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1993 issue. Subsequent evidence revealed that Mononychus was no bird but a fossorial (digging) theropod. The fact that this fossil had a bird-like breastbone and wrist bones led evolutionists to interpret Mononychus as an intermediate form. Biased interpretations and support from the media gave the impression that some... |
in other animals, such as moles. These inferences represent no evidence at all and they have only led to misinterpretations. Writing to Science News, Richard Monastersky reports, based on observations, why this fossil cannot be classified; Mongolian and U.S. researchers have found a 75-million-year-old bird-like creatu... |
the University of Chicago notes that Mononychus had arms built much like those of digging animals. Because moles and other diggers have keeled sternums and wrists reminiscent of birds, the classification of Mononychus becomes difficult.181 In addition, this fossil is at least 80 million years younger than Archaeopteryx... |
bird-like features to biased interpretations. The fossil Bambiraptor feinbergi, claimed to be an intermediate form between dinosaurs and birds, was depicted as a feathered reptile in media illustrations. However, there is no evidence that this creature ever had feathers. In 1994, another dino-bird claim was made on beh... |
Glacier National Park in northern Montana, the fossil is 95% complete. Evolutionists promptly claimed that it represents an intermediate form between dinosaurs and birds. When the fossil, belonging to a dinosaur, was introduced as an alleged dino-bird, the report admitted, "Feathers, however, have not yet been found."1... |
added using plenty of creative imagination. The most evident objection to this so-called missing link is again, an error in dating. This alleged intermediate form fossil is 75 million years younger than Archaeopteryx, itself a species of flying bird. This fossil is therefore a specimen that demolished the ancestral rel... |
evolution, it also demolished the ancestral relationship claimed by evolutionists. According to Ohio University professor of zoology John Ruben: A point that too many people always ignored, however, is that the most birdlike of the dinosaurs, such as Bambiraptor and Velociraptor, lived 70 million years after the earlie... |
now question very strongly whether there were any feathered dinosaurs at all. What have been called feathered dinosaurs were probably flightless birds. 183 Evolutionists use a few bird-like characteristics as grounds for their preconceived interpretations. Yet the effort of building a line of descent based on similarit... |
different living things based on similar structures, they immediately close the subject by describing it as "parallel evolution." They claim that living things with similar complex organs but with no ancestors in common, evolved independently. However, since they cannot account for the origin of these complex organs in... |
predicament. Alan Feduccia states that certain similarities between birds and dinosaurs do not show any evolutionary relationship between the two groups: Bambiraptor is a small dinosaur, but it does have a number of birdlike features, as do many other forms. However there is nothing special about hollow bones, as some ... |
80 million years beyond Archaeopteryx, and yet is claimed to be the dinosaur most close to bird ancestry. That alone should be a red flag, and a warning that the situation is far more complicated than suspected. 184 3) Confuciusornis Sanctus: Identical to Modern Birds Two paleontologists, Lianhai Hou and Zhonghe Zhou, ... |
new species of fossilized bird, which they named Confuciusornis sanctus. This was presented to the public as the earliest flying dinosaur, even as evidence for how hands used for grasping turned into hands used for flight. According to Alan Feduccia, however, this fossil is one of the frequently encountered beaked bird... |
features as present-day birds. There are claws on its wings, as with Archaeopteryx, and its skeletal structure is identical to those of modern-day birds. A structure known as the pygostyle, which supports the tail feathers, can also be seen. In short, evolutionists regarded this fossil as a semi-reptile, the earliest a... |
and, bearing a close resemblance to present-day birds. This clearly conflicts with the evolutionist theses that Archaeopteryx is the earliest ancestor of all birds. 185 This is also definitive proof that Archaeopteryx and other archaic birds are not intermediate forms. These and similar fossils show no evidence that di... |
certain unique bird species similar to Archaeopteryx lived at the same time. Some of these species, such as Confuciusornis and Archaeopteryx, are extinct, but a few have survived to the present day. What is in the heavens and in the Earth belongs to Allah. Allah encompasses all things. (Surat an-Nisa, 126) 4) Protarcha... |
Protarchæopteryx robusta The fossils Protarchæopteryx robusta and Caudipteryx zoui do not belong to dinosaurs, but to extinct flightless birds. The efforts to portray these creatures as dinosaurs is an example of evolutionists' eagerness to produce evidence. In the summer of 1996, farmers working in the Yixian Formatio... |
first, Ji Qiang and his colleague Ji Shu-An concluded that these fossils must belong to a single species. Noting their surprising similarity to Archaeopteryx, they gave the creature the name Protarchaeopteryx robusta. During his research in the autumn of 1997, Philip Currie concluded that these fossils belonged to two ... |
zoui. 186 The discoveries of the Protarchæopteryx robusta and Caudipteryx zoui fossils were depicted as evidence that birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs. 187 The popular press stated that these fossils were definitely the so-called ancestors of birds. One commentator even wrote that the dinosaur-bird link was "now p... |
claims, Caudipteryx and Protarchaeopteryx were small dinosaurs whose bodies were largely covered in feathers. But on their wings and tails were longer and more complex feathers, arranged like those in present-day birds. However, it is no surprise that these creatures should have feather arrangements similar to modern b... |
question are flightless birds, not dinosaurs. In severely criticizing the dino-bird dogma, Larry Martin and Alan Feduccia stated that these fossils were flightless bird species like the modern ostrich. 190 But adherents of the dino-bird theory are reluctant to accept this because they want to classify the creatures as ... |
a new contradiction to evolutionists' alleged ancestral relationships. According to the evolutionist scenario, these dinosaurs and modern birds both have a special bone that lets them bend their wrists. Again according to evolutionist claims, this feature enabled them to move their forefeet in a wide manner, to catch f... |
important part of the wingbeats the today's birds use to fly. However, such interpretations are scientifically invalid, because flight consists of far more complex actions than just wing beating: Any forward beating movement gives rises to a counter impulse that propels the bird backward. For the purpose of flight, the... |
back and propel the birds forwards. As in planes, the wings have a special aerofoil shape, which causes air to flow faster over the upper surface than the lower. This, according to the Bernoulli principle, reduces air pressure on the upper surface and creates lift. This is the main factor in take-off, but there is also... |
the air being propelled downward.). 191 While refuting the theory of evolution's dino-bird claims, the world of science also confirms that living things are perfectly created. The attitude of evolutionist scientists clearly reveals that they are blindly devoted to the theory in question. In addition, the structure of a... |
A feathered wing is no advantage to a bird using its wings to catch prey, because a feathered wing's broad surface will only increase air resistance and make movement more difficult. If, the bird flapped for hunting, as evolutionists maintain then its wing structure should help the bird move forward by pushing air back... |
wings to let air pass through them, like a sieve or flyswatter. Thus evolutionist accounts are full of illogicalities that conflict with their own claims. In addition to its feathers, Caudipteryx has a series of other features showing it to be a bird—such as that it was carnivorous. Caudopteryx was portrayed as a thero... |
a carnivore.192 But there were no teeth in its lower skull and lower jaw, and the first two fossil specimens contained the remains of crops that birds use for digesting plant materials.193 Organs such as the crop are found only in birds and not in any species of the theropod family. 194 Protarchæopteryx and Caudipteryx... |
referred to as dinosaurs is because that's what evolutionists want them to be. 5) Sinosauropteryx: Another Fossil Subjected to Speculative Claims Today's evolutionists have entirely abandoned their claim that the creature was feathered. But a dogmatic approach towards evolution and accepted preconceptions make such err... |
as a result of detailed analyses. One example of such dino-bird claims was Sinosauropteryx, announced with enormous media propaganda in 1996. Some evolutionist paleontologists maintained that this fossil reptile possessed bird feathers. The following year, however, examinations revealed that these structures so excited... |
the structures had been misperceived as feathers by evolutionist paleontologists: Exactly 1 year ago, paleontologists were abuzz about photos of a so-called "feathered dinosaur" . . . The Sinosauropteryx specimen from the Yixian Formation in China made the front page of The New York Times, and was viewed by some as con... |
in Chicago late last month, the verdict was a bit different: The structures are not modern feathers, say the roughly half-dozen Western paleontologists who have seen the specimens. . . . Larry Martin of Kansas University, Lawrence, thinks the structures are frayed collagenous fibers beneath the skin—and so have nothing... |
Brush of Connecticut University had this to say: The stiff, bristlelike fibers that outline the fossils lack the detailed organization seen in modern feathers. 196 Another important point is that Sinosauropteryx had bellows-like lungs, like those in reptiles. According to many researchers, these show that the animal co... |
Structure of Modern-Day Birds The wing structure in Eoalulavis hoyasi is also present in certain present-day flying birds. The feathers on this bird's wing contain a small bunch of feathers attached to the "finger". When the bird wishes to slow down or descend to earth, it decreases the angle of the wing to the horizon... |
surface and to stop without falling. Another fossil to demolish evolutionist claims was Eoalulavis hoyasi. This, estimated at some 120 million years old, is older than all the known theropod specimens. Nonetheless, wing structure in Eoalulavis hoyasi is identical to some modern-day flying birds. This proves that verteb... |
theropods, which appeared after this creature, were the ancestors of birds is clearly irrational. This bird's wing has a bunch of small feathers attached to the "finger." Recognizable as the alula, this structure is a basic feature of many birds alive today and consisting of several feathers that permits the bird to en... |
encountered in a fossil bird from the Mesozoic. This new bird was given the name Eoalulavis hoyasi, or "ancient bird with an alula."198 Its presence shows that this bird, the size of a chaffinch, was able to fly and maneuver as well as modern-day birds. The alula functions like the wing flap on an airplane. When the bi... |
landing, it increases of its wing to the horizon. The drag produced by this wing position helps the bird to slow down. But when the angle between the direction of the air flow and the wing surface gets too steep, turbulence over the wing increases until the bird loses the lift necessary to maintain flight. Like an airp... |
in danger of stalling in midair. The alula now enters the equation. By raising this small appendage, the bird creates a slot between it and the main part of the wing, similar to what happens when a pilot deploys a craft's wing flaps. The slot allows air to stream over the main wing's upper surface, easing turbulence an... |
brake without stalling. 199 Birds 120 million years ago were using the same technology as that employed present. This realization added yet another insuperable difficulty facing the theory of evolution. 7) Unenlagia Comahuensis: A Dino-Bird Based On Artists' Imaginations Fernando E. Novas of the Argentine Museum of Nat... |
new fossil, said to be 90 million years old, in the 22 May, 1997, edition of Nature magazine, under the caption "Missing Link."200 They named this fossil Unenlagia comahuensis, meaning "half-bird from north-west Patagonia." This fossil, discovered in Argentina's Patagonia region, consisted of more than 20 pieces of the... |
with a neck, jaw and tail—and subsequently announced that this fossil was an intermediate stage in the transition from dinosaurs to birds. However, Unenlagia comahuensis is manifestly a dinosaur, in many respects. In particular, certain features of its skull and the bone formations behind its eyes closely resemble thos... |
however, claimed that by raising its forearms, it could make similar movements to those used by birds for flying. But clearly, these prejudiced guesses and assumptions cannot be regarded as definitive proof. On account of its different features, Lawrence M. Witmer of Ohio University describes this creature as a genuine... |
between dinosaurs and birds, emphasizing that it lived 55 million years after Archaeopteryx. 202 As Feduccia stressed in a 1996 article written together with several other authors in Science magazine, almost every dinosaur said to resemble the bird dates back to long after the emergence of the first true birds.203 This... |
Keeping fit and active in old age or taking cholesterol-busting statins are both vital for preventing early death. And when the two are combined, it dramatically slashes the chances of dying early by up to 70 per cent, scientists found after a 10-year study of 10,000 people. Experts are already calling for everyone ove... |
prescribed statins to ward off chronic and potentially fatal conditions, even if the patients are at low risk. They say administering statins to an extra five million people would cut heart attacks and strokes by 10,000 a year and save at least 2,000 lives. The pills, which cost as little as 40p a day and are taken by ... |
Britons to reduce cholesterol and protect against heart attacks, heart disease and stroke, have also been shown to be a potent cancer-buster. Treatment with statins is important, but better fitness improves survival significantly and is a valuable additional treatment or an alternative when statins cannot be taken US s... |
and diagnosed with the high cholesterol condition dyslipidaemia. All had their fitness graded and were divided into those taking statins and those not. Over 10 years, death rates were lowest for people who were both fit and taking statins. That group had a 70 per cent reduced risk of death. For those who were fit but n... |
the chances of dying were reduced by just under 50 per cent. According to the study, published in The Lancet, the differences could not be explained by factors such as age, weight, ethnicity, sex, heart disease history and other drugs. Leader of the study, Dr Peter Kokkinos, of the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Wa... |
people would only need to undertake “moderate and feasible” activity such as walking, gardening, and gym classes to gain the same or greater protection than that achieved by statins. He urged people with high cholesterol to improve their fitness to at least a moderate level. He added: “Treatment with statins is importa... |
a valuable additional treatment or an alternative when statins cannot be taken.” Natasha Stewart, senior cardiac nurse at the British Heart Foundation, said: “This research shows that the two together (statins and exercise) can provide a winning combination to further improve your heart health, with higher intensity ex... |
outweigh risks. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence currently recommends that statins are given to those with a 20 per cent or greater chance of developing cardiovascular disease within 10 years. |
Released September 2, 2009 INSITITE, W.V. – Students are notorious for the amount of paper, plastic and energy they use, says Monica Graff Haines of Green Apple, a maker of eco-friendly school supplies. When going back to school, take the |
opportunity to teach children some lessons about green living. Packing lunch reduces waste. Fill reusable containers with organic foods; avoid plastic baggies and disposable juice boxes. New is not always better. Before hitting the store to purchase new school supplies, |
see how many materials you have around the house that you can reuse. Doing small things helps the environment. When picking up or dropping off your child at school, don't idle your car. Idling for more than 10 seconds uses |
Air pollution is a broad term applied to all chemical and biological agents that modify the natural characteristics of the atmosphere. Some definitions also consider physical perturbations such as noise pollution, heat, radiation or light pollution as air pollution. Some definitions include the term harmful as a requis... |
in two groups: anthropogenic (caused by human activity) and natural. Natural sources include: Anthropogenic sources are mostly related to burning different kinds of fuel. They include: - Volcanic activity - Dust from natural sources, usually large areas of land with little or no vegetation - Gases, such as methane, emi... |
chemicals from farming, especially of erodible land, see Dust Bowl - Industrial activity in general. - Vehicles with internal-combustion engines. - Stoves and incinerators, specially coal ones. - Paint fumes, or other toxical vapors. Contaminants of air can be divided in particles and gases. Particles are classified by... |
less than 10 microns (0.01 mm); they are dangerous to humans because they can be breathed and reach the lungs. PM2.5 are particles whose size is less than 2.5 microns (0.0025 mm), and they are even more dangerous because they can pass the alveoli and reach the blood. Important pollutant gases include: The worst single ... |
States occurred in Donora, Pennsylvania in late October, 1948 - Davis, Devra, When Smoke Ran Like Water: Tales of Environmental Deception and the Battle Against Pollution, Basic Books, 2002, hardcover, 316 pages, ISBN 0-465-01521-2 |
Donald Ervin Knuth Knuth, Donald Ervin (nōth, kənōthˈ) [key], 1938–, American mathematician and computer scientist, b. Milwaukee, Wis., grad. Case Institute of Technology (B.S. and M.S., 1960) and California Institute of Technology (Ph.D., 1963). While still a graduate student, Knuth was contracted to write a book abou... |
into his monumental series The Art of Computer Programming (3 vol., 1968–), an overview of programming algorithms, each described with mathematical rigor, that has been translated into six languages. Disappointed with the state of computer typesetting, Knuth developed a typesetting program that has become the standard ... |
until 1968, when he joined the faculty at Stanford Univ., becoming professor emeritus in 1993. His writings include Surreal Numbers (1974), Literate Programming (1992), and Digital Typography (1999). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more... |
Sir George Somers Somers, Sir George, 1554–1610, English naval commander. The leader of several successful privateering ventures against the Spanish, he was knighted in 1603. He was a founder (1606) |
of the London Company and set out with settlers for Virginia in 1609. They were shipwrecked and landed in the Bermudas, which Somers claimed for Britain. He continued to Virginia |
but returned to Bermuda (1610), where he died. Several versions of his shipwreck were written at the time, one of which may have inspired Shakespeare's The Tempest. The Columbia Electronic |
Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. More on Sir George Somers from Fact Monster: See more Encyclopedia articles on: British and Irish History: Biographies |
What reaction can I expect from my small children when I tell them we’re separating and in the months following? Posted on January 10, 2012 While no child wants to |
hear that their parents are breaking up, children often have predictable responses when you tell them that you are separating that relate to their developmental stage. Knowing what these might |
be will hopefully make you more prepared for the emotional, behavioral and physical changes that will follow. Young children do not fully understand the concept of marriage and separation. They |
will only understand that mommy or daddy will no longer be living together. Be prepared for them to find it difficult to grasp what is happening. Try to make them |
understand otherwise they will be frustrated and confused. Children under the age of 5 years old will have various reactions depending on their personality. They will either cry, pretend you |
never mentioned the separation, they may change the subject because they want to stop their feelings or they go back to focus on what they were doing before you started |
talking to them or they may show no emotion at all at the time but then leave the room to process their feelings. Once they have been able to process |
some of the information you tell them they will have lots of feelings and fears about the future. The fear of abandonment is very common and is expressed in a |
variety of ways. Children may cling, whine and have tantrums when left at childcare. They want the security of being with their main carer and don’t want to be left. |
When you pick them up they may also be upset because you left them but also relieved and pleased to see you. Children may get upset when moved between parents |
during access visits and will feel unsettled if their main carer changes e.g. they may have a new person looking after them if mum has to go to back to |
work. Being around unfamiliar people can make them tearful and anxious. Often they will struggle with a new routine and having to be moved between both parents. Some children often |
regress in their behaviour. They may return to the comfort of a security blanket or a toy they had outgrown or they may have a lapse in toilet training. It |
is not unusual for children to have disturbed sleep either. Bear with them, as it won’t be forever. These types of behaviour rarely last for more than a few weeks. |
Some children may become irritable and engage more in physical activity and fighting. This is because of the hurt they feel and the anger towards the situation. Other children may |
become more fearful of aggression and being hurt. Children under five may become less imaginative and co-¬‐operative in their play. They may prefer to play by themselves rather than with |
friends and they may show a preference for adult company as being near adults makes them feel secure. They can show more anger and apathy in their play and in |
their interactions with peers and adults as they act out how they feel and the situation they are in e.g. when dad comes to the house to pick them up |
for the day. Many children grow up emotionally together and psychologically strong even though they have had the adverse childhood experience of their parents separating. Young children do not necessarily |
carry their wounds through into their adult life. If a young child’s life improves and changes, especially during the ages of two and six, the negative effects of early childhood |
Math is the basis for music, but for those of us who aren’t virtuosic at either, the connection isn’t always easy to grasp. Which is what makes the videos of Vi Hart, a “mathemusician” with a dedicated YouTube following, so wonderful. Hart explains complex phenomena--from cardioids to Carl Gauss--using simple (and ofte... |
yesterday, Hart’s latest video is a real doozy. In it, she uses a music box and a Möbius strip to explain space-time, showing how the two axes of musical notation (pitch and tempo) correspond to space and time. Using the tape notation as a model for space-time, she cuts and folds it to show the finite ways you can slic... |
and dice the axes. Then, she shows us how you can loop the tape into a continuous strip of twinkling notes: If you fold space-time into a Mobius strip, you get your melody, and then the inversion, the melody played upside down. And then right side up again. And so on. So rather than folding and cutting up space-time, j... |
The colors are the different echo intensities (reflectivity) measured in dBZ (decibels of Z) during each elevation scan. "Reflectivity" is the amount of transmitted power returned to the radar receiver. Reflectivity (designated by the letter Z) covers a wide range |
of signals (from very weak to very strong). So, a more convenient number for calculations and comparison, a decibel (or logarithmic) scale (dBZ), is used. The dBZ values increase as the strength of the signal returned to the radar increases. |
Each reflectivity image you see includes one of two color scales. One scale (far left) represents dBZ values when the radar is in clear air mode (dBZ values from -28 to +28). The other scale (near left) represents dBZ values |
when the radar is in precipitation mode (dBZ values from 5 to 75). Notice the color on each scale remains the same in both operational modes, only the values change. The value of the dBZ depends upon the mode the |
radar is in at the time the image was created. The scale of dBZ values is also related to the intensity of rainfall. Typically, light rain is occurring when the dBZ value reaches 20. The higher the dBZ, the stronger |
the rainrate. Depending on the type of weather occurring and the area of the U.S., forecasters use a set of rainrates which are associated to the dBZ These values are estimates of the rainfall per hour, updated each volume scan, |
with rainfall accumulated over time. Hail is a good reflector of energy and will return very high dBZ values. Since hail can cause the rainfall estimates to be higher than what is actually occurring, steps are taken to prevent these |
It is from the traditional family that we absorb those universal ideals and principles which are the teaching of Jesus, the bedrock of our religious faith. We are taught the |
difference between right and wrong, and about the law, just punishment and discipline. What do you first do when you learn to swim? You make mistakes, do you not? And |
what happens? You make other mistakes, and when you have made all the mistakes you possibly can without drowning - and some of them many times over - what do |
you find? That you can swim? Well - life is just the same as learning to swim! Do not be afraid of making mistakes, for there is no other way |
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