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was being built. This toil took up all of their spare time, but they ended up with a soundly-built home. Barbara and Graeme Davison have detected a pioneer spirit amongst post-war suburbanites who 'did battle with the elements, creating little oases of domestic safety and comfort in a dangerous world'. Jack's perspecti... |
the chance to do that sort of thing in England. In England you saved up and bought a house which was already built. This idea of a buying a block of land and building your own house was new to me.' Gwen died in 1984, at the age of 59. Jack still lives in his first home: he feels a strong sense of attachment |
to the place he worked so hard for and sees no reason to move. The house is now sewered, has a concrete driveway and path (laid by Jack), and has been painted inside and out several times, but essentially has remained unchanged. The open fireplace remains the main source of heating and in summer the windows are opened ... |
cooling. Acknowledgements and Bibliography The 1955 photographs are from Jack Frost and the 1997 photograph was taken by Lionel Frost. Boyd, Robin, Australia's home: Why Australians built the way they did, Penguin, Harmondsworth 1952. Davison, Barbara and Graeme Davison, 'Suburban pioneers', in G Davison, T Dingle and ... |
Greig, Alastair, The stuff dreams are made of: housing provision in Australia 1945-1960, Melbourne University Press, Carlton 1995. Hibbins, GM, A history of the City of Springvale: constellation of communities, Lothian Publishing, Port Melbourne 1984. McGuire, Frank, Chelsea: A beachside community, The City of Chelsea ... |
He has written several books and articles on aspects of Australia's urban history, including Australian cities in comparative view (1990) and The new urban frontier: urbanisation and city-building in Australasia and the American West (1991). In 1994 he was co-winner of the prestigious Dyos Prize in Urban History, award... |
The Middle School enjoys its own spirited identity at Episcopal while still maintaining a close connection to the Upper and Lower Schools. It is a place where there are opportunities |
for students to develop a sense of belonging, ownership and responsibility for this community and any other communities in which they participate. We use the Ten Stripes (Self-Control, Faith, Honesty, |
Courtesy, Kindness, Generosity, Gratitude, Courage, Respect and Sportsmanship) as the foundation of all of our interactions to inspire students to embody these qualities. We have Chapel and advisory programs that |
are in place to empower and support students to acquire the skills and develop the character and confidence to make good decisions, engage fully and act mindfully. We encourage and |
teach our students to reflect on the many ways they interact with the community and strive to help them see different perspectives in all that we do. We strive to |
teach, model and promote important academic ideas, dexterity in communication and strong interpersonal skills. Students are challenged to develop organizational skills, study habits and habits of mind that support individual |
growth and allow for the pursuit of a challenging academic curriculum. We work to balance Mind, Body and Spirit through participation in a rigorous academic program where we pursue knowledge, |
big ideas and questions and use a variety of instructional strategies to foster curiosity, exploration, and creativity. We strive for our students to become critical thinkers, independent and lifelong learners, |
strong communicators, healthy risk takers and good global citizens. A Step Up in Middle School In Sixth Grade, students begin interscholastic competition in athletics and are required to participate in |
chorus, band, or string ensemble; modern language offerings include French, Mandarin Chinese and Spanish. In I and II Form, Latin and classical studies are required and a vibrant elective program |
is offered. Students can take an active role in shaping the Middle School community through Student Council, Chapel Council, and yearbook for 7th and 8th grade students. Courses in 2-D |
design, ceramics, music technology, and community theater are offered in the arts and electives like robotics and digital video production push students to weave creativity with technology. Students are expected |
Satellites are tracing Europe's forest fire scars Burning with a core heat approaching 800°C and spreading at up to 100 metres per minute, woodland blazes bring swift, destructive change to |
landscapes: the resulting devastation can be seen from space. An ESA-backed service to monitor European forest fire damage will help highlight areas most at risk of future outbreaks. Last year's |
long hot summer was a bumper year for forest fires, with more than half a million hectares of woodland destroyed across Mediterranean Europe. So far this year fresh fires have |
occurred across Portugal, Spain and southern France, with 2500 people evacuated from blazes in foothills north of Marseille. According to the European Commission, each hectare of forest lost to fire |
costs Europe's economy between a thousand and 5000 Euros. The distinctive 'burn scars' left across the land by forest fires can be identified from space as a specific reddish-brown spectral |
signature from a false-colour composite of spectral bands from optical sensors in the short wavelength infrared, near infrared and visible channels. A new ESA-backed, Earth Observation-based service is making use |
of this fact, employing satellite imagery from SPOT and Landsat to automatically detect the 2004 burn scars within fire-prone areas of the Entente region of Southwest France, within the Puglia |
and Marche regions of Italy and across the full territory of Spain. Burn scar detection is planned to take place on a seasonal basis, identifying fires covering at least one |
hectare to a standard resolution of 30 metres, with detailed damage assessment available to a maximum resolution of 2.5 metres using the SPOT 5 satellite. Partner users include Italy's National |
Civil Protection Department, Spain's Dirección general para la Biodiversidad – a directorate of the Environment Ministry that supports regional fire-fighting activities with more than 50 aircraft operating from 33 airbases |
– as well as France's National Department of Civil Protection (DDSC) and the country's Centre D'Essais Et De Recherce de l'Entente (CEREN), the test and research centre of the government |
organisation tasked with combating forest fires, known as the Entente Interdépartementale. "To cope with fire disasters, the most affected Departments in the south of France have decided to join forces |
to ensure effective forest fire protection," explained Nicolas Raffalli of CEREN. "Within the Entente region we have an existing fire database called PROMETHEE, which is filled out either by firemen, |
forestry workers or policemen across the 13 Departments making up the region." Current methods of recording fire damage vary greatly by country or region. The purpose of this new service |
– part of a portfolio of Earth Observation services known as Risk-EOS – is to develop a standardised burn scar mapping methodology for use throughout Europe, along with enabling more |
accurate post-fire damage assessment and analysis of vegetation re-growth and manmade changes within affected areas. "We want to link up PROMETHEE with this burn scar mapping product from Risk-EOS to |
have a good historical basis of information," Raffalli added. "The benefit is that it makes possible a much more effective protection of the forest." Characterising the sites of past fires |
to a more thorough level of detail should mean that service users can better forecast where fires are most likely to break out in future, a process known as risk |
mapping. Having been validated and geo-referenced, burn scar maps can then be easily merged with other relevant geographical detail. The vast majority of fires are started by the actions of |
human beings, from discarding cigarette butts up to deliberate arson. Checking burn scar occurrences against roads, settlements and off-road tracks is likely to throw up correlations. These can be extrapolated |
elsewhere to help identify additional areas at risk where preventative measures should be prioritised. And overlaying burn scar maps with a chart of forest biomass has the potential to highlight |
zones where new blazes would burn the fiercest. Once such relatively fixed environmental elements, known as static risks, are factored in, other aspects that change across time – including temperature, |
rainfall and vegetation moisture – can be addressed. These variables are known as dynamic risks. At the end of the risk mapping process, the probability of fire breaking out in |
a particular place and time can be reliably calculated. The Risk-EOS burn scar mapping service began last year. The intention is to develop further fire-related services by the end of |
2007, including daily risk maps combining EO with meteorological and vegetation data. Another planned service will identify 'hot spots' during fires, and map fire events twice a day, permitting an |
overall assessment of its development and the damage being done. A 'fires memory atlas' set up at national or regional level will allow the routine sharing of all information related |
to forest fire events and fire risk. "For the future I think near-real time fire and hot spot mapping would obviously be extremely useful," Raffalli concluded. "With these products those |
managing the situation could see where the fire is, as well as the hot spots inside it. They can then deploy ground and aerial resources with maximum efficiency." Building on |
ITALSCAR Italy's National Civil Protection Department is providing advice on the implementation of the Risk-EOS service, based on previous experience with an ESA Data User Programme (DUP) project called ITALSCAR. |
Run for ESA by the Italian firms Telespazio una Societá Finmeccanica and Vitrociset, ITALSCAR charted burn scars across the whole of Italian territory occurring between June and September during the |
years 1997, 1998, 1999 and 2000. For the last quarter of a century, Italian legislation had required that all burned areas be recorded and mapped, as no land use change |
is permitted to occur on such terrain for 15 years after a blaze, no new building construction for the next ten years, and no new publicly funded reforestation for a |
half-decade. However the mapping of burn scars is the responsibility of local administration and their methodologies and overall effectiveness are highly variable. No central cartographic archive of burn scar perimeters |
exists: the closest equivalent is a cardset index (Anti Incendio Boschivi or AIB) recording fire-fighting interventions by the Italian Forest Guards. The ITALSCAR burn scar maps were produced across a |
wide variety of different forest classes. Burn scars were mapped pixel by pixel using an automated software system, followed up with manual photo-interpretation for quality assurance. To ensure confidence in |
the results they were validated using ground surveys and checked against reports from local fire brigades and Forest Guards' AIB records. The Risk-EOS burn scar mapping service is based around |
this same methodology. Managed by Astrium, Risk-EOS also incorporates services for flood as well as fire risk management. It forms part of the Services Element of Global Monitoring for Environment |
] Recycling and protecting the environment is very important in our world today. Now, you will listen to an award-winning essay on trees in which a girl explains why she loves trees? What ideas would you expect to hear in such an essay? |I. Pre-Listening Exercises [Top]| HELPFUL TIP: Deforestation is a serious problem ... |
you read the Quiz Script and do the Text Completion Quiz. |III. Post-Listening Exercises [Top]| What environmental problems can you think that pose great danger to nature and our world (e.g., acid rain, deforestation, water pollution)? Are these threats caused by human activity or by natural occurrences? What are some ... |
This little LED-lit cube is much more than just a paper lantern: It’s a translucent and flexible thin-film electronic circuit that hooks up a battery to an LED, limber enough to be folded into an origami box. And the coolest thing about circuits like these? You can make them at home. In what follows, we combine basic e... |
traditional origami balloon) to make what might be called an “LED Foldie.” The circuitry consists of aluminum foil traces, ironed onto adhesive paper such as freezer paper, photo mounting paper, or even a laser printed pattern. Something constructed this way can then be folded so fit an LED and battery to complete the ... |
is to see where the parts go. After that we will unfold the model, draw circuit paths between the points that we want to connect, and go from there. To get started, we first folded an origami balloon, and then inserted the components where we wanted them. The balloon has a convenient pocket on the side for a lithium co... |
hole that allows you to point an LED into the interior of the balloon. (And you can follow along with balloon folding in this flickr photo set.) We marked up the locations of the battery and LED terminals on the origami balloon– while still folded– and then unfolded our “circuit board.” At this point, we have the compo... |
between them. The next step is to add those circuitry lines (circuit board wires, or traces) between the battery and LED. One thing to keep in mind for interfacing papercraft to electronics: it’s helpful if the circuit traces fold over the leads for the LED in order to maintain good contact. After connecting the dots (... |
our circuit. (See PDF below as well.) Pretty simple here– only two wires! The two round pads contact the two sides of the battery, and the two angled pads contact the two leads of the LED. The next step is to actually fabricate our circuit board. We’ve actually found two slightly different techniques that work well, so... |
“Freezer paper” method (which also works with sheets of dry mount adhesive), where you laminate foil traces to the plastic-coated paper. Second is the “Direct Toner” method, where you print out a circuit diagram on a laser printer and laminate the foil to the printed toner. (Both of these methods of fabricating paper c... |
origami. Our origami balloon example provides a good demonstration of the techniques!) METHOD I: The “Freezer paper” method Next, cut out your traced pattern. Scissors work well, of course. Be careful not to tear the foil! Prefolding your paper and comparing to your circuit layout will show you where to lay the aluminu... |
laminate the foil to the paper. What kind of paper? The easiest (but slightly obscure) choice is “dry mount adhesive,” which is tissue paper infused with high-quality hot-melt glue. You can get sheets or rolls of it from art supply places for use in mounting artwork and photography. Much more common and equally workabl... |
that you can get on rolls at the grocery store– look in the section with the aluminum foil. (Place foil on the shiny side of the freezer paper). We used a small hobby iron to fuse the foil to our different papers, but a regular iron works just as well. The dry mount adhesive did not require much heat, while the freezer... |
the iron to be on high– that plastic has to melt. We folded a larger sheet of parchment paper over the whole circuit during ironing in order to keep the adhesives from sticking to the iron and other surfaces. We also experimented with waxed paper, which was not sticky enough for the aluminum foil. We even tried ironing... |
though it adhered well, it was too fragile and the traces broke upon folding. It would probably work reasonably well in an application where folding isn’t required: It was absolutely beautiful and completely unreliable for origami. Once the foil is adhered to the paper, it is time to refold it. Insert the components, a... |
your battery around. If it still doesn’t light up, make sure your LED leads are contacting the traces. Hint for this circuit: You won’t hurt the LED by plugging it in backwards to that little battery, so this is a better method than actually trying to keep track of the polarity. The LED Foldie naturally wants to sit on... |
with the LED projecting into the side of the balloon. The weight of the battery helps keep the circuit connected. METHOD II: The “Direct Toner” method Our last breakthrough came when we created a pdf pattern to print out. We realized that you could fuse the foil directly to the toner from a laser printer. You can print... |
no inkjet!) and iron your foil pieces directly to the paper. Caveat: while the foil sticks well to the toner, it isn’t quite strong enough that you can just iron on a giant sheet of foil and have it only stick where there’s toner, so you still need to cut out the foil shapes, at least roughly. Place your foil carefully... |
and iron very well, very hot. Be sure to cover your work with parchment paper or you will get toner on your iron. When your foil is stuck to the toner, cut out the square and get ready to fold. Inflate, add battery and LED, and admire the glow. As before, if you have trouble, try turning your battery around and making ... |
the leads of the LED are making contact with the foil. And there it is: a bridge between papercraft and electronics, or perhaps between etch-at-home printed circuit boards and high-end flex PCBs. We think that there’s some potential here. Your turn! What kinds of origami can you light up? As always, we’d love to see yo... |
The Evolution Deceit Imaginary Dinosaur-Bird Links As you saw in earlier chapters, it's impossible for birds to have evolved from dinosaurs, since no mechanism can have eliminated the enormous physiological differences between the two groups. Despite this, evolutionists still raise the scenario of birds being evolved f... |
regarding these so-called dino-birds, as if they represented the true facts. These accounts are intended to convince people feathered dinosaurs once lived on Earth. This scenario is presented persistently as it were a proven fact. All objections, criticisms and counter-evidence are totally ignored, clearly indicating t... |
in the following pages reveal their hollow, deceptive nature. The claim that birds evolved from dinosaurs is actually opposed by a great many paleontologists or anatomists who otherwise support the theory of evolution. As you have seen, two renowned ornithologists, Alan Feduccia and Larry Martin, think this scenario is... |
Not all biologists believe that birds are dinosaurs... This group of scientists emphasize the differences between dinosaurs and birds, claiming that the differences are too great for the birds to have evolved from earlier dinosaurs. Alan Feduccia, and Larry Martin, for instance, contend that birds could not have evolve... |
data and support their claim from developmental biology and biomechanics. 170 Many evolutionist publications refer to the thesis that birds evolved from dinosaurs as if it were based on solid evidence and accepted by the entire scientific community. They try to give the impression that the only subject up for debate is... |
dino-bird claim, he eventually realized in the light of his research that it was invalid, and abandoned his former ideas: Every time I look at the evidence formerly discovered and then make a claim about the origins of the theropod, I saw its inaccuracy. That is because everything shows its inadequacy. The truth of the... |
same features with birds and don't think that there exist striking features supporting that birds are of theropod origin. 171 Feduccia admits that concerning the origin of birds, the theory of evolution finds itself in a state of uncertainty. He attaches no credence to the deliberately maintained dino-bird controversy,... |
Simple Answer to a Complex Problem," published in October 2002 in The Auk, the journal of the American Ornithologists' Union, in which the most technical aspects of ornithology are discussed. Feduccia describes in detail how the idea that birds evolved from dinosaurs, raised by John Ostrom in the 1970s and fiercely def... |
impossible. Feduccia is not alone among evolutionists in this regard. Peter Dodson, the evolutionist professor of anatomy from Pennsylvania University, also doubts that birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs: I am on record as opposing cladistics and catastrophic extinction of dinosaurs; I am tepid on endothermic dinosa... |
claims of the theory of evolution, and has come in for severe criticism from his evolutionist colleagues. In one article, he responds to these criticisms: Personally, I continue to find it problematic that the most birdlike maniraptoran theropods are found 25 to 75 million years after the origin of birds . . . .Ghost l... |
required by the cladistic method. Of course, it is admitted that late Cretaceous maniraptorans are not the actual ancestors of birds, only "sister taxa." Are we being asked to believe that a group of highly derived, rapidly evolving maniraptorans in the Jurassic gave rise to birds, as manifested by Archaeopteryx, and t... |
and persisted unchanged in essential characters for millions of years? Or are actual ancestors far more basal in morphology and harder to classify? If the latter, then why insist that the problem is now solved? 173 Alan Feduccia sets out an important fact concerning the dino-birds said to have been found in China: the ... |
dinosaurs are definitely not bird feathers. A considerable body of evidence shows that these fossil traces have nothing at all to do with bird feathers. He says this in an article published in The Auk magazine: Having studied most of the specimens said to sport protofeathers, I, and many others, do not find any credibl... |
have that strange halo of what has become known as dino-fuzz, but although that material has been "homologized" with avian feathers, the arguments are far less than convincing. 174 Citing Richard O. Prum, one of the supporters of the dino-bird claims, as an example, Feduccia goes on to mention the prejudiced approach s... |
birds are dinosaurs; therefore, any filamentous material preserved in dromaeosaurs must represent protofeathers. 175 Latest Research Has Dealt a Severe Blow to Feathered Dinosaur Claims The fossilized structures referred to as dinosaur feathers were shown by Theagarten (Solly) Lingham-Soliar, a paleontologist from Durb... |
in river mud, semi-permeable to air for a year. The reason a dolphin was selected was that its flesh is easy to analyze. At the end of this period, the professor examined the dolphin's bunches of collagen—which constitutes connective tissue in the bodies of most living things— under a microscope. According to him, the ... |
to feathers."1 The German magazine Naturwissenschaften commented that: "The findings throw serious doubt on the virtually complete reliance on visual image by supporters of the feathered dinosaur thesis and emphasize the need for more rigorous methods of identification using modern feathers as a frame of reference." 2 ... |
some unpublished, but particularly in a Chinese pterosaur and a therizinosaur, which has teeth like those of prosauropods. Most surprisingly, skin fibers very closely resembling dino-fuzz have been discovered in a Jurassic ichthyosaur and described in detail. Some of those branched fibers are exceptionally close in mor... |
distribution in archosaurs is evidence alone that they have nothing to do with feathers. 176 Feduccia recalls that various structures found around these fossils and thought to belong to them, were later determined to consist of inorganic matter: One is reminded of the famous fernlike markings on the Solnhofen fossils k... |
inorganic structures caused by a solution of manganese from within the beds that reprecipitated as oxides along cracks or along bones of fossils. 177 The fossil beds preserve not only an indefinite structure such as dino-fuzz but also bird feathers. But all the fossils presented as feathered dinosaurs have been found i... |
the world—Feduccia draws attention to this intriguing state of affairs: One must explain also why all theropods and other dinosaurs discovered in other deposits where integument is preserved exhibit no dino-fuzz, but true reptilian skin, devoid of any featherlike material (Feduccia 1999), and why typically Chinese drom... |
preserved. 178 Feduccia states that some of these creatures portrayed as feathered dinosaurs are simply extinct reptiles with dino-fuzz and that others are genuine birds: There are clearly two different taphonomic phenomena in the early Cretaceous lacustrine deposits of the Yixian and Jiufotang formations of China, one... |
actual avian feathers, as in the feathered dinosaurs that were featured on the cover of Nature, but which turned out to be secondarily flightless birds. 179 Peter Dodson, on the other hand, says, "I hasten to add that none of the known small theropods, including Deinonychus, Dromaeosaurus, Velociraptor, Unenlagia, nor ... |
that these creatures cannot be the ancestors of birds because the earliest known bird, Archaeopteryx, lived long before the Cretaceous Period. In short, the fossils portrayed as feathered dinosaurs or dino-birds either belong to certain flightless birds like today's ostriches, or else to reptiles possessed of a structu... |
fossil that might represent an intermediate form between birds and reptiles. Therefore, the claim that fossils prove that birds descended from dinosaurs is completely unrealistic. 1) The Alleged Intermediate From: Mononychus Mononychus is one of the fossils used as a vehicle for evolutionist propaganda and depicted wit... |
of further evidence, that this creature was not a bird. One of the best-known fossils in the alleged dino-bird chain is Mononychus, discovered in Mongolia in 1993 and claimed to be an intermediate form between dinosaurs and birds. Although not the slightest trace of feathers was found in this fossil, Time magazine reco... |
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