | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nOn 14 May 1955, the USSR and other seven European countries \"reaffirming their desire for the establishment of a system of European collective security based on the participation of all European states irrespective of their social and political systems\" established the Warsaw Pact in response to t... |
56df12853277331400b4d94f | Which nation was permitted rearmament by the foundation of the Warsaw Pact? | East Germany | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nOne of the founding members, East Germany was allowed to re-arm by the Soviet Union and the National People's Army was established as the armed forces of the country to counter the rearmament of West Germany."
] |
56df12853277331400b4d950 | What was the name of the East German armed forces? | the National People's Army | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nOne of the founding members, East Germany was allowed to re-arm by the Soviet Union and the National People's Army was established as the armed forces of the country to counter the rearmament of West Germany."
] |
56df12ec3277331400b4d953 | How many countries formed the initial Warsaw Pact membership? | eight | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nThe eight member countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged the mutual defense of any member who would be attacked. Relations among the treaty signatories were based upon mutual non-intervention in the internal affairs of the member countries, respect for national sovereignty, and political independence. ... |
56df13573277331400b4d957 | In which year did Mongolia seek entry in the Warsaw Pact? | 1963 | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nIn July 1963 the Mongolian People's Republic asked to join the Warsaw Pact under Article 9 of the treaty. For this purpose a special protocol should have been taken since the text of the treaty applied only to Europe. Due to the emerging Sino-Soviet split, Mongolia remained on observer status. Sovie... |
56df13573277331400b4d959 | In which year were Soviet forces scheduled to leave Mongolia? | 1966 | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nIn July 1963 the Mongolian People's Republic asked to join the Warsaw Pact under Article 9 of the treaty. For this purpose a special protocol should have been taken since the text of the treaty applied only to Europe. Due to the emerging Sino-Soviet split, Mongolia remained on observer status. Sovie... |
56df13b6c65bf219000b3f3b | What was the focus of both alliances' policies towards the other in lieu of direct fighting? | containment | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nFor 36 years, NATO and the Warsaw Pact never directly waged war against each other in Europe; the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategic policies aimed at the containment of each other in Europe, while working and fighting for influence within the wider ... |
56df13b6c65bf219000b3f3c | Which continent was considered to be at the center of NATO/Warsaw Pact intrigues? | Europe | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nFor 36 years, NATO and the Warsaw Pact never directly waged war against each other in Europe; the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategic policies aimed at the containment of each other in Europe, while working and fighting for influence within the wider ... |
56df14683277331400b4d95d | In which year did Hungary attempt to leave the Warsaw Pact? | 1956 | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nIn 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government. Soviet forces crushed the nationwide revolt, leading to the death of an estimated 2,500 Hungarian citizens."
] |
56df14683277331400b4d95f | Who was the head of the Hungarian government at the time of the revolt? | Imre Nagy | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nIn 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government. Soviet forces crushed the nationwide revolt, leading to the death of an estimated 2,500 Hungarian citizens."
] |
56df14d0c65bf219000b3f49 | In which year was the Warsaw Pact activated in a joint action? | 1968 | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nThe multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania participated in the invasion."
] |
56df14d0c65bf219000b3f4a | Which country did the Pact conquer? | Czechoslovakia | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nThe multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania participated in the invasion."
] |
56df18663277331400b4d981 | In which country did Warsaw Pact officials meet to dissolve the alliance? | Hungary | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nOn 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation... |
56df18663277331400b4d982 | In which year did Romania overthrow its communist government? | 1989 | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nOn 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation... |
56df18663277331400b4d983 | For how many years did the Warsaw Pact formally exist? | 36 | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nOn 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation... |
56df18c9c65bf219000b3f55 | Which former Eastern Bloc country was the latest to join NATO? | Albania | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nOn 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Albania joined on 1 April 2009."
] |
56df18c9c65bf219000b3f56 | In which year did Poland join NATO? | 1999 | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nOn 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Albania joined on 1 April 2009."
] |
56df18c9c65bf219000b3f57 | In which year did Slovakia join NATO? | 2004 | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nOn 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Albania joined on 1 April 2009."
] |
56df1961c65bf219000b3f5b | In which year did Poland declassify most of its Warsaw Pact-era archives? | 2005 | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nIn November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 3... |
56df1961c65bf219000b3f5c | How many documents remain classified? | 70 | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nIn November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 3... |
56df1961c65bf219000b3f5d | What was the name of the Warsaw Pact's planned counteroffensive to a NATO first strike? | Seven Days to the River Rhine | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nIn November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 3... |
56df1961c65bf219000b3f5e | How many nuclear weapons were eventually housed in Poland? | 250 | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nIn November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 3... |
56df1961c65bf219000b3f5f | In which year was the counteroffensive strategy first conceived? | 1979 | [
"Warsaw_Pact\n\nIn November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 3... |
56de92c1cffd8e1900b4b9fc | What is materialism? | a form of philosophical monism | [
"Materialism\n\nMaterialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all phenomena, including mental phenomena and consciousness, are identical with material interactions."
] |
56de92c1cffd8e1900b4b9fd | In nature, this is an essential substance? | matter | [
"Materialism\n\nMaterialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all phenomena, including mental phenomena and consciousness, are identical with material interactions."
] |
56de936b4396321400ee2a30 | What are some examples of philosophical physicalism? | spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter | [
"Materialism\n\nMaterialism is closely related to physicalism, the view that all that exists is ultimately physical. Philosophical physicalism has evolved from materialism with the discoveries of the physical sciences to incorporate more sophisticated notions of physicality than mere ordinary matter, such as: space... |
56de936b4396321400ee2a31 | Some people consider physicalism to be synonymous with what? | Materialism | [
"Materialism\n\nMaterialism is closely related to physicalism, the view that all that exists is ultimately physical. Philosophical physicalism has evolved from materialism with the discoveries of the physical sciences to incorporate more sophisticated notions of physicality than mere ordinary matter, such as: space... |
56de94434396321400ee2a3b | What class does materialism belong to? | monist ontology | [
"Materialism\n\nMaterialism belongs to the class of monist ontology. As such, it is different from ontological theories based on dualism or pluralism. For singular explanations of the phenomenal reality, materialism would be in contrast to idealism, neutral monism, and spiritualism."
] |
56de957acffd8e1900b4ba02 | What is the first question to ask in order to define the two classes? | "what does reality consist of?" | [
"Materialism\n\nDespite the large number of philosophical schools and subtle nuances between many, all philosophies are said to fall into one of two primary categories, which are defined in contrast to each other: Idealism, and materialism.[a] The basic proposition of these two categories pertains to the nature of ... |
56de957acffd8e1900b4ba03 | What is the second question to ask in order to define the two classes? | "how does it originate?" | [
"Materialism\n\nDespite the large number of philosophical schools and subtle nuances between many, all philosophies are said to fall into one of two primary categories, which are defined in contrast to each other: Idealism, and materialism.[a] The basic proposition of these two categories pertains to the nature of ... |
56de957acffd8e1900b4ba04 | An idealist considers what as the most important? | spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas) | [
"Materialism\n\nDespite the large number of philosophical schools and subtle nuances between many, all philosophies are said to fall into one of two primary categories, which are defined in contrast to each other: Idealism, and materialism.[a] The basic proposition of these two categories pertains to the nature of ... |
56de957acffd8e1900b4ba05 | A materialist considers what as the most important? | matter | [
"Materialism\n\nDespite the large number of philosophical schools and subtle nuances between many, all philosophies are said to fall into one of two primary categories, which are defined in contrast to each other: Idealism, and materialism.[a] The basic proposition of these two categories pertains to the nature of ... |
56de9609cffd8e1900b4ba0b | Was René Descartes an idealist or a materialist? | materialist | [
"Materialism\n\nThe materialist view is perhaps best understood in its opposition to the doctrines of immaterial substance applied to the mind historically, famously by René Descartes. However, by itself materialism says nothing about how material substance should be characterized. In practice, it is frequently ass... |
56de9609cffd8e1900b4ba0c | Materialism does not define what? | how material substance should be characterized. | [
"Materialism\n\nThe materialist view is perhaps best understood in its opposition to the doctrines of immaterial substance applied to the mind historically, famously by René Descartes. However, by itself materialism says nothing about how material substance should be characterized. In practice, it is frequently ass... |
56de997dcffd8e1900b4ba22 | What type of materialism defined the Marxist philosophy? | dialectical materialism | [
"Materialism\n\nDuring the 19th century, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels extended the concept of materialism to elaborate a materialist conception of history centered on the roughly empirical world of human activity (practice, including labor) and the institutions created, reproduced, or destroyed by that activity (... |
56de99cfcffd8e1900b4ba26 | Who coined the Axial Age? | Karl Jaspers | [
"Materialism\n\nMaterialism developed, possibly independently, in several geographically separated regions of Eurasia during what Karl Jaspers termed the Axial Age (approximately 800 to 200 BC)."
] |
56de99cfcffd8e1900b4ba27 | In what part of the world did materialism develop during the Axial Age? | Eurasia | [
"Materialism\n\nMaterialism developed, possibly independently, in several geographically separated regions of Eurasia during what Karl Jaspers termed the Axial Age (approximately 800 to 200 BC)."
] |
56de9b07cffd8e1900b4ba2b | Around what time did materialism become part of Ancient Indian philosophy? | 600 BC | [
"Materialism\n\nIn Ancient Indian philosophy, materialism developed around 600 BC with the works of Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the Cārvāka school of philosophy. Kanada became one of the early proponents of atomism. The Nyaya–Vaisesika school (600 BC - 100 BC) developed one of the earli... |
56de9b07cffd8e1900b4ba2c | At that time, who helped develop materialism? | Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the Cārvāka school of philosophy | [
"Materialism\n\nIn Ancient Indian philosophy, materialism developed around 600 BC with the works of Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the Cārvāka school of philosophy. Kanada became one of the early proponents of atomism. The Nyaya–Vaisesika school (600 BC - 100 BC) developed one of the earli... |
56de9b07cffd8e1900b4ba2d | What school advanced atomism? | Nyaya–Vaisesika school | [
"Materialism\n\nIn Ancient Indian philosophy, materialism developed around 600 BC with the works of Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the Cārvāka school of philosophy. Kanada became one of the early proponents of atomism. The Nyaya–Vaisesika school (600 BC - 100 BC) developed one of the earli... |
56de9b07cffd8e1900b4ba2e | Between what years did the school advance atomism? | 600 BC - 100 BC | [
"Materialism\n\nIn Ancient Indian philosophy, materialism developed around 600 BC with the works of Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the Cārvāka school of philosophy. Kanada became one of the early proponents of atomism. The Nyaya–Vaisesika school (600 BC - 100 BC) developed one of the earli... |
56de9c91cffd8e1900b4ba33 | Materialism is linked to what? | reductionism | [
"Materialism\n\nMaterialism is often associated with reductionism, according to which the objects or phenomena individuated at one level of description, if they are genuine, must be explicable in terms of the objects or phenomena at some other level of description — typically, at a more reduced level. Non-reductive... |
56dede143277331400b4d77c | De Rerum Natura is a poem by who? | Lucretius | [
"Materialism\n\nAncient Greek philosophers like Thales, Anaxagoras (ca. 500 BC – 428 BC), Epicurus and Democritus prefigure later materialists. The Latin poem De Rerum Natura by Lucretius (ca. 99 BC – ca. 55 BC) reflects the mechanistic philosophy of Democritus and Epicurus. According to this view, all that exists ... |
56dede143277331400b4d77d | What kinf of explanation does De Rerum Natura provide for phenomena? | mechanistic explanations | [
"Materialism\n\nAncient Greek philosophers like Thales, Anaxagoras (ca. 500 BC – 428 BC), Epicurus and Democritus prefigure later materialists. The Latin poem De Rerum Natura by Lucretius (ca. 99 BC – ca. 55 BC) reflects the mechanistic philosophy of Democritus and Epicurus. According to this view, all that exists ... |
56dedeeac65bf219000b3d8b | Name the title of the work by Jayaraashi Bhatta. | Tattvopaplavasimha ("The upsetting of all principles") | [
"Materialism\n\nLater Indian materialist Jayaraashi Bhatta (6th century) in his work Tattvopaplavasimha (\"The upsetting of all principles\") refuted the Nyaya Sutra epistemology. The materialistic Cārvāka philosophy appears to have died out some time after 1400. When Madhavacharya compiled Sarva-darśana-samgraha (... |
56dedeeac65bf219000b3d8c | Which type of philosphy did not continue after 1400? | materialistic Cārvāka philosophy | [
"Materialism\n\nLater Indian materialist Jayaraashi Bhatta (6th century) in his work Tattvopaplavasimha (\"The upsetting of all principles\") refuted the Nyaya Sutra epistemology. The materialistic Cārvāka philosophy appears to have died out some time after 1400. When Madhavacharya compiled Sarva-darśana-samgraha (... |
56dedeeac65bf219000b3d8d | What is Sarva-darśana-samgraha? | a digest of all philosophies | [
"Materialism\n\nLater Indian materialist Jayaraashi Bhatta (6th century) in his work Tattvopaplavasimha (\"The upsetting of all principles\") refuted the Nyaya Sutra epistemology. The materialistic Cārvāka philosophy appears to have died out some time after 1400. When Madhavacharya compiled Sarva-darśana-samgraha (... |
56dedeeac65bf219000b3d8e | Who wrote the Sarva-darśana-samgraha? | Madhavacharya | [
"Materialism\n\nLater Indian materialist Jayaraashi Bhatta (6th century) in his work Tattvopaplavasimha (\"The upsetting of all principles\") refuted the Nyaya Sutra epistemology. The materialistic Cārvāka philosophy appears to have died out some time after 1400. When Madhavacharya compiled Sarva-darśana-samgraha (... |
56dedf32c65bf219000b3d99 | What is the name of the novel written by Ibn Tufail? | Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus) | [
"Materialism\n\nIn early 12th-century al-Andalus, the Arabian philosopher, Ibn Tufail (Abubacer), wrote discussions on materialism in his philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus), while vaguely foreshadowing the idea of a historical materialism."
] |
56dee0713277331400b4d7a1 | Pierre Gassendi lived from what year to what year? | 1592-1665 | [
"Materialism\n\nThe French cleric Pierre Gassendi (1592-1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of René Descartes (1596-1650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist abbé Jean Meslier (1664-1729), Julien Offray de La Mett... |
56dee0713277331400b4d7a2 | René Descartes lived from what year to what year? | 1596-1650 | [
"Materialism\n\nThe French cleric Pierre Gassendi (1592-1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of René Descartes (1596-1650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist abbé Jean Meslier (1664-1729), Julien Offray de La Mett... |
56dee0713277331400b4d7a3 | abbé Jean Meslier lived from what year to what year? | 1664-1729 | [
"Materialism\n\nThe French cleric Pierre Gassendi (1592-1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of René Descartes (1596-1650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist abbé Jean Meslier (1664-1729), Julien Offray de La Mett... |
56dee0713277331400b4d7a4 | Denis Diderot lived from what year to what year? | 1713-1784 | [
"Materialism\n\nThe French cleric Pierre Gassendi (1592-1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of René Descartes (1596-1650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist abbé Jean Meslier (1664-1729), Julien Offray de La Mett... |
56dee0713277331400b4d7a5 | William Wordsworth lived from what year to what year? | 1770-1850 | [
"Materialism\n\nThe French cleric Pierre Gassendi (1592-1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of René Descartes (1596-1650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist abbé Jean Meslier (1664-1729), Julien Offray de La Mett... |
56dee0f43277331400b4d7ab | Arthur Schopenhauer lived from what year to what year? | 1788-1860 | [
"Materialism\n\nArthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) wrote that \"...materialism is the philosophy of the subject who forgets to take account of himself\". He claimed that an observing subject can only know material objects through the mediation of the brain and its particular organization. That is, the brain itself is ... |
56dee0f43277331400b4d7ac | What did he say that the brain would decide? | how material objects will be experienced or perceived | [
"Materialism\n\nArthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) wrote that \"...materialism is the philosophy of the subject who forgets to take account of himself\". He claimed that an observing subject can only know material objects through the mediation of the brain and its particular organization. That is, the brain itself is ... |
56dee1f3c65bf219000b3dbf | Who wrote "The Essence of Christianity"? | Ludwig Feuerbach | [
"Materialism\n\nThe German materialist and atheist anthropologist Ludwig Feuerbach would signal a new turn in materialism through his book, The Essence of Christianity (1841), which provided a humanist account of religion as the outward projection of man's inward nature. Feuerbach's materialism would later heavily ... |
56dee1f3c65bf219000b3dc0 | In what year was "The Essence of Christianity" written? | 1841 | [
"Materialism\n\nThe German materialist and atheist anthropologist Ludwig Feuerbach would signal a new turn in materialism through his book, The Essence of Christianity (1841), which provided a humanist account of religion as the outward projection of man's inward nature. Feuerbach's materialism would later heavily ... |
56dee1f3c65bf219000b3dc1 | What did the author of "The Essence of Christianity" consider religion to be? | the outward projection of man's inward nature | [
"Materialism\n\nThe German materialist and atheist anthropologist Ludwig Feuerbach would signal a new turn in materialism through his book, The Essence of Christianity (1841), which provided a humanist account of religion as the outward projection of man's inward nature. Feuerbach's materialism would later heavily ... |
56dee1f3c65bf219000b3dc2 | The author's ideas would later influence what well known philosopher? | Karl Marx | [
"Materialism\n\nThe German materialist and atheist anthropologist Ludwig Feuerbach would signal a new turn in materialism through his book, The Essence of Christianity (1841), which provided a humanist account of religion as the outward projection of man's inward nature. Feuerbach's materialism would later heavily ... |
56dee346c65bf219000b3ddf | In regards to the mind, what are 3 theories that modern day philosophers try to harmonize? | functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory | [
"Materialism\n\nMany current and recent philosophers—e.g., Daniel Dennett, Willard Van Orman Quine, Donald Davidson, and Jerry Fodor—operate within a broadly physicalist or materialist framework, producing rival accounts of how best to accommodate mind, including functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory, an... |
56dee668c65bf219000b3e01 | What is hyle? | matter | [
"Materialism\n\nThe nature and definition of matter - like other key concepts in science and philosophy - have occasioned much debate. Is there a single kind of matter (hyle) which everything is made of, or multiple kinds? Is matter a continuous substance capable of expressing multiple forms (hylomorphism), or a nu... |
56dee7883277331400b4d7e3 | Relativity illustrates that what is interchangeable? | matter and energy | [
"Materialism\n\nOne challenge to the traditional concept of matter as tangible \"stuff\" came with the rise of field physics in the 19th century. Relativity shows that matter and energy (including the spatially distributed energy of fields) are interchangeable. This enables the ontological view that energy is prima... |
56dee7883277331400b4d7e4 | Ontological theory suggests that what is the main substance? | energy | [
"Materialism\n\nOne challenge to the traditional concept of matter as tangible \"stuff\" came with the rise of field physics in the 19th century. Relativity shows that matter and energy (including the spatially distributed energy of fields) are interchangeable. This enables the ontological view that energy is prima... |
56dee7883277331400b4d7e5 | Quantum field theory suggest what is the main substance? | fields | [
"Materialism\n\nOne challenge to the traditional concept of matter as tangible \"stuff\" came with the rise of field physics in the 19th century. Relativity shows that matter and energy (including the spatially distributed energy of fields) are interchangeable. This enables the ontological view that energy is prima... |
56dee82a3277331400b4d7f3 | Which model suggests that matter is 5% of the universe? | Lambda-CDM model | [
"Materialism\n\nAccording to the dominant cosmological model, the Lambda-CDM model, less than 5% of the universe's energy density is made up of the \"matter\" described by the Standard Model of Particle Physics, and the majority of the universe is composed of dark matter and dark energy - with little agreement amon... |
56dee82a3277331400b4d7f4 | What type of matter does the model consider it to be? | dark matter | [
"Materialism\n\nAccording to the dominant cosmological model, the Lambda-CDM model, less than 5% of the universe's energy density is made up of the \"matter\" described by the Standard Model of Particle Physics, and the majority of the universe is composed of dark matter and dark energy - with little agreement amon... |
56dee9483277331400b4d7f7 | Werner Heisenberg suggested that atoms are not what? | things | [
"Materialism\n\nWith the advent of quantum physics, some scientists believed the concept of matter had merely changed, while others believed the conventional position could no longer be maintained. For instance Werner Heisenberg said \"The ontology of materialism rested upon the illusion that the kind of existence,... |
56deea683277331400b4d80a | What are some of the findings that support their argument? | quantum mechanics and chaos theory. | [
"Materialism\n\nSome modern day physicists and science writers—such as Paul Davies and John Gribbin—have argued that materialism has been disproven by certain scientific findings in physics, such as quantum mechanics and chaos theory. In 1991, Gribbin and Davies released their book The Matter Myth, the first chapte... |
56deea683277331400b4d80b | What is the name of the 1991 book by Paul Davies and John Gribbins? | The Matter Myth | [
"Materialism\n\nSome modern day physicists and science writers—such as Paul Davies and John Gribbin—have argued that materialism has been disproven by certain scientific findings in physics, such as quantum mechanics and chaos theory. In 1991, Gribbin and Davies released their book The Matter Myth, the first chapte... |
56deeaae3277331400b4d811 | Digital physicists consider what to be more important than matter? | information | [
"Materialism\n\nDavies' and Gribbin's objections are shared by proponents of digital physics who view information rather than matter to be fundamental. Their objections were also shared by some founders of quantum theory, such as Max Planck, who wrote:"
] |
56deebf2c65bf219000b3e32 | Based on the above definition, materialism is not consistent with what? | religions | [
"Materialism\n\nAccording to the Catholic Encyclopedia of 1907-1912, materialism, defined as \"a philosophical system which regards matter as the only reality in the world [...] denies the existence of God and the soul\". Materialism, in this view, therefore becomes incompatible with most world religions, including... |
56deed163277331400b4d827 | Neoplatonism describes divinity as what? | simple, immaterial, formless, substance/essence (ousia) that transcended all that was physical | [
"Materialism\n\nIn contrast, Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, taught: \"There is no such thing as immaterial matter. All spirit is matter, but it is more fine or pure, and can only be discerned by purer eyes; We cannot see it; but when our bodies are purified we shall see that it is all m... |
56deed163277331400b4d828 | Which religious group strongly opposed the idea of Neoplatonism? | Christians | [
"Materialism\n\nIn contrast, Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, taught: \"There is no such thing as immaterial matter. All spirit is matter, but it is more fine or pure, and can only be discerned by purer eyes; We cannot see it; but when our bodies are purified we shall see that it is all m... |
56deee36c65bf219000b3e37 | If you believe in idealism, you are disbeliving in what? | materialism | [
"Materialism\n\nAn argument for idealism, such as those of Hegel and Berkeley, is ipso facto an argument against materialism. Matter can be argued to be redundant, as in bundle theory, and mind-independent properties can in turn be reduced to subjective percepts. Berkeley presents an example of the latter by pointi... |
56deef443277331400b4d82e | What 3 types of philosophies attempt to correct the problem with matter and energy without removing every belief about materialism? | Emergence, holism, and process philosophy | [
"Materialism\n\nIf matter and energy are seen as necessary to explain the physical world, but incapable of explaining mind, dualism results. Emergence, holism, and process philosophy seek to ameliorate the perceived shortcomings of traditional (especially mechanistic) materialism without abandoning materialism enti... |
56def0c53277331400b4d83a | Instead of faith, John Polkinghorne relies on what when it comes to the theory of materialism? | dual-aspect monism | [
"Materialism\n\nSome critics object to materialism as part of an overly skeptical, narrow or reductivist approach to theorizing, rather than to the ontological claim that matter is the only substance. Particle physicist and Anglican theologian John Polkinghorne objects to what he calls promissory materialism — clai... |
56deefeb3277331400b4d831 | What is a person who follows Christianity called? | Christian | [
"Christian\n\nA Christian ( pronunciation (help·info)) is a person who adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. \"Christian\" derives from the Koine Greek word Christós (Χριστός), a translation of the Biblical Hebrew term mashiach."
] |
56deefeb3277331400b4d832 | Whose life do Christians learn from? | Jesus Christ | [
"Christian\n\nA Christian ( pronunciation (help·info)) is a person who adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. \"Christian\" derives from the Koine Greek word Christós (Χριστός), a translation of the Biblical Hebrew term mashiach."
] |
56deefeb3277331400b4d833 | What Greek word is Christian derived from? | Christós | [
"Christian\n\nA Christian ( pronunciation (help·info)) is a person who adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. \"Christian\" derives from the Koine Greek word Christós (Χριστός), a translation of the Biblical Hebrew term mashiach."
] |
56deefeb3277331400b4d834 | Christós is translated from what Biblical term? | mashiach | [
"Christian\n\nA Christian ( pronunciation (help·info)) is a person who adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. \"Christian\" derives from the Koine Greek word Christós (Χριστός), a translation of the Biblical Hebrew term mashiach."
] |
56def0acc65bf219000b3e3b | While many, the perceptions of Christianity can sometimes what? | conflict | [
"Christian\n\nThere are diverse interpretations of Christianity which sometimes conflict. However, \"Whatever else they might disagree about, Christians are at least united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance.\" The term \"Christian\" is also used adjectivally to describe anything associated with Chri... |
56def0acc65bf219000b3e3c | Regardless of beliefs, Christians all agree that Jesus has a unique what? | significance | [
"Christian\n\nThere are diverse interpretations of Christianity which sometimes conflict. However, \"Whatever else they might disagree about, Christians are at least united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance.\" The term \"Christian\" is also used adjectivally to describe anything associated with Chri... |
56def0acc65bf219000b3e3d | Whether one partakes in practices or beliefs, the label Christian is sometimes attached because they associate with what? | the cultural aspects of Christianity | [
"Christian\n\nThere are diverse interpretations of Christianity which sometimes conflict. However, \"Whatever else they might disagree about, Christians are at least united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance.\" The term \"Christian\" is also used adjectivally to describe anything associated with Chri... |
56def1133277331400b4d83d | According to one report, how many Christians were in the world in 2010? | 2.2 billion | [
"Christian\n\nAccording to a 2011 Pew Research Center survey, there were 2.2 billion Christians around the world in 2010, up from about 600 million in 1910. By 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion. According to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey Christianity will remain the world's largest ... |
56def1133277331400b4d83e | How many Christians were in the world in 1910? | 600 million | [
"Christian\n\nAccording to a 2011 Pew Research Center survey, there were 2.2 billion Christians around the world in 2010, up from about 600 million in 1910. By 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion. According to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey Christianity will remain the world's largest ... |
56def1133277331400b4d840 | If growth continues as it has, what religion will be the largest in the world by 2050? | Christianity | [
"Christian\n\nAccording to a 2011 Pew Research Center survey, there were 2.2 billion Christians around the world in 2010, up from about 600 million in 1910. By 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion. According to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey Christianity will remain the world's largest ... |
56def1c3c65bf219000b3e43 | Of all the Christians in the world, how many are Catholic? | half | [
"Christian\n\nToday, about 37% of all Christians live in the Americas, and about 26% live in Europe, 24% of total Christians live in sub-Saharan Africa, about 13% in Asia and the Pacific, and 1% of the world's Christians live in the Middle east and North Africa. About half of all Christians worldwide are Catholic, ... |
56def1c3c65bf219000b3e44 | Christians are the majority in how many countries and territories in the world today? | 158 | [
"Christian\n\nToday, about 37% of all Christians live in the Americas, and about 26% live in Europe, 24% of total Christians live in sub-Saharan Africa, about 13% in Asia and the Pacific, and 1% of the world's Christians live in the Middle east and North Africa. About half of all Christians worldwide are Catholic, ... |
56defdf2c65bf219000b3ea5 | What Greek word defines as "follower of Christ?" | Χριστιανός (Christianos) | [
"Christian\n\nThe Greek word Χριστιανός (Christianos), meaning \"follower of Christ\", comes from Χριστός (Christos), meaning \"anointed one\", with an adjectival ending borrowed from Latin to denote adhering to, or even belonging to, as in slave ownership. In the Greek Septuagint, christos was used to translate th... |
56defdf2c65bf219000b3ea6 | Where does the Greek word Χριστιανός (Christianos) come from? | Χριστός (Christos) | [
"Christian\n\nThe Greek word Χριστιανός (Christianos), meaning \"follower of Christ\", comes from Χριστός (Christos), meaning \"anointed one\", with an adjectival ending borrowed from Latin to denote adhering to, or even belonging to, as in slave ownership. In the Greek Septuagint, christos was used to translate th... |
56defdf2c65bf219000b3ea7 | What does Χριστός (Christos) mean? | anointed one | [
"Christian\n\nThe Greek word Χριστιανός (Christianos), meaning \"follower of Christ\", comes from Χριστός (Christos), meaning \"anointed one\", with an adjectival ending borrowed from Latin to denote adhering to, or even belonging to, as in slave ownership. In the Greek Septuagint, christos was used to translate th... |
56defdf2c65bf219000b3ea8 | What is the French word for Christian that was derived from Greek? | Chrétien | [
"Christian\n\nThe Greek word Χριστιανός (Christianos), meaning \"follower of Christ\", comes from Χριστός (Christos), meaning \"anointed one\", with an adjectival ending borrowed from Latin to denote adhering to, or even belonging to, as in slave ownership. In the Greek Septuagint, christos was used to translate th... |
56defe90c65bf219000b3ead | Where is the first reference to the word Christian in the Bible? | Acts 11:26 | [
"Christian\n\nThe first recorded use of the term (or its cognates in other languages) is in the New Testament, in Acts 11:26, after Barnabas brought Saul (Paul) to Antioch where they taught the disciples for about a year, the text says: \"[...] the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch.\" The second men... |
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