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design a one-period long investigation using the pipe insulation (my original ideas morphed into the pre-activity for this project). As I started to think through the project more and more, I realized we could go way bigger. And thus, the pipe insulation roller coaster project was born. Building the Coasters In groups ... |
a roll of duct tape2, and access to a large pile of cardboard boxes3. All groups had to adhere to a few standard requirements: - Construction requirements - The entire roller coaster must fit within a 1.0m x 2.0m rectangle4. - There must be at least two inversions (loops, corkscrews, etc.). - All 24 feet of pipe insula... |
must end 50 cm above the ground. In addition to meeting the above requirements, students were required to utilize their understanding of the work-energy theorem, circular motion, and friction to do the following: - Determine the average rolling friction, kinetic energy, and potential energy at 8 locations on their roll... |
track at the top of all the inversions - Determine the g-forces the marble experiences through the inversions and at least five additional corners, hills, or valleys. - The g-forces must be kept at "safe" levels5. - Rolling friction, kinetic energy, and potential energy - The potential energy () is easy enough to find ... |
mass of the marble. The kinetic energy is trickier and can be done by filming the marble and doing some analysis with Tracker, but since the speed of the marble is likely to be a little too fast for most cameras to pick up clearly, it's probably easier (and much faster) to simply measure the time it takes the marble tr... |
of track. I describe how this can be done in a previous post, so check that out for more info. That post also includes how to calculated the coefficient of friction by finding how much work was done on the marble due to friction- so I'll keep things shorter here by not re-explaining that process. - Pro-tip: Have studen... |
so on their track before they start putting together their coasters (note the tape marks in this pic). Since d in in this case is the length of track the marble has rolled so far, it makes finding the value for d much easier than trying to measure a twisting, looping roller coaster track. - This is also called the crit... |
If you're riding a roller coaster it's pretty critical that you make it around each loop. Also, you might be in critical condition if you don't. While falling to our death would be exciting, it also limits the ability to ride roller coasters in the future (and I like roller coasters). Since we're primarily concerned wi... |
top of the loop, here's a diagram of the vertical forces on the marble at the very top of the loop: So just normal force (the track pushing on the marble) and gravitational force (the earth pulling on the marble). Since these forces are both acting towards the center of the loop together they're equal to the radial for... |
barely making it around the loop (at the critical velocity), the normal force goes to zero. That is, the track stops pushing on the marble for just an instant at the top of the loop. If the normal force stays zero for any longer than that it means the marble is in free fall, and that's just not safe. So: Then when you ... |
in masses and accelerations for the forces and do some rearranging: There you go. All you need to know is the radius of the loop, and that's easy enough to measure. Of course, you'd want a little cushion above the critical velocity, especially because we're ignoring the friction that is constantly slowing down the marb... |
An exciting roller coaster will make you weightless and in the next instant squish you into your seat. A really bad roller coaster squishes you until you pass out. This is awesomely known as G-LOC (G-force Induced Loss of Consciousness). With the proper training and gear, fighter pilots can make it to about 9g's before... |
4 and 6g's. As I mentioned, I set the limit for pipe insulation roller coasters at 30g's simply because it allowed more creative and exciting coaster designs. While this would kill most humans, it turns out marbles have a very high tolerance before reaching G-LOC. Raise the stakes Students become fiercely proud of thei... |
friends in during lunch to show them off. Seeing this, I had students show off their creations to any teachers, parents, or administrators that I was able to cajole into stopping by for the official testing of the coasters. I even made up a fun little rubric (.doc file) for any observers to fill out for each coaster. T... |
into the project, which gives me pause- though from day one students generally start some friendly smack talk about how their coaster is akin to the Millenium Force while all other coasters are more like the Woodstock Express. The students love to show off their coasters, and it seems the people being shown enjoy the e... |
post is already long. The exciting conclusion of this post will feature the assessment piece in: Part 2: Pipe Insulation Roller Coaster Assessment. The Pipe Insulation Roller Coaster Series - Pipe Insulation Roller Coasters and Rolling Friction - Pipe Insulation Roller Coasters - Pipe Insulation Roller Coaster Assessme... |
marble-sized steel balls. Unfortunately because the steel balls are so much heavier and the pipe insulation is spongy and flexible, there was just too much friction. When we switched to marbles the next day everything worked like a charm. (back) - Most groups typically use more than one roll of duct tape. My first coup... |
each group a different color. That was a nice touch, but also a bit more expensive than using the standard silver. Whatever you decide, I highly recommend avoiding the cut-rate duct tape. The cheap stuff just didn't stick as well which caused students to waste a lot of time fixing places where the duct tape fell and in... |
duct tape. (back) - I had an arrangement with our school's kitchen manager to set broken down boxes aside for me for a few weeks before we started the project. If that's not an option, I've also found if you talk to a manager of a local grocery store they're usually more than willing to donate boxes. (back) - I made it... |
for groups to start by building a cardboard rectangle with the maximum dimensions. This served two functions: (1) It made it easy for the groups to see what space they had to work with, and (2) it allows the roller coasters to be moved around a little by sliding them across the floor. (back) - Originally I wanted stude... |
Very quickly it became apparent that under 10g's was overly restrictive and I upped it to 30g's. That's not really safe for living creatures, but it would certainly make it more "exciting." (back) |
Guest post by Henry B. Perry Henry Perry, M.D., Ph.D., MPH, is a senior associate in the Department of International Health at Johns Hopkins University’s Bloomberg School of Public Health |
in Baltimore, Md. During the past half-century, there has been a growing recognition that community-based workers can make an important contribution to the health of communities, especially in resource-constrained settings. |
These workers are known by many names, but most commonly Community Health Workers (CHWs). With initial training of usually 6 weeks or less, they can effectively provide different types of |
services from community mobilization to health education to preventive screening to family planning education to identifying persons with symptoms of leprosy or tuberculosis to diagnosis and treatment of life-threatening childhood |
illness, and many more. These persons may work as volunteers or for modest incentives or salaries. Based on early projects that utilized CHWs effectively in a number of developing countries, |
the seminal International Conference on Primary Health Care — sponsored by the World Health Organization and UNICEF in 1978 and attended by high-level representatives of almost every country in the |
world — recognized that in many settings where facilities and highly trained health workers are scarce, CHWs can become an important part of a primary health care system. The Declaration |
of Alma Ata, adopted at the conference, called for basic health services — promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative — to be provided by “health workers, including physicians, nurses, midwives, auxiliaries |
and community workers [italics added] as applicable, as well as traditional practitioners as needed, suitably trained socially and technically to work as a health team and to respond to the |
expressed health needs of the community.” The Declaration also recognized the importance of providing health services “as close as possible to where people live and work.” A rapidly growing number |
of studies demonstrate that CHWs make it possible to expand access and improve coverage of essential services, particularly in remote and poorly served populations, thereby improving equity. CHWs have been |
shown to play critical roles in interventions to - reduce child mortality, including distribution of vitamin A capsules and other critical micronutrients - promote water and sanitation education (hand washing, |
point-of-use water treatment and safe water storage, latrine construction and promotion of latrine use) - distribute mosquito nets and assist communities in draining stagnant water to eliminate breeding grounds for |
mosquitoes - diagnose and treat childhood pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, newborn sepsis and severe malnutrition - promote healthy behaviors such as appropriate breastfeeding (exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months of |
life and continued breastfeeding until at least one year of age) - provide hygiene and cleanliness education - ensure appropriate care of newborns - promote and facilitate immunizations for mothers |
and children. Many countries can benefit by scaling up integrated community case management of pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria and newborn sepsis and promotion of healthy behaviors that can save the lives |
of millions of children who are dying from preventable causes. CHWs are one of the essential ingredients for making this possible — along with political commitment, professional leadership, long-term sustainable |
training, support and supervision from the health system and reliable logistical support of basic medicines and supplies. A strong commitment by the world community to these activities, which are some |
of the most cost-effective approaches to promoting global equity in health, is a moral imperative for today and tomorrow. James Grant, the renowned executive director of UNICEF from 1980 to |
1995 and champion of what is often referred to as the First Child Survival Revolution, repeatedly reminded us that “morality must march with capacity.” We now know that CHWs can |
have the capacity to make a difference between life and death for millions of children. The moral imperative for the world community is to ensure that health systems and underserved |
communities support CHWs in attaining this capacity. Berman, P. A., D. R. Gwatkin, et al. (1987). “Community-based health workers: head start or false start towards health for all?” Soc Sci |
Med 25(5): 443-459. Haines, A., D. Sanders, et al. (2007). “Achieving child survival goals: potential contribution of community health workers.” Lancet 369(9579): 2121-2131. Lassi, Z. S., B. A. Haider, et |
al. (2010). “Community-based intervention packages for reducing maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality and improving neonatal outcomes.” Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11: CD007754. Newell, K. W., Ed. (1975). Health by |
the People. Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization. Perry, H., P. Freeman, et al. (2009). How Effective Is Community-based Primary Health Care in Improving the Health of Children? Summary Findings and |
Report to the Expert Review Panel, American Public Health Association. Sazawal, S. and R. E. Black (2003). “Effect of pneumonia case management on mortality in neonates, infants, and preschool children: |
a meta-analysis of community-based trials.” Lancet Infect Dis 3(9): 547-556. World Health Organization and UNICEF (1978). Declaration of Alma-Ata: International Conference on Primary Health Care. International Conference on Primary Health |
The Garo community is one of the major tribes in Bangladesh. According to the history books, the Garo tribe entered Bangladesh in the first century. They were refugees from Mongolia and came to this region through Tibet. The Garo have stayed in Bangladesh for thousands of years. Initially, they followed a religion call... |
subcontinent they came to Christ. Today, nearly 100 percent of the Garo tribe practices Christianity, though a few still believe in Sonatoni. Garos have their own language, Achick, which is completely different from the local language, Bengali. Achik has several accents/branches such as Habeng, Attong, etc. The Garo tr... |
styles can be easily distinguished from the Bengalis and other tribes. The people from the Garo tribe have different features than the original inhabitants of Bangladesh (Bengali people). They are a little shorter and have fair skin. Their eyes and nose are similar to their ancestors from Mongolia. Compared to the othe... |
in education and social activities. The first Garo church (Garo Baptist Convention) was established in 1910. Many missionaries and evangelists from Europe and North America worked among the Garo people over the decades. Being a part of a developing country, the Garo community also suffers from poverty. Many Garo famili... |
remote places suffer from lack of clean water and sanitation. There are many villages like Gobindopur and Nalchapra, which greatly need hospitals and medical facilities. The people from the Garo community have to go to the local pharmacy for minor diseases or injuries. For major problems, they have to take the patient ... |
away. The Garo have only one high school (sixth through 10th grade) with a capacity of only 300 children. This government school has only nine teachers. There are also two primary schools in those villages with limited capacity and facilities. The houses of the Garo people are made of bamboo walls and straw or tin roof... |
walls with a roof of straw and plastic sheets. House are typically 7 feet wide and 14 feet long. The Garo build their own houses. Usually they have free spaces in front of their houses. They keep cows, chicken and ducks as pets. Garo families usually have an average of two to three children. Thirty percent of the Garo ... |
have completed high school. However, the remaining 70 percent have not; the poor families can’t afford to send their children to school. The government of Bangladesh has ensured that all children can attend primary school. But many children from the Garo community drop out after the primary level. The educated people f... |
corporate organizations. The poorer Garo people earn their keep by working as day laborers, usually in the crop fields for nine or 10 hours daily. Available transportation in Garo villages is cycle or rickshaw, especially for long distances. But since most peope can’t afford the rickshaw fare, they walk. Cycle-vans are... |
male and female have to work for the family. The interesting part is that the Garo ladies get ownership of the properties from the family, a tradition completely opposite of the Bengali people. The Garo festivals are very colorful and full of music and dancing. Christmas and Easter are the two major religious festivals... |
Wangala. Wangala is the festival when the Garo thank God for the new crops. It takes place just after the harvesting period. The Garo prepare pitha (homemade pies), sweets and other food to celebrate this occasion. At the celebration, Garo girls wear their traditional dress and sprinkle puffed rice and dry rice with th... |
Garo ladies is called Dokbanda, a combination of a long skirt and blouse. The gents wear regular shirts, trousers and lungi (Bangladeshi skirt for men). The favorite dishes of the Garo are pork, snails, eel and little tortoises. They use a special substance called Khari to make the food more tasteful. They prepare the ... |
In the earliest times, the many gods of the Egyptians were unique children of One Great God, the Source of All Life. Among the many gods, none of them was considered to be the ultimate god. Each was a free-willed portion of the Great Oneness which composed the Most High |
God. Even in Genesis the plural form is used as the name of God, indicating that the One was composed of many, and the many contained the Universal, Omnipresent One. John Van Auken Source: Ancient Egyptian Mysticism and Its Relevance Today, Pages: 5 |
Using the Congressional Serial Set for Genealogical Research By Jeffery Hartley (This article appeared in the Spring 2009 issue of Prologue. It has been excerpted and reprinted here with the permission of the author. The Historical Documents section in GenealogyBank |
includes over 243,000 reports from the US Serial Set and the American State Papers). Click here to search the American State Papers and US Congressional Serial Set in GenealogyBank.com Genealogists use whatever sources are available to them in pursuit of |
their family history: diaries, family Bibles, census records, passenger arrival records, and other federal records. One set of materials that is often overlooked, however, is the Congressional Serial Set. This large multivolume resource contains various congressional reports and documents from |
the beginning of the federal government, and its coverage is wide and varied. Women, African Americans, Native Americans, students, soldiers and sailors, pensioners, landowners, and inventors are all represented in some fashion. While a beginning genealogist would not use the |
Serial Set to begin a family history, it nevertheless can serve as a valuable tool and resource for someone helping to flesh out an ancestors life, especially where it coincided with the interests of the U.S. federal government. Since its |
inception, the U.S. government has gathered information, held hearings, compiled reports, and published those findings in literally millions of pages, the majority of which have been published by the Government Printing Office (GPO). These publications include annual reports of the |
various executive branch agencies, congressional hearings and documents, registers of employees, and telephone directories. Their topics cover a wide range, from the Ku Klux Klan to child labor practices to immigration to western exploration. In 1817, the Serial Set was |
begun with the intent of being the official, collective, definitive publication documenting the activities of the federal government. Following the destruction of the Capitol in 1814 by the British, Congress became interested in publishing their records to make them more |
accessible and less vulnerable to loss. In the early Federal period, printing of congressional documents had been haphazard, and the Serial Set was an effort designed to rectify that situation. Although initially there were no regulations concerning what should be |
included, several laws and regulations were promulgated over the years. The contents, therefore, vary depending on the year in question. In 1831, 14 years after the Serial Set was begun, the printers Gales & Seaton proposed that a compilation of |
the documents from the first Congresses be printed. The secretary of the Senate and the clerk of the House were to direct the selection of those documents, 6,278 of which were published in 38 volumes between 1832 and 1861. This |
collection was known as the American State Papers. Because it was a retrospective effort, these 38 volumes were arranged chronologically within 10 subject areas: Foreign Relations, Indian Affairs, Finance, Commerce & Navigation, Military Affairs, Naval Affairs, Post Office, Public Lands, |
Claims, and Miscellaneous. Although not technically a part of the Serial Set, the volumes were certainly related, and therefore the volumes were designated with a leading zero so that these volumes would be shelved properly, i.e. before the volumes of |
the Serial Set. (1) The Congressional Serial Set itself includes six distinct series: House and Senate journals (until 1953), House and Senate reports, House and Senate documents, Senate treaty documents, Senate executive reports, and miscellaneous reports. The journals provide information |
about the daily activities of each chamber. The House and Senate reports relate to public and private legislation under consideration during each session. Documents generally relate to other investigations or subjects that have come to the attention of Congress. Nominations |
for office and military promotion appear in the Senate Executive Reports. Miscellaneous reports are just thatwidely varied in subject matter and content. With the possible exception of the treaty documents, any of these can have some relevance for genealogists. The |
documents and reports in the Serial Set are numbered sequentially within each Congress, no matter what their subject or origin. The documents were then collected into volumes, which were then given a sequential number within the Serial Set. The set |
currently stands at over 15,000 volumes, accounting for more than 325,000 individual documents and 11 million pages. The Serial Set amounts to an incredible amount of documentation for the 19th century. Agency annual reports, reports on surveys and military expeditions, |
statistics and other investigations all appear and thoroughly document the activities of the federal government. In 1907, however, the Public Printing and Binding Act provided guidelines for what should be included, resulting in many of these types of reports no |
longer being included as they were also issued separately by the individual agencies. The number of copies was also trimmed. With that stroke, the value of the Serial Set was lessened, but it nevertheless stands as a valuable genealogical resource |
for the 19th century. So what is available for genealogists? The following examples are just some of the types of reports and information that are available. The Serial Set contains much information concerning land claims. These claims relate to bounty |
for service to the government as well as to contested lands once under the jurisdiction of another nation. In House Report 78 (21-2), there is a report entitled “Archibald Jackson.” This report, from the House Committee on Private Land Claims, |
in 1831, relates to Jackson’s claim for the land due to James Gammons. Gammons, a soldier in the 11th U.S. Infantry, died on February 19, 1813, “in service of the United States.” The act under which he enlisted provided for |
an extra three month’s pay and 160 acres of land to those who died while in service to the United States. However, Gammons was a slave, owned by Archibald Jackson, who apparently never overtly consented to the enlistment but allowed |
it to continue. That Gammons was eligible for the extra pay and bounty land was not in dispute, but the recipient of that bounty was. Jackson had already collected the back pay in 1823 and was petitioning for the land |
as well. The report provides a decision in favor of Jackson, as he was the legal representative of Gammons, and as such entitled to all of his property. (2) Land as bounty was one issue, and another was claims for |
newly annexed land as the country spread west. In 1838, the House of Representatives published a report related to Senate Bill 89 concerning the lands acquired through the treaty with Spain in 1819 that ceded East and West Florida to |
the United States. Claims to land between the Mississippi and the Perdido Rivers, however, were not a part of that treaty and had been unresolved since the Louisiana Purchase, which had taken the Perdido River as one of its limits. |
The report provides a background on the claims as well as lists of the claimants, the names of original claimants, the date and nature of the claim, and the amount of the land involved. (3) Other land claims are represented |
as well. In 1820, the Senate ordered a report to be printed from the General Land Office containing reports of the land commissioners at Jackson Court House. These lands are located in Louisiana and include information that would help a |
genealogist locate their ancestor in this area. Included in this report is a table entitled “A List of Actual Settlers, in the District East of Pearl River, in Louisiana, prior to the 3d March, 1819, who have no claims derived |
from either the French, British, or Spanish, Governments.” The information is varied, but a typical entry reads: No. 14, present claimant George B. Dameson, original claimant Mde. Neait Pacquet, originally settled 1779, located above White’s Point, Pascag. River, for about |
6 years. (4) Among the reports in the Serial Set for the 19th century are the annual reports to Congress from the various executive branch agencies. Congress had funded the activities of these organizations and required that each provide a |
report concerning their annual activities. Many of these are printed in the Serial Set, often twice: the same content with both a House and a Senate document number. Annual reports in the 19th century were very different from the public |
relations pieces that they tend to be today. Besides providing information about the organization and its activities, many included research reports and other (almost academic) papers. In the annual reports of the Bureau of Ethnology, for instance, one can find |
dictionaries of Native American languages, reports on artifacts, and in one case, even a genealogy for the descendants of a chief. (5) These reports can often serendipitously include information of interest to the family historian. For instance, the annual report |
of the solicitor of the Treasury would not necessarily be a place to expect to find family information. The 1844 report, however, does have some information that could be useful. For instance, pages 36 and 37 of this report contains |
a “tabular list of suits now pending in the courts of the United States, in which the government is a part and interested.” Many on the opposite side of the case were individuals. An example is the case of Roswell |
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