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an evolutionary step in the progression from acoustic guitars to full electric models. However, the ES-150 was made several years after the first solid body electric guitar, which was made by Rickenbacker. The ES series was merely an experiment by the Gibson company in order to test out the potential success of electri... |
successful financial venture and is often referred to as the first successful electric guitar. The ES-150 was followed by the ES-250 a year later, in what became a long line of semi acoustics for the Gibson company. In 1949 Gibson released two new models (The ES-175 and ES-5). These guitars had built-in electric pickup... |
and can largely be considered as the first fully electric semi-acoustic guitars. Prior models were not built with pickups; rather, they came as attachments. As the production and popularity of solid body electric guitars increased, there was still a market of guitar players who wanted to have the traditional look assoc... |
wanted the versatility and comfort of new solid body guitars. Several models, including the ES-350T by Gibson, were made in the 1950s to accommodate this growing demand by including a more comfortable version of the archtop model. These variations were followed by an entirely new type of guitar that featured a block of... |
sections of the guitars cutaway. This guitar was still acoustic but had a smaller open section inside of the guitar which makes less sound waves emit from the f hole sound boxes on the guitar. The variant was first manufactured in 1958 by Gibson and is commonly referred to as a semi-hollow body guitar because of the sm... |
the guitar. Rickenbacker also choose to pursue making semi-acoustic guitars in 1958. When the company changed ownership in 1954, they hired German guitar crafter, Roger Rossmiesl. He developed the 330 series for Rickenbacker, which was a wide semi-acoustic that did not use a traditional f hole. Rather its used a sleeke... |
other side had a large pickguard. This model boasted a modern design with a unique Fireglo finish. It quickly became one of Rickenbacker's most popular series and became a strong competitor to Gibson's models. In addition to the main model variants of the guitar, Gibson made several small changes to the guitar includin... |
and mounted top pickups for general use on all their models, as opposed to Charlie Christian models from the 1930s. While Gibson provided many of the innovations in semi-acoustic guitars from the 1930s to the 1950s, there were also various makes by other companies including a hollow achtop by Gretsch. the 6120 model by... |
rockabilly model despite having almost no technical differences from Gibson models. Rickenbacker was also a prominent maker of the semi-hollow body guitar. Gibson, Gretsch, Rickenbacker, and other companies still make semi-acoustic and semi-hollow body guitars, making slight variations on their yearly designs. The semi... |
widespread use throughout the jazz communities in the 1930s. As new models came out with sleeker designs, the guitars began to make their way into popular circles. The guitar became used in pop, folk, and blues. The guitars made an extensive amount of feedback when played through an amplifier at a loud level, this made... |
playing in large stages who had to play loud enough to fill their venues. As rock became more experimental, towards the late 60s and 70s the guitar became more popular because of its feedback issues which led to "wilder" sounds. Today, semi-acoustic and semi-hollow body guitars are still popular in jazz, indie rock, an... |
who have used semi acoustic guitars include John Lennon of The Beatles and B.B. King. Semi-acoustic guitars have also been valued as good practice guitars because, when played "unplugged," they are quieter than full acoustic guitars, but more audible than solid-body electric guitars because of their open cavity. This m... |
semi-acoustic models have a fully hollow body (for instance the Gibson ES-175 and Epiphone Casino), others may have a solid center block running the length and depth of the body, called semi hollow body (for instance the Gibson ES-335). Other guitars are borderline between semi-acoustic and solid body. For example, som... |
solid body to enrich the sound. This type of instrument can be referred to as a semi-hollow or a chambered body guitar. Exactly where the line is to be drawn between a constructed sound box and a solid wooden body, whose construction also affects the sound according to many players, is not generally agreed. Any of the ... |
called semi-acoustic: - Instruments starting from a solid body "blank" which has been routed out to make a chambered body guitar. - Instruments with semi-hollow bodies constructed from plates of wood around a solid core, having no soundholes, such as the Gibson Lucille or Brian May Red Special. - Instruments with a sol... |
f-holes), such as the Gibson ES-335. In these, the bridge is fixed to a solid block of wood rather than to a sounding board, and the belly vibration is minimised much as in a solid body instrument. - Thin-bodied archtop guitars, such as the Epiphone Casino. These possess both a sounding board and sound box, but the fun... |
is purely to modify the sound transmitted to the pickups. Such guitars are still intended purely as electric instruments, and while they do make some sound when the pickups are not used, the tone is weak and not normally considered musically useful. - Full hollowbody semi-acoustic instruments, often called Jazz guitars... |
sound box, but are still intended to be played through an amplifier. The Rickenbacker 330 JG Some companies that have produced famous semi-acoustic guitars include: Gibson, Gretsch and Rickenbacker. A variety of manufacturers now produce semi-acoustic model guitars: D'Angelico, Epiphone, Ibanez, etc. - Fully hollow bod... |
Other semi hollow (solid-body with cavities) - various types - Archtop guitars. Guitars with a fully hollow or semi-hollow body, with or without pickups. - Electro-acoustic guitars. Fully acoustic guitars with piezo pickups. - Hybrid guitars. Guitars with both magnetic and piezo pickups. Can be solid, semi-hollow or ho... |
- Ingram, Adrian, A Concise History of the Electric Guitar, Melbay, 2001. - Hunter, Dave, The Rough Guide to Guitar, Penguin Books, 2011. - Miller, A.J., The Electric Guitar: A History of an American Icon, Baltimore, MD, Smithsonian Institute, 2004. - Martin A. Darryl, Innovation and the Development of the Modern Six-S... |
London and Zurich Agreements ||This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2006)| The London and Zurich Agreements for the constitution of Cyprus started with an agreement on the 19 February 1959 in Lancaster House in London, between Turkey, Greece, the United Kingdom and Cypriot community leade... |
constitution was drafted and agreed together with two further Treaties of Alliance and Guarantee in Zurich on 11 February 1960. Cyprus was accordingly proclaimed an independent state on 16 August 1960. Following the failure of the Agreement in 1963 and subsequent de facto military partition of Cyprus into Greek-Cypriot... |
1960 Constitution basically remains in force, whereas the Turkish-Cypriot region claims to have seceded by the Declaration of Independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus in 1983. Constitutional provisions ||This section may contain original research. (July 2009)| The Constitution provided for under the Agre... |
Greek-Cypriot elected by the Greek-Cypriots, and the Vice-President a Turkish-Cypriot elected by the Turkish-Cypriots. The Vice-President was granted the right of a final veto on laws passed by the House of Representatives and on decisions of the Council of Ministers which was composed of ten ministers, three of whom h... |
Cypriots were elected separately by their own community. The House had no power to modify the basic articles of the Constitution in any respect and any other modification required separate majorities of two thirds of both the Greek Cypriot and the Turkish Cypriot members. Any modification of the Electoral Law and the a... |
separate simple majorities of the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot members of the House. It was thus impossible for representatives of one community alone to pass a bill. The highest judicial organs, the Supreme Constitutional Court and the High Court of Justice, were presided over by neutral presidents - neither Gree... |
maintain the balance between the Greek and Turkish members of the Courts. Whereas under the previous regime Greek-Cypriot and Turkish-Cypriot judges tried all cases irrespective of the origin of the litigants, the constitution provided that disputes among Turkish Cypriots be tried only by Turkish Cypriot judges, disput... |
mixed courts composed of both Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot judges. Thus, to try the case of a petty offence which involved both Greek and Turkish Cypriots, two judges had to sit. In addition, separate Greek and Turkish Communal Chambers were created with legislative and administrative powers in regard to education... |
personal status. Separate municipalities were envisaged for Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots in the five largest towns of the island. As the population and properties were intermixed, the provisions were difficult and expensive for the small towns of Cyprus. The United Nations Mediator on Cyprus, Dr. Galo Plaza, des... |
that difficulties in implementing the treaties signed on the basis of those Agreements had begun almost immediately after independence. Within three years the functioning of the legislature started to fail, and in 1963, when the fiscal laws under Article 78 of the Constitution expired, the House of Representatives spli... |
finances depended. In November 1963, the (Greek-Cypriot) President of the Republic, Archbishop Makarios III, suggested amendments to the Constitution "to resolve constitutional deadlocks". The Turkish-Cypriot leadership, following the mainland Turkish government, said they were unacceptable. The Vice-President publicly... |
Turkish-Cypriot civil servants. President Makarios refused all suggestions which would have resulted in the partition of Cyprus, and negotiations over the problem have never yet succeeded. De facto, Cyprus has remained partitioned for over forty years. Treaty of Guarantee Together with the Zürich and London Agreements,... |
consociationalism and independent state of the Republic of Cyprus. Cyprus and the guarantor powers (the United Kingdom, Turkey, and Greece) promised to prohibit the promotion of "either the union of the Republic of Cyprus with any other State, or the partition of the Island". Article Three of the Treaty of Guarantee pr... |
of the three guaranteeing Powers reserves the right to take action with the sole aim of re-establishing the state of affairs (i.e. Bi-communal consociational state) established by the present Treaty." In July 1974, there was briefly a Greek-backed coup d'état in Cyprus. Turkey claimed under the Treaty of Guarantee to i... |
between the United Kingdom, Greece and Turkey had proved impossible and whether the outcome of the invasion safeguarded the Bi-communal consociational, independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Republic of Cyprus. In 1983, Turkish Cypriots issued the Declaration of Independence of the Turkish Republic ... |
legally invalid and asked for its withdrawal. The UN Security Council has issued multiple resolutions that all states should refrain from recognizing the protectorate of Turkey in Cyprus. - para. 163 of Report to the U.N. Secretary-General in March 1965 - paragraph 129, ibid. - Treaty of Guarantee of Republic of Cyprus |
According to present-day understanding of what is called the vacuum state or the quantum vacuum, it is "by no means a simple empty space", and again: "it is a mistake to think of any physical vacuum as some absolutely empty void." According to quantum mechanics, the vacuum state is not truly empty but instead contains ... |
out of existence. The QED vacuum of quantum electrodynamics (or QED) was the first vacuum of quantum field theory to be developed. QED originated in the 1930s, and in the late 1940s and early 1950s it was reformulated by Feynman, Tomonaga and Schwinger, who jointly received the Nobel prize for this work in 1965. Today ... |
in the theory of the electroweak interaction. The Standard Model is a generalization of the QED work to include all the known elementary particles and their interactions (except gravity). Quantum chromodynamics is the portion of the Standard Model that deals with strong interactions, and QCD vacuum is the vacuum of qua... |
the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, and is related to the so-called vacuum structure of strong interactions. Non-zero expectation value If the quantum field theory can be accurately described through perturbation theory, then the properties of the vacuum are analogous to the properties of the ground state of a quantum... |
case the vacuum expectation value (VEV) of any field operator vanishes. For quantum field theories in which perturbation theory breaks down at low energies (for example, Quantum chromodynamics or the BCS theory of superconductivity) field operators may have non-vanishing vacuum expectation values called condensates. In... |
mechanism by which the other fields in the theory acquire mass. In many situations, the vacuum state can be defined to have zero energy, although the actual situation is considerably more subtle. The vacuum state is associated with a zero-point energy, and this zero-point energy has measurable effects. In the laborator... |
of the cosmological vacuum appears as the cosmological constant. In fact, the energy of a cubic centimeter of empty space has been calculated figuratively to be one trillionth of an erg. An outstanding requirement imposed on a potential Theory of Everything is that the energy of the quantum vacuum state must explain th... |
is Poincaré invariant, which follows from Wightman axioms. Poincaré invariance implies that only scalar combinations of field operators have non-vanishing VEV's. The VEV may break some of the internal symmetries of the Lagrangian of the field theory. In this case the vacuum has less symmetry than the theory allows, and... |
permittivity In principle, quantum corrections to Maxwell's equations can cause the experimental electrical permittivity ε of the vacuum state to deviate from the defined scalar value ε0 of the electric constant. These theoretical developments are described, for example, in Dittrich and Gies. In particular, the theory ... |
a birefringent material with ε slightly greater than ε0 for extremely strong electric fields. Explanations for dichroism from particle physics, outside quantum electrodynamics, also have been proposed. Active attempts to measure such effects have been unsuccessful so far. The vacuum state is written as or . The VEV of ... |
particles The presence of virtual particles can be rigorously based upon the non-commutation of the quantized electromagnetic fields. Non-commutation means that although the average values of the fields vanish in a quantum vacuum, their variances do not. The term "vacuum fluctuations" refers to the variance of the fiel... |
is sometimes attempted to provide an intuitive picture of virtual particles based upon the Heisenberg energy-time uncertainty principle: (with ΔE and Δt being the energy and time variations respectively; ΔE is the accuracy in the measurement of energy and Δt is the time taken in the measurement, and ħ is the Planck con... |
of virtual particles allows the "borrowing" of large energies from the vacuum and thus permits particle generation for short times. Although the phenomenon of virtual particles is accepted, this interpretation of the energy-time uncertainty relation is not universal. One issue is the use of an uncertainty relation limi... |
issue is the meaning of "time" in this relation, because energy and time (unlike position q and momentum p, for example) do not satisfy a canonical commutation relation (such as [q, p] = i ħ). Various schemes have been advanced to construct an observable that has some kind of time interpretation, and yet does satisfy a... |
approaches to the energy-time uncertainty principle are a long and continuing subject. Physical nature of the quantum vacuum According to Astrid Lambrecht (2002): "When one empties out a space of all matter and lowers the temperature to absolute zero, one produces in a Gedankenexperiment the quantum vacuum state." Phot... |
example through the Dirac electron-positron vacuum field; this is associated with the concept of vacuum polarization. According to Milonni (1994): "... all quantum fields have zero-point energies and vacuum fluctuations." This means that there is a component of the quantum vacuum respectively for each component field (... |
and so on. According to Milonni (1994), some of the effects attributed to the vacuum electromagnetic field can have several physical interpretations, some more conventional than others. The Casimir attraction between uncharged conductive plates is often proposed as an example of an effect of the vacuum electromagnetic ... |
Casimir effect with a model in which "the vacuum is regarded as truly a state with all physical properties equal to zero." In this model, the observed phenomena are explained as the effects of the electron motions on the electromagnetic field, called the source field effect. Milonni writes: "The basic idea here will be... |
fields alone even in completely conventional QED, ..." Milonni provides detailed argument that the measurable physical effects usually attributed to the vacuum electromagnetic field cannot be explained by that field alone, but require in addition a contribution from the self-energy of the electrons, or their radiation ... |
it comes to physical interpretations of various QED processes including the Lamb shift, van der Waals forces, and Casimir effects." This point of view is also stated by Jaffe (2005): "The Casimir force can be calculated without reference to vacuum fluctuations, and like all other observable effects in QED, it vanishes ... |
notes - Astrid Lambrecht (Hartmut Figger, Dieter Meschede, Claus Zimmermann Eds.) (2002). Observing mechanical dissipation in the quantum vacuum: an experimental challenge; in Laser physics at the limits. Berlin/New York: Springer. p. 197. ISBN 3-540-42418-0. - Christopher Ray (1991). Time, space and philosophy. London... |
Walter Dittrich & Gies H (2000). Probing the quantum vacuum: perturbative effective action approach. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 3-540-67428-4. - For an historical discussion, see for example Ari Ben-Menaḥem, ed. (2009). "Quantum electrodynamics (QED)". Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Volume 1 ... |
Nobel Prize in Physics 1965". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2012-02-06. - Jean Letessier, Johann Rafelski (2002). Hadrons and Quark-Gluon Plasma. Cambridge University Press. p. 37 ff. ISBN 0-521-38536-9. - Sean Carroll, Sr Research Associate - Physics, California Institute of Technology, June 22, 2006 C-SPAN broadcast of C... |
James J. and B. P. Nigam, Birefringence of the vacuum, Physical Review vol. 135, p. B1279-B1280 (1964). - Mourou, G. A., T. Tajima, and S. V. Bulanov, Optics in the relativistic regime; § XI Nonlinear QED, Reviews of Modern Physics vol. 78 (no. 2), 309-371 (2006) pdf file. - Holger Gies; Joerg Jaeckel; Andreas Ringwald... |
a Probe of Millicharged Fermions". Physical Review Letters 97 (14). arXiv:hep-ph/0607118. Bibcode:2006PhRvL..97n0402G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.140402. - Davis; Joseph Harris; Gammon; Smolyaninov; Kyuman Cho (2007). "Experimental Challenges Involved in Searches for Axion-Like Particles and Nonlinear Quantum Electrody... |
all field states that have classical analog the field quadrature variances are also greater than or equal to this commutator." - David Nikolaevich Klyshko (1988). Photons and nonlinear optics. Taylor & Francis. p. 126. ISBN 2-88124-669-9. - Milton K. Munitz (1990). Cosmic Understanding: Philosophy and Science of the Un... |
is called a "vacuum fluctuation"." - For an example, see P. C. W. Davies (1982). The accidental universe. Cambridge University Press. p. 106. ISBN 0-521-28692-1. - A vaguer description is provided by Jonathan Allday (2002). Quarks, leptons and the big bang (2nd ed ed.). CRC Press. pp. 224 ff. ISBN 0-7503-0806-0. "The i... |
amplitude for the total energy involved in the interaction is spread over a range of energies ΔE." - This "borrowing" idea has led to proposals for using the zero-point energy of vacuum as an infinite reservoir and a variety of "camps" about this interpretation. See, for example, Moray B. King (2001). Quest for zero po... |
Press. pp. 124 ff. ISBN 0-932813-94-1. - Quantities satisfying a canonical commutation rule are said to be noncompatible observables, by which is meant that they can both be measured simultaneously only with limited precision. See Kiyosi Itô (1993). "§ 351 (XX.23) C: Canonical commutation relations". Encyclopedic dicti... |
J. Lahti (1995). "§III.4: Energy and time". Operational quantum physics. Springer. pp. 77 ff. ISBN 3-540-59358-6. - For a review, see Paul Busch (2008). "Chapter 3: The Time–Energy Uncertainty Relation". In J.G. Muga, R. Sala Mayato and Í.L. Egusquiza, editors. Time in Quantum Mechanics (2nd ed ed.). Springer. pp. 73 f... |
Statistical Mechanics for Students of Physics and Chemistry, reprinted with corrections, Cambridge University Press, London, page 224. - Partington, J.R. (1949). An Advanced Treatise on Physical Chemistry, volume 1, Fundamental Principles. The Properties of Gases, Longmans, Green and Co., London, page 220. - Wilks, J. ... |
Theory. - H. Genz, Nothingness: The Science of Empty Space - Maybe this should discuss Star Trek and/or Star Gate: Engineering the Zero-Point Field and Polarizable Vacuum for Interstellar Flight - E. W. Davis, V. L. Teofilo, B. Haisch, H. E. Puthoff, L. J. Nickisch, A. Rueda and D. C. Cole(2006)"Review of Experimental ... |
Etymology 1 - To predict the future using crystal balls. - The fortune teller claimed she could scry [into] the future. - (obsolete) To descry; to see. - (Can we find and add a quotation of Spenser to this entry?) |
Derived terms Etymology 2 Middle English ascrie scry (plural scries) Part or all of this entry has been imported from the 1913 edition of Webster’s Dictionary, which is now free of copyright and hence in the public domain. The imported |
Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council Department of Environment and Heritage, 2001 ISBN 0 642 254775 0 3. Desired Native Vegetation Outcomes This section of the National Framework for the Management and Monitoring of Australia's Native Vegetation describes the native vegetation outcomes expected from the impl... |
gas reduction and other objectives specified in the complementary national policy and strategy documents (see Appendix A). The outcomes will be consistent with and enhance the social and economic outcomes being sought within the framework of Ecologically Sustainable Development (ESD). Australia's native vegetation cove... |
of our natural heritage. It plays a crucial role in sustaining ecosystem function and processes, and consequently the productive capacity of Australia's relatively old and infertile soils and scarce freshwater resources. Native vegetation buffers the impact of harsh and extremely variable climates, binds and nourishes ... |
native vegetation communities. The vision sketched here assumes that native vegetation has, and is seen to have, intrinsic values in addition to ecological values and utilitarian values. It envisages Australian landscapes in which native vegetation is conserved for its ecological values, celebrated for its intrinsic va... |
sustainable agriculture. Conservation of vegetation is neither an alternative land use nor an opportunity cost - it is an investment in natural capital, which underwrites material wealth. Conservation of biodiversity means much more than just protecting wildlife and its habitat in nature reserves. Conservation of nativ... |
and soil structure and landscapes — are all crucial to the sustainability of primary industries. This vision does not assume a return to some pre-European Arcadia and/or the replacement of all the native vegetation that has been cleared or modified since European settlement. However, it implies that restoring some hydr... |
use systems which are responsive to Australian conditions. The shift towards more sustainable land use systems is likely to include greater use of native Australian species than occurs in conventional agriculture today. Farming systems may in the future have portions of the landscape occupied by native perennials, some... |
timber, fuelwood, craftwood and pulp, cut flowers, essential oils, herbs, solvents and pharmaceuticals. Community revegetation and regeneration activities could be underpinned and complemented by a thriving native vegetation industry and associated infrastructure for native vegetation management. The sort of infrastruc... |
the full range of locally indigenous flora, by provenance; - equipment such as seed harvesters, e.g. for native grasses, direct seeding machines, mechanical planters, sprayers, pruners and weeders - all adapted to local/regional needs and conditions; and - the knowledge base, training capacities and human capital requi... |
understood in reference to robust, regionally specific articulations of the 'duty of care' of land users not to degrade natural resources. 'Duty of care' would be widely accepted and understood as setting out the responsibilities which are inseparable from the privilege of managing land, regardless of its tenure. 'Duty... |
in industry codes of practice, industry-based environmental management systems, and voluntary incentives programs. Land uses generating insufficient returns to enable land users to fulfil their duty of care would by definition be unsustainable, and hence unsuitable, uses of land. Markets would be informed and constrain... |
and utterly dependent upon, the biophysical environment. Market forces would work to use natural resources more efficiently, discriminating against products, production systems and processes which deplete or degrade natural resources unsustainably. Linkages between well-informed consumers and all stages of production c... |
account for natural capital stocks, as well as flows, offering a more true reflection of the relative sustainability of apparent economic performance. The role and limitations of market forces in questions of long-term sustainability would be well understood, and the conditions under which intervention in markets is ju... |
approaches. Management actions seen to be in the public interest, for example through positive externalities, and which are clearly over and above what would be expected under duty of care, would be supported by a wide range of direct and indirect incentives and disincentives. Such incentives would be derived and deliv... |
major targeted grants for national priorities; sub-nationally through revolving funds, industry codes of practice, accreditation systems and regulatory approaches; and regionally through regional grants, stewardship payments, planning, zoning and rating systems. The incentives regime would complement public-sector fund... |
level for best practice and corporate citizenship; and - tax and other incentives for the individual or firm to go above and beyond their duty of care in managing for long-term conservation in the public interest. The general principles informing the design and delivery of incentives would include the principle that na... |
practicable level; that systems should connect people as directly as possible with the consequences of their actions; and that local ownership of problems and solutions is most likely to be genuine when revenue raising and resource allocation operates at the same level. The first step towards delivery of Australia's na... |
about how to conserve, manage, enhance or re-establish native vegetation for various combinations of objectives at various scales. Basic toolkits for native vegetation management are needed - whether to assist a community group to plan wildlife habitat, or to assist a landholder to work out a burning regime in a remnan... |
readily utilised. Underpinning this Framework is a basic set of principles that should encourage actions to achieve sustainable native vegetation management. These include: - recognition that all vegetation management should be based on the overall goal of Ecologically Sustainable Development which recognises environme... |
capacity of agricultural lands; - recognition that the biological diversity of vegetation should be maintained through appropriate land management practices. These include a suite of measures from environmental protection through to sustainable use and production using best practice management techniques; - recognition... |
threats of serious or irreversible environmental damage, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to prevent environmental degradation. In the application of the precautionary principle, public and private decisions should be guided by: - careful evaluation to avoid, wher... |
various options; - recognition that protecting existing remnant vegetation is the most efficient way of conserving biodiversity. Native vegetation is usually managed within the broader natural resource management context that takes account of economic and social objectives additional to environmental objectives. Howeve... |
and social objectives. The native vegetation outcomes being sought in this Framework are: - a reversal in the long-term decline in the extent and quality of Australia's native vegetation cover by: - conserving native vegetation, and substantially reducing land clearing; - conserving Australia's biodiversity; and - rest... |
water; - conservation and, where appropriate, restoration of native vegetation to maintain and enhance biodiversity, protect water quality and conserve soil resources, including on private land managed for agriculture, forestry and urban development; - retention and enhancement of biodiversity and native vegetation at ... |
within the context of integrated natural resource management, are described below. Biodiversity outcomes sought: - protection of biological diversity and maintenance of essential ecological processes and life-support systems; - maintenance of viable examples of native vegetation communities, species and dependent fauna... |
with extinction to survive and thrive in their natural habitats, and to retain their genetic diversity and potential for evolutionary development, and prevent additional species and communities from becoming threatened; - return of threatened native vegetation species and communities to a secure status in the wild; - r... |
of listed threatened species; - limitation of broad-scale clearance of native vegetation to those instances in which the proponent can clearly demonstrate that regional biodiversity objectives are not compromised; - no clearing of endangered or vulnerable vegetation communities, critical habitat for threatened species,... |
- no activities that adversely affect the conservation status of vegetation communities or the species dependent on them. Soil and water resource outcomes sought: - maintenance and enhancement of the ecological integrity and physical stability of ground and surface water systems, including associated riparian zones and... |
lowland areas; - revegetation, where appropriate, of the highest priority degraded riparian areas; - protection and rehabilitation of lowland wetlands and saltmarshes; - protection of vegetation in erosion prone areas; - protection of native vegetation on areas of potential acid sulphate soils. Hydrology outcomes sough... |
reverse rising groundwater tables and ameliorate dryland salinity; - maintenance of native vegetation in water catchments to protect water quality and water yield. Land productivity outcomes sought: - protection and management of native vegetation in the landscape such that biomass production is sustained, providing th... |
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