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C. Ford Runge and Benjamin Senauer - Alternative Fuels & Advanced Vehicles Data Center - Biofuels are part of the solution - Energie: Heizen mit Weizen - Wirtschaft - stern.de - "Grain gaining steam as home-heating option". CBC News. 2005-10-14. - Grain Burning Stoves by Prairie Fire Grain Energy. Renewable Fuel - Virt... |
driving up food costs 03/16/08 - Grand Island Independent: News - IBDeditorials.com: Editorials, Political Cartoons, and Polls from Investor's Business Daily - Ethanol Lobby Is Perpetrating A Cruel Hoax - Ethanol really takes the cake - NJVoices: Paul Mulshine - Today in Investor's Business Daily stock analysis and bus... |
Food prices | Cheap no more | Economist.com - Baltimore, Chris. "New U.S. Congress looks to boost alternate fuels," The Boston Globe, January 5, 2007. Retrieved on August 23, 2007 - After the Oil Runs Out, washingtonpost.com - "Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (Enrolled as Agreed to or Passed by Both House ... |
rage lets global hunger grow". The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 2010-05-02. - Green Car Advisor - U.S. Taxpayers Subsidizing Biodiesel Sold in Europe - Splash And Dash | Greenbang - European Biodiesel Board warns on Argentine biodiesel; says fuel is subsidized in Argentina and US, then dumped in Europe : Biofuel... |
Splash dash and a lot of biodiesel pain (The Big Biofuels Blog) - TheHill.com - Finance panel set to close ‘splash and dash’ loophole - George Monbiot (2007-03-27). "If we want to save the planet, we need a five-year freeze on biofuels". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-01-15. - Monbiot.com » An Agricultural Crime ... |
Borger, (2008-04-05). "UN chief calls for review of biofuels policy". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-05-01. - Defra figures after exports, . - (i.e. if the UK wanted to replace more than around 5% of its fuel with biofuel). - Food versus fuel debate escalates - How Food and Fuel Compete for Land by Lester Brown -... |
biofuels we can reap the fruits of our labours - REN21 (2008). Renewables 2007 Global Status Report (PDF) p. 19. - Biomass Magazine - The Biofuel Dilemma « The Global Warming Hoax - Brownfield Network: Lawmakers square-off over Renewable Fuels Standard - "Bush budget doesn't alter ethanol import tariff". Reuters. 2008-... |
Davies, Caroline (2008-05-25). "Eco-farming ditched as food prices soar". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 2010-05-02. - Hydrogen injection could boost biofuel production - Sustainable biofuels: prospects and challenges p. 2. - Oxburgh, Ron. Fuelling hope for the future, Courier Mail, 15 August 2007. - Starving for Fue... |
peasants in southern Ecuador - Tropical deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions Holly K Gibbs et al. 2007 Environ. Res. Lett. 2 045021 (2pp) doi:10.1088/1748-9326/2/4/045021 - The Farmer - National Corn Growers Association - NCGA - Sam Nelson (2008-10-23). "Ethanol no longer seen as big driver of food price". Reuter... |
The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-04-28. - "Biofuels: The Promise and the Risks, in World Development Report 2008" (PDF). The Worl Bank. 2008. pp. 70–71. Retrieved 2008-05-04. - "Industry Statistics: Annual World Ethanol Production by Country". Renewable Fuels Association. Archived from the original on 2008-04-08. Re... |
New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-28. - Diana Renée (2007-08-10). "Diplomacia de biocombustibles" de Lula no genera entusiasmo" (in Spanish). La Nación. Retrieved 2008-04-28. - Jim Rutenberg and Larry Rohter (2007-03-10). "Bush and Chávez Spar at Distance Over Latin Visit". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-04-28. - ... |
president backs sugar-made biofuel as Lula visits". People's Daily Online. Retrieved 2008-04-28. - AFP (2007-08-09). "Lula ofrece cooperación y energía eléctrica" (in Spanish). La Nación. Retrieved 2008-04-28. - "ONU diz que biocombustíveis são crime contra a humanidade" (in Portuguese). Folha de Sao Pãulo Online. 2008... |
"Production of biofuels 'is a crime'". London: The Independent. Retrieved 2008-04-22. - "UN rapporteur calls for biofuel moratorium". Swissinfo. 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2008-05-01. - Larry Elliott and Heather Stewart (2008-04-11). "Poor go hungry while rich fill their tanks". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-04-30. -... |
urgente contra alta alimentar" (in Portuguese). Folha de Sao Pãulo Online. 2008-04-13. Retrieved 2008-04-28. - Raymond Colitt (2008-04-16). "Brazil Lula defends biofuels from growing criticism". Reuters UK. Retrieved 2008-04-28. - "Chavez calls ethanol production 'crime'". The Washington Post. Associated Press. 2008-04... |
BBC News. 2008-04-22. Retrieved 2008-05-01. - "Europe Defends Biofuels as Debate Rages". Deutsche Welle. 2008-04-14. Retrieved 2008-05-01. - "Press Conference by the President". The White House. 2008-04-29. Retrieved 2008-05-01. - Oxfam (2008-06-25). "Another Inconvenient Truth: Biofuels are not the answer to climate o... |
to climate or fuel crisis". Oxfam web site. Retrieved 2008-07-30. - "ONG diz que etanol brasileiro é melhor opção entre biocombustíveis" (in Portuguese). BBCBrasil. 2008-06-25. Retrieved 2008-07-30. - Aditya Chakrabortty (2008-07-04). "Secret report: biofuel caused food crisis". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-07-... |
2008-07-29.[dead link] - FAO World Food Situation - Towards Sustainable Production and Use of Resources: Assessing Biofuels, United Nations Environment Programme, October 2009 - The World Bank: Food Price Crises - Plenty of Space for Biofuels in Europe - Oxfam International: Another Inconvenient Truth: Biofuels are not... |
In accounting, gross profit or sales profit is the difference between revenue and the cost of making a product or providing a service, before deducting overhead, payroll, taxation, and interest payments. Note that this is different from operating profit (earnings |
before interest and taxes). The various deductions (and their corresponding metrics) leading from Net sales to Net income are as follow: - Net sales = Gross sales - (Customer Discounts, Returns, Allowances) - Gross profit = Net sales - Cost |
of goods sold - Operating Profit = Gross Profit - Total operating expenses - Net income (or Net profit) = Operating Profit – taxes – interest (Note: cost of goods sold is calculated differently for a merchandising business than for |
Hydrothermal circulation in its most general sense is the circulation of hot water; 'hydros' in the Greek meaning water and 'thermos' meaning heat. Hydrothermal circulation occurs most often in the vicinity of sources of heat within the Earth's crust. This generally occurs near volcanic activity, but can occur in the d... |
the result of orogeny or metamorphism. Seafloor hydrothermal circulation The term includes both the circulation of the well known, high temperature vent waters near the ridge crests, and the much lower temperature, diffuse flow of water through sediments and buried basalts further from the ridge crests. The former circ... |
cases the principle is the same: cold dense seawater sinks into the basalt of the seafloor and is heated at depth whereupon it rises back to the rock-ocean water interface due to its lesser density. The heat source for the active vents is the newly formed basalt, and, for the highest temperature vents, the underlying m... |
for the passive vents is the still-cooling older basalts. Heat flow studies of the seafloor suggest that basalts within the oceanic crust take millions of years to completely cool as they continue to support passive hydrothermal circulation systems. Hydrothermal vents are locations on the seafloor where hydrothermal fl... |
the naturally-occurring chimneys referred to as black smokers. Hydrothermal circulation is not limited to ocean ridge environments. The source water for hydrothermal explosions, geysers and hot springs is heated groundwater convecting below and lateral to the hot water vent. Hydrothermal circulating convection cells ex... |
into contact with the groundwater system. Deep crust Hydrothermal also refers to the transport and circulation of water within the deep crust, generally from areas of hot rocks to areas of cooler rocks. The causes for this convection can be: - Intrusion of magma into the crust - Radioactive heat generated by cooled mas... |
mantle - Hydraulic head from mountain ranges, for example, the Great Artesian Basin - Dewatering of metamorphic rocks which liberates water - Dewatering of deeply buried sediments Hydrothermal ore deposits During the early 1900s various geologists worked to classify hydrothermal ore deposits which were assumed to have ... |
interpreted decreasing temperature and pressure conditions of the depositing fluid. His terms: hypothermal, mesothermal, epithermal and teleothermal were based on decreasing temperature and increasing distance from a deep source. Only the epithermal has been used in recent works. John Guilbert's 1985 redo of Lindgren's... |
Porphyry copper and other deposits, 200 - 800 °C, moderate pressure - Igneous metamorphic, 300 - 800 °C, low - moderate pressure - Cordilleran veins, intermediate to shallow depths - Epithermal, shallow to intermediate, 50 - 300 °C, low pressure - Circulating heated meteoric solutions - Circulating heated seawater - Oc... |
also - W. Lindgren, 1933, Mineral Deposits, McGraw Hill, 4th ed. - Guilbert, John M. and Charles F. Park, Jr., 1986, The Geology of Ore Deposits, Freeman, p. 302 ISBN 0-7167-1456-6 |
Naval aviation is the application of military air power by navies, including ships that embark fixed-wing aircraft or helicopters. In contrast, maritime aviation is the operation of aircraft in a maritime role under the command of non-naval forces such as the former RAF Coastal Command or a nation's coast guard. An exc... |
of U.S. naval aviation. Naval aviation is typically projected to a position nearer the target by way of an aircraft carrier. Carrier aircraft must be sturdy enough to withstand demanding carrier operations. They must be able to launch in a short distance and be sturdy and flexible enough to come to a sudden stop on a p... |
that allow higher numbers of them to be stored in below-decks hangars. These aircraft are designed for many purposes including air-to-air combat, surface attack, submarine attack, search and rescue, materiel transport, weather observation, reconnaissance and wide area command and control duties. U.S. naval aviation beg... |
land aboard ships at sea. One of his pilots, Eugene Ely, took off from the USS Birmingham anchored off the Virginia coast in November 1910. Two months later Ely landed aboard another cruiser USS Pennsylvania in San Francisco Bay, proving the concept of shipboard operations. However, the platforms erected on those vesse... |
during January 1911. On January 27, Curtiss flew the first seaplane from the water at San Diego bay and the next day U.S. Navy Lt Theodore G. “Spuds” Ellyson, a student at the nearby Curtiss School, took off in a Curtiss “grass cutter” plane to become the first Naval aviator. Meanwhile, Captain Henry C. Mustin successf... |
in 1915 made the first catapult launching from a ship underway. Through most of World War I, the world's navies relied upon floatplanes and flying boats for heavier-than-air craft. In January 1912, the British battleship HMS Africa took part in aircraft experiments at Sheerness. She was fitted for flying off aircraft w... |
running over her forward 12-inch (305-mm) turret from her forebridge to her bows and equipped with rails to guide the aircraft. The Gnome-engined Short Improved S.27 "S.38", pusher seaplane piloted by Lieutenant Charles Samson become the first British aircraft to take-off from a ship while at anchor in the River Medway... |
ship Hibernia. In May 1912, with Commander Samson, again flying "S.38," first instance of an aircraft to take off from a ship which was underway occurred. Hibernia steamed at 10.5 knots (19 km/h) at the Royal Fleet Review in Weymouth Bay, England. Hibernia then transferred her aviation equipment to battleship London. B... |
ship for spotting and other purposes, but that interference with the firing of guns caused by the runway built over the foredeck and the danger and impracticality of recovering seaplanes that alighted in the water in anything but calm weather more than offset the desirability of having airplanes aboard. However, shipbo... |
part of fleet operations by 1917. Other early operators of seaplanes were France, Germany and Russia. The foundations of Greek naval aviation were set in June 1912, when Lieutenant Dimitrios Kamberos of the Hellenic Aviation Service flew with the "Daedalus", a Farman Aviation Works aircraft that had been converted into... |
world record. Then, on January 24, 1913 the first wartime naval aviation interservice cooperation mission, took place above the Dardanelles. Greek Army First Lieutenant Michael Moutoussis and Greek Navy Ensign Aristeidis Moraitinis, on board the Maurice Farman hydroplane (floatplane/seaplane), drew a diagram of the pos... |
both Greek and international. WWI and the first carrier strikes The first strike from a carrier against a land target as well as a sea target took place in September 1914 when the Imperial Japanese Navy seaplane carrier Wakamiya conducted the world's first ship-launched air raids from Kiaochow Bay during the Battle of ... |
targets (communication centers and command centers) and damaged a German minelayer in the Tsingtao peninsula from September until November 6, 1914, when the Germans surrendered. On the Western front the first naval air raid occurred on December 25, 1914 when twelve seaplanes from HMS Engadine, Riviera and Empress (cros... |
and anti-aircraft fire prevented the raid from being a complete success, but the raid demonstrated the feasibility of attack by ship-borne aircraft and showed the strategic importance of this new weapon. Development in the Interwar period Genuine aircraft carriers did not emerge beyond Britain until the early 1920s. In... |
made many United States Navy admirals angry. However, some men, such as Captain (soon Rear Admiral) William A. Moffett, saw the publicity stunt as a means to increase funding and support for the Navy's aircraft carrier projects. Moffett was sure that he had to move decisively in order to avoid having his fleet air arm ... |
Air Force which took care of all the United States's airpower needs. (That very fate had befallen the two air services of the United Kingdom in 1918: the Royal Flying Corps had been combined with the Royal Naval Air Service to become the Royal Air Force, a condition which would remain until 1937.) Moffett supervised th... |
Many British naval vessels carried float planes, seaplanes or amphibians for reconnaissance and spotting: two to four on battleships or battlecruisers and one on cruisers. The aircraft, a Fairey Seafox or later a Supermarine Walrus, were catapult-launched, and landed on the sea alongside for recovery by crane. Several ... |
carrying submarine, the Surcouf. World War II World War II saw the emergence of naval aviation as a significant, often decisive, element in the war at sea. The principal users were Japan, United States (both with Pacific interests to protect) and the United Kingdom. Other colonial powers, e.g. France and the Netherland... |
not develop independent naval aviation, for geographic or political reasons. Soviet Naval Aviation was mostly organized as land-based coast defense force (apart from some scout floatplanes it consisted almost exclusively of land-based types also used by the Air Force and Air defence units). During the course of the war... |
against naval units in port (Battle of Taranto, Attack on Pearl Harbor), support of ground forces (Battle of Okinawa, Allied invasion of Italy) and anti-submarine warfare (the Battle of the Atlantic). Carrier-based aircraft were specialized as dive bombers, torpedo bombers, and fighters. Surface-based aircraft such as ... |
the most powerful naval offensive weapons system as battles between fleets were increasingly fought out of gun range by aircraft. The Japanese Yamato, the most powerful battleship ever built, was first turned back by light escort carrier aircraft and later sunk lacking its own air cover. The US launched normally land-b... |
large numbers to escort slow cargo convoys or supplement fast carriers. Aircraft for observation or light raids were also carried by battleships and cruisers, while blimps were used to search for attack submarines. Experience showed that there was a need for widespread use of aircraft which could not be met quickly eno... |
north Atlantic, where convoys were highly vulnerable to U-boat attack. The British authorities used unorthodox, temporary, but effective means of giving air protection such as CAM ships and merchant aircraft carriers, merchant ships modified to carry a small number of aircraft. The solution to the problem were large nu... |
basic vessels, unsuited to fleet action by their capacity, speed and vulnerability, nevertheless provided air cover where it was needed. The Royal Navy had observed the impact of naval aviation and, obliged to prioritise their use of resources, abandoned battleships as the mainstay of the fleet. HMS Vanguard was theref... |
instigated a large construction programme (which was also cut short) but these large ships were mainly used as anti-aircraft batteries or for shore bombardment. Other actions involving naval aviation included: - Battle of the Atlantic, aircraft carried by low-cost escort carriers were used for antisubmarine patrol, def... |
US warships at Pearl Harbor and land-based aircraft sank two large British warships. Engagements between Japanese and American naval fleets were then conducted largely or entirely by aircraft - examples include the battles of Coral Sea, Midway, Bismarck Sea and Philippine Sea. - Battle of Leyte Gulf, with the first app... |
pilots are deliberately sacrificed, a battleship is sunk by aircraft. - Operation Ten-Go demonstrated U.S. air supremacy in the Pacific theater by this stage in the war and the vulnerability of surface ships without air cover to aerial attack. Strategic projection Carrier-based naval aviation provides a country's seago... |
a considerable advantage over navies composed primarily of surface combatants. In the case of the United States Navy during and after the Cold War, virtual command of the sea in many of the world's waterways allowed it to deploy aircraft carriers and project air power almost anywhere on the globe. By operating from int... |
or overflight rights, both of which can be politically difficult to acquire. During the Cold War, the navies of NATO faced a significant threat from Soviet submarine forces, specifically Soviet Navy SSN and SSGN assets. This resulted in the development and deployment of light aircraft carriers with major anti-submarine... |
is the ASW helicopter, several of which could be based on these light aircraft carriers. These light carriers were typically around 20,000 tons displacement and carried a mix of ASW helicopters and BAe Sea Harrier or Harrier II V/STOL aircraft. - Argentine Naval Aviation - Brazilian Naval Aviation - Fleet Air Arm (RAN)... |
Indian Naval Air Arm - Marineflieger (German navy) - Mexican Naval Aviation - Pakistan Naval Air Arm - People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force - Peruvian Naval Aviation - Russian Naval Aviation - United States Naval Aviator See also - Military aviation - Aircraft carrier - Escort carrier - Carrier-based aircraft - Fly... |
- Hellenic Air Force History - The first Steps - Hellenic Air Force History - Balcan Wars - Wakamiya is "credited with conducting the first successful carrier air raid in history"Source:GlobalSecurity.org, also "the first air raid in history to result in a success" (here) - "Sabre et pinceau", Christian Polak, p92 - IJ... |
||This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2009)| Bread crumbs or breadcrumbs (regional variants: breading, crispies) are small particles of dry bread, used for breading or crumbing foods, topping casseroles, stuffing poultry, thickening stews, adding inexpensive bulk to meatloaves |
and similar foods, and making a crisp and crunchy coating for fried foods, especially breaded cutlets like tonkatsu and schnitzel. The Japanese variety of bread crumbs is called panko. Dry breadcrumbs are made from dry breads which have been baked |
or toasted to remove most remaining moisture, and may even have a sandy or even powdery texture. Bread crumbs are most easily produced by pulverizing slices of bread in a food processor, using a steel blade to make coarse crumbs, |
or a grating blade to make fine crumbs. A grater or similar tool will also do. The breads used to make soft or fresh bread crumbs are not quite as dry, so the crumbs are larger and produce a softer |
coating, crust, or stuffing. The crumb of bread crumb is also a term that refers to the texture of the soft, inner part of a bread loaf, as distinguished from the crust, or "skin". Different from croutons They are not |
to be confused with croutons, though both are made of dried bread. Croutons are approximately cubic pieces typically 0.5 to 8 cubic centimeters in size while breadcrumbs are irregularly shaped and range in size from roughly 1 to 500 cubic |
millimeters. Both probably originated as a way to use stale bread and unwanted crust. Panko (パン粉) is a variety of flaky bread crumb used in Japanese cuisine as a crunchy coating for fried foods, such as tonkatsu. Panko is made |
from bread baked by passing an electric current through the dough, yielding bread without crusts. It has a crisper, more airy texture than most types of breading found in Western cuisine and resists absorbing oil or grease when fried, resulting |
in a lighter coating. White panko is made from bread which has had the crusts removed while tan “panko” is made from the whole loaf of bread. Outside Japan, its use is becoming more popular in both Asian and non-Asian |
dishes: It is often used on fish and seafood and is often available in Asian markets, specialty stores, and, increasingly, in many large supermarkets. Panko is produced worldwide, particularly in Asian countries, including Japan, Korea, Thailand, China, and Vietnam.In February |
2012, the US fast-food chain Wendy's introduced a cod fillet sandwich that they advertised as having a panko breading. The Japanese first learned to make bread from the Portuguese: The word panko is derived from pão (Portuguese for "bread") and |
-ko, a Japanese suffix indicating "flour", "crumb", or "powder" (as in komeko, "rice powder", sobako, "buckwheat flour", and komugiko, "wheat flour"). Breading (also known as crumbing) is a dry grain-derived food coating for a piece of food such as meat, |
vegetable, poultry, fish, shellfish, crustacean, seitan, or textured soy, made from bread crumbs or a breading mixture with seasonings. Breading can also refer to the process of applying a bread-like coating to a food. Breading is well suited for frying |
as it lends itself to creating a crisp coating around the food. Breading mixtures can be made of breadcrumb, flour, cornmeal, and seasoning that the item to be breaded is dredged in before cooking. If the item to be breaded |
is too dry for the coating to stick, the item may first be moistened with buttermilk, raw egg, or other liquid. Breading contrasts with batter, which is a grain-based liquid coating for food that produces a smoother and finer texture, |
but which can be softer overall. - "Panko Bread Crumbs: The Secrets Revealed". YouTube. 2010-04-01. Retrieved 2012-11-17. - Marshall, Jo (2010-10-05). "COOKCABULARY: Panko is a crumby ingredient - Fall River, MA". The Herald News. Retrieved 2012-11-17. |
Phosphorescence is a specific type of photoluminescence related to fluorescence. Unlike fluorescence, a phosphorescent material does not immediately re-emit the radiation it absorbs. The slower time scales of the re-emission are associated with "forbidden" energy state transitions in quantum mechanics. |
As these transitions occur very slowly in certain materials, absorbed radiation may be re-emitted at a lower intensity for up to several hours after the original excitation. Commonly seen examples of phosphorescent materials are the glow-in-the-dark toys, paint, and clock |
dials that glow for some time after being charged with a bright light such as in any normal reading or room light. Typically the glowing then slowly fades out within minutes (or up to a few hours) in a dark |
room. The study of phosphorescent materials led to the discovery of radioactivity in 1896. In simple terms, phosphorescence is a process in which energy absorbed by a substance is released relatively slowly in the form of light. This is in |
some cases the mechanism used for "glow-in-the-dark" materials which are "charged" by exposure to light. Unlike the relatively swift reactions in a common fluorescent tube, phosphorescent materials used for these materials absorb the energy and "store" it for a longer |
time as the processes required to re-emit the light occur less often. Quantum mechanical Most photoluminescent events, in which a chemical substrate absorbs and then re-emits a photon of light, are fast, on the order of 10 nanoseconds. Light is |
absorbed and emitted at these fast time scales in cases where the energy of the photons involved matches the available energy states and allowed transitions of the substrate. In the special case of phosphorescence, the absorbed photon energy undergoes an |
unusual intersystem crossing into an energy state of higher spin multiplicity (see term symbol), usually a triplet state. As a result, the energy can become trapped in the triplet state with only classically "forbidden" transitions available to return to the |
lower energy state. These transitions, although "forbidden", will still occur in quantum mechanics but are kinetically unfavored and thus progress at significantly slower time scales. Most phosphorescent compounds are still relatively fast emitters, with triplet lifetimes on the order of |
milliseconds. However, some compounds have triplet lifetimes up to minutes or even hours, allowing these substances to effectively store light energy in the form of very slowly degrading excited electron states. If the phosphorescent quantum yield is high, these substances |
will release significant amounts of light over long time scales, creating so-called "glow-in-the-dark" materials. where S is a singlet and T a triplet whose subscripts denote states (0 is the ground state, and 1 the excited state). Transitions can also |
occur to higher energy levels, but the first excited state is denoted for simplicity. Some examples of "glow-in-the-dark" materials do not glow by phosphorescence. For example, "glow sticks" glow due to a chemiluminescent process which is commonly mistaken for phosphorescence. |
In chemiluminescence, an excited state is created via a chemical reaction. The light emission tracks the kinetic progress of the underlying chemical reaction. The excited state will then transfer to a "dye" molecule, also known as a sensitizer or fluorophor, |
and subsequently fluoresce back to the ground state Common pigments used in phosphorescent materials include zinc sulfide and strontium aluminate. Use of zinc sulfide for safety related products dates back to the 1930s. However, the development of strontium aluminate, with |
a luminance approximately 10 times greater than zinc sulfide, has relegated most zinc sulfide based products to the novelty category. Strontium aluminate based pigments are now used in exit signs, pathway marking, and other safety related signage. |This section requires |
expansion. (October 2008)| See also - Karl A. Franz, Wolfgang G. Kehr, Alfred Siggel, Jürgen Wieczoreck, and Waldemar Adam "Luminescent Materials" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a15_519 - Zitoun, D.; Bernaud, L.; Manteghetti, A. Microwave Synthesis |
The Pueblo people are a Native American people in the Southwestern United States. Their traditional economy is based on agriculture and trade. When first encountered by the Spanish in the 16th century, they were living in villages that the Spanish called pueblos, meaning "towns". Of the 21 Pueblos that exist today, Tao... |
main Pueblos are located primarily in New Mexico and Arizona. While there are numerous subdivisions of Pueblo People that have been published in the literature, Kirchhoff (1954) published a subdivision of the Pueblo People into two subareas: the group that includes Hopi, Zuñi, Keres, Jemez which share exogamous matrili... |
underground, have four or six directions beginning in the north, and have four and seven as ritual numbers. This group stands in contrast to the Tanoan-speaking Pueblos (other than Jemez) who have nonexogamous patrilineal clans, two kivas or two groups of kivas and a general belief in dualism, emergence of people from ... |
ritual numbers based on multiples of three. Eggan (1950) in contrast, posed a dichotomy between Eastern and Western Pueblos, based largely on subsistence differences with the Western or Desert Pueblos of Zuñi and Hopi dry-farmers and the Eastern or River Pueblos irrigation farmers.They mostly grew maize (corn). Linguis... |
is Uto-Aztecan; Zuñi is a language isolate; Keresan is a dialect continuum that includes Acoma, Laguna, Santa Ana, Zia, Cochiti, Santo Domingo, San Felipe. The Tanoan is an areal grouping of three branches consisting of 6 languages: Towa (Jemez), Tewa (San Juan, San Ildefonso, Santa Clara, Tesuque, Nambe, Pojoaque, and... |
Tiwa (Sandia, Isleta). The Pueblos are believed to be descended from the three major cultures that dominated the region before European contact: - Mogollon, an area near the Gila Wilderness - Hohokam, archaeological term for a settlement in the Southwest - Ancient Pueblo Peoples (or the Anasazi, a term coined by the Na... |
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