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Public utilities provide electric, gas, water or telephone service to customers in a specified area. Utilities have a duty to provide safe and adequate service on reasonable terms to anyone who lives within the service area on without discriminating between customers. Because most utilities operate in near monopolistic... |
- Globalization (1) (remove) - East African Muslims After 9/11 (2005) - Much has been said about 9/11, but little research has been done on the impact the events had |
on Africa. This paper explores how Muslims in East Africa view the terrorist attacks of 9/11. Particular attention will be given to the case of Kenya. What were the effects |
and consequences of 9/11 for Muslim communities there? How do they perceive the "war on terrorism", how did the changing configuration of geopolitics in the aftermath of 9/11 affect their |
lives and attitudes? What are the future prospects of Christian- Muslim understanding in East Africa? The paper argues that the initial sentiment of sympathy with the victims has been replaced |
by the rise of anti-American attitudes among the East African Muslim population. Although this tendency will probably continue as long as policy makers think of anti-Americanism in terms of an |
"image problem", the impact of 9/11 on East Africa will in the long run not depend on global issues, but on the course of political and religious developments on the |
noun (plural analyses /-siːz/) - the process of separating something into its constituent elements: the procedure is often more accurately described as one of synthesis rather than analysisOften contrasted with |
synthesis. - 2short for psychoanalysis.other schools of analysis have evolved out of the original disciplines established by Freud late 16th century: via medieval Latin from Greek analusis, from analuein 'unloose', |
Donald W. Pfaff |Donald W. Pfaff, PhD| Donald W. Pfaff, Ph.D., professor and head of the Laboratory of Neurobiology and Behavior at The Rockefeller University, is a brain scientist who uses neuroanatomical, neurochemical and neurophysiological methods to study the cellular mechanisms by which the brain controls behavio... |
can direct natural, instinctive behaviors. First, Pfaff is known for discovering exact cellular targets for steroid hormones in the brain. A system of hypothalamic and limbic forebrain neurons with sex hormone receptors, discovered in rodents, was later found to be present in species ranging from fish through primates.... |
that “knocking out” the gene for the estrogen receptor in animals prevents female reproductive behavior. Surprisingly, that single gene deletion resulted both in masculinizing female animals and, counterintuitively, feminizing males’ behavior. Secondly, his lab at Rockefeller then worked out the neural circuitry for ho... |
are “turned on” by estrogens in the forebrain. Fourth, in turn, their gene products facilitate reproductive behavior. For example, the induction of one of them, the gene for the progesterone receptor, showed that the hormone estrogen could turn on another transcription factor important, in turn, for behavioral control.... |
advances proved that specific chemicals acting in specific parts of the brain could determine individual behavioral responses. While two genetic transcription factors, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor, cooperate with each other to promote reproductive behavior, another transcription factor, thyroid hormone r... |
an experiment that lent support to the concept of the “unity of the body,” Pfaff found that the nervous system protein GnRH promotes reproductive behavior as well as directing the pituitary to stimulate the ovaries and testes. This action of GnRH renders instinctive behaviors congruent with the physiology of reproducti... |
actually born in the brain as other neurons are. Instead, during embryonic development, they are born in the olfactory epithelium. Once born, they migrate up the nose and into the forebrain. In humans, interruption of that migration, especially in men, causes a state in which the body does not produce adequate amounts ... |
loss of libido. In 2003, Pfaff received an NIH MERIT Award for the study of generalized arousal, responsible for activating all behavioral responses.. His team formulated the first operational definition of nervous system arousal, enabling scientists to measure arousal quantitatively in laboratory animals, as well as i... |
autism and Alzheimer's disease. Erosion of arousal also may account for some of the mental difficulties that people face as they age. Understanding generalized arousal may help scientists develop pharmacological methods to enhance alertness during the day and sleep at night. Analyzing the mechanisms of arousal may also... |
the administration of sex hormones can affect health. Pfaff’s lab recently showed that giving hormone doses in pulses, rather than as a steady exposure, may maximize the benefits and limit the side effects now associated with hormone therapies. By giving estrogen replacement to the rats, the scientists studied the acti... |
inside the nucleus where the cell's DNA is housed. They found that both the membrane and the DNA pathways are crucial, with one facilitating the other, in triggering hormone-dependent gene expression and female mating behavior. By limiting the estrogen exposure of to short pulses, the total dose can be kept much smalle... |
be reduced. Born in Rochester, N.Y., on December 9, 1939, he received the A.B. degree magna cum laude from Harvard College in 1961 and a Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1965. He held a National Merit Scholarship, Harvard National Scholarship, Woodrow Wilson Fellowship, MIT President's Award Fell... |
The Rockefeller University in 1966 as a postdoctoral fellow. He was named assistant professor in 1969, associate professor in 1971, granted tenure in 1973 and promoted to full professor in 1978. He is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He also is... |
studies of the central nervous system. He is the author of Estrogens and Brain Function (Springer, 1980), Drive: Neurobiological and Molecular Mechanisms of Sexual Motivation (MIT Press, 1999), Brain Arousal and Information Theory (Harvard University Press, 2005) and The Neuroscience of Fair Play: Why We (Usually) Foll... |
in Brain and Behavior (1984), Genetic Influences on the Nervous System (CRC Press, 1999) and Hormones, Brain and Behavior (5 volumes, Academic Press, 2002). He also is on the editorial boards of several scientific journals. Pfaff and his first wife, the poet Stephanie Strickland, have three children: Robin (Palo Alto, ... |
Tiruvellore Thattai Krishnamachariar (1899–1974) was the Indian Finance Minister from 1956–1958 and from 1964-1966. Krishnamachariar, who was born into a Tamil Iyengar Brahmin family graduated from Madras Christian College (MCC) and was a visiting professor to the department of economics at MCC. He resigned from the po... |
leader Krishnamachari was one among the founders of modern India. He was instrumental in building the basic economic and industrial infrastructure of the country and also left his mark on the Indian Constitution as a member of the Drafting Committee. Krishnamachari began his life as a businessman and went on to lay the... |
1928, in Chennai, which is now known as the TTK Group . By the mid-thirties, when the company was well established, Krishnamachari decided to turn his attention to politics. He was initially elected to the Madras Legislative Assembly as an independent member, and later joined the Congress. In 1946, he was made a member... |
1965, he served the country twice as a Central Minister. He was the first Minister for Commerce and Industry and then Finance Minister. He also remained in charge of the Steel Ministry for quite some time. He became Minister again in 1962, first without... Read More |
Invasion of Privacy The right of privacy is a common-law (court-made) cause of action that is a fairly new legal development. The U.S. Constitution contains no direct references to the |
right of privacy. There are few statutes that affect privacy and most invasion of privacy lawsuits that publishers may face are of the common-law type. An action for invasion of |
privacy is actually comprised of four distinct torts (legal wrongs). These are: intrusion upon seclusion; appropriation of name or likeness; publicity given to private life; and publicity placing the person |
in a false light. Each separate cause of action is addressed below. Note: to sue successfully for invasion of privacy, a plaintiff only has to prove one of the four |
torts, not all of the four torts. The right of privacy competes with the freedom of the press as well as the interest of the public in the free dissemination |
of news and information, and these permanent public interests must be considered when placing the necessary limitations upon the right of privacy. Pennsylvania courts have held that an action based |
on such right must not become a vehicle for establishment of a judicial censorship of the press. Back to top. Intrusion Upon Seclusion One who intentionally intrudes, physically or otherwise, |
upon the solitude or seclusion of another or his private affairs or concerns, is subject to liability to the other for invasion of his privacy, if the intrusion would be |
highly offensive to a reasonable person. To be liable for intrusion upon seclusion, the plaintiff must prove the following elements: 1. Invasion of a secluded place or privacy: the Defendant |
(the offender) must invade the Plaintiff's (the person suing) personal or private space. The definition of this invasion is very broad. Invasion may be: by physical intrusion into a place |
where the plaintiff has secluded himself. by use of the defendant's senses to oversee or overhear the plaintiff's private affairs (such as eavesdropping or spying with a telescope), or some |
other form of investigation or examination into plaintiff's private concerns (such as illegally obtaining someone's credit report). 2. Objectionable intrusion: the intrusion must be of a type that would be |
highly offensive to the ordinary reasonable person. 3. Invasion of private affairs or matters: the interference with the plaintiff's privacy must be substantial (however, if the event reported occurs in |
public, there is no expectation of privacy). Examples of intrusion upon privacy include placing microphones or cameras in someone's bedroom or hacking into their computer. However, where the information that |
is reported pertains to the public interest as well as a party's private interest, that individual's right of privacy will be weighed against the public interest. If the event being |
reported is in the public interest (a newsworthy event), it will, in all likelihood, be immune to an invasion of privacy lawsuit. An example of this would be a car |
accident. Although it involves the personal affairs of a few people (or even only one person), the accident is reportable because it is a newsworthy event. Therefore, a person cannot |
sue a newspaper for invasion of privacy over a story about a car accident that includes the driver's name. Photographs taken in public are also not violative of one's privacy. |
Back to top. Appropriation of Name or Likeness Appropriation of name or likeness occurs when someone appropriates the name or likeness of another for their own use or benefit. Action |
for misappropriation of right of publicity protects against commercial loss caused by appropriation of an individual's personality for commercial exploitation. It gives the individual exclusive right to control the commercial |
value of his or her name and likeness to prevent others from exploiting that value without permission. It is similar to a trademark action with the person's likeness, rather than |
the trademark, being the subject of the protection. Courts have denied plaintiffs lawsuits unless there is a finding that the defendant obtains an economic benefit from using the plaintiff's name. |
Additionally, the courts are unlikely to find that there has been an appropriation of the plaintiff's likeness unless the unauthorized use was part of an advertisement or a promotion. If |
such an appropriation is for a newsworthy event, the person's right to privacy is not violated. An example of this is if a photograph of someone patronizing a new restaurant |
is published as part of a story publicizing the opening of the restaurant. The patron cannot sue the newspaper for appropriation of name or likeness because the photograph is being |
used for a newsworthy event. However, if a store is using someone's picture to advertise a new line of clothes, and they have not received permission from that person to |
use the picture, that person's likeness has been wrongly appropriated. Back to top. Publicity Given to Private Life One who gives publicity to a matter concerning the private life of |
another is subject to liability to the other for invasion of his privacy, if the matter publicized is of a kind that: 1. would be highly offensive to a reasonable |
person, and 2. is not of legitimate concern to the public. The main determination in a publicity given to private life lawsuit is whether the matter being publicized is public |
or private. If the matter is one of public concern, there is no invasion of privacy. First Amendment rights protect the publication of items of legitimate public interest. However, if |
the matter is not one of public concern, and it is one that people would find offensive, there is an invasion of privacy. An example of publicity given to private |
life would be publicizing the fact that your neighbor has failed to pay his credit card bill for three months. Sometimes there is difficulty in determining whether something really is |
of legitimate public concern. Courts have held that a claim that a person violated the law is relevant and newsworthy, even though it was latter proven that the substance of |
the complaint was false. The example of a drunk-driving one-car accident is also illustrates this point. Although the driver may have an interest in keeping the fact that he was |
driving while intoxicated private, the accident occurred in public and is a newsworthy event. The public's interest in knowing about the accident outweighs the driver's interest in keeping the accident |
private. Additionally, matters that are of public record are not protected. If a journalist publishes a story disclosing facts that were obtained from a police press release or a court |
opinion, the matter is of public record and no lawsuit for publicity given to private life will be successful. Public figures (those persons who, by their accomplishments or place in |
life, give the public a legitimate interest in their affairs, such as politicians, professional athletes, and even personal injury claimants) face a somewhat lessened right to privacy because more of |
their actions are of legitimate public concern than they would be if the public figure were an ordinary person. Because of this lessened expectancy of privacy, a newspaper can publish |
a biography of a public figure without fear of being sued for invasion of privacy. No permission is needed to do such a story. Additionally, the newspaper can include some |
facts that would otherwise be an invasion of privacy for a person who is not a public figure. Care must be taken that these otherwise private facts are within the |
scope of the story. Examples of these facts would be a public figure's familial background, associates, or specific events in their life that shape them into the person that they |
are, or that shed light as to their guilt or innocence. Public figures (those persons who, by their accomplishments or place in life, give the public a legitimate interest in |
their affairs, such as politicians, professional athletes, and even personal injury claimants) face a somewhat lessened right to privacy because more of their actions are of legitimate public concern than |
they would be if the public figure were an ordinary person. Because of this lessened expectancy of privacy, a newspaper can publish a biography of a public figure without fear |
of being sued for invasion of privacy. No permission is needed to do such a story. Additionally, the newspaper can include some facts that would otherwise be an invasion of |
privacy for a person who is not a public figure. Care must be taken that these otherwise private facts are within the scope of the story. Examples of these facts |
would be a public figure's familial background, associates, or specific events in their life that shape them into the person that they are, or that shed light as to their |
guilt or innocence. Back to top. Publicity Placing the Person in a False Light One who gives publicity to a matter concerning another that places the other before the public |
in a false light is subject to liability to the other for invasion of his privacy if the false light in which the other was placed would be highly offensive |
to a reasonable person. Examples include a newspaper publishing an innocent person's picture as part of a story about convicted felons or including reporting that someone was involved in a |
domestic dispute when, in fact, there was no such dispute. Publicly placing a person in a false light also includes falsely stating someone's views, such as saying that someone is |
a member of the Ku Klux Klan. An important exception is when the published matter is in the public interest (newsworthy), such as an item dealing with an accident or |
the background of a candidate for public office. When the published matter is in the public interest, the plaintiff must show that the publisher acted with malice (that they either |
had a reckless disregard for the truth or they knew the report was false but published it anyway). For example, if a newspaper published a story reporting that a candidate |
for mayor embezzled money from his previous employer, but never attempted to verify the accuracy of the information, the newspaper can be held liable for publicly placing the candidate in |
a false light. It is important to keep in mind that malice can be found if the information published is without probable cause or the newspaper never checked for truth |
by the means at hand. For more information about malice, see:Libel Back to top. Special Notes on Invasion of Privacy For a successful lawsuit, the plaintiff must prove that the |
defendant's actions caused his or her privacy to be invaded. Therefore, the newspaper cannot be sued for invasion of privacy if a newspaper publishes a story based upon a report |
that was made by someone who invaded the plaintiff's privacy. Note: the newspaper may be held responsible if the newspaper encourages someone to invade the plaintiff's privacy. Additionally, in some |
invasion of privacy cases, the newspaper may also be held liable for libel. Unlike libel, truth is not a defense for invasion of privacy. Only the plaintiff holds the right |
to privacy. It is a personal right. It does not survive the plaintiff (the defendant cannot be sued for invasion of privacy actions that occur after the death of the |
person whose privacy was invaded), nor can it be asserted on behalf of family members. Invasion of privacy lawsuits cannot be brought by, or on behalf of, corporations. Successful plaintiffs |
files list the atoms in each protein, and their 3D location in space. These files are available in several formats (PDB, mmCIF, XML). A typical PDB formatted file includes a large "header" section of text that summarizes the protein, citation information, and the details of the structure solution, followed by |
the sequence and a long list of the atoms and their coordinates. The archive also contains the experimental observations that are used to determine these atomic coordinates. When you start exploring the structures in the PDB archive, you will need to know a few things about coordinate files. Major topics |
are included here. ATOMs and HETATMs A typical PDB format file will contain atomic coordinates for a diverse collection of proteins, small molecules, ions and water. Each atom is entered as a line of information that starts with a keyword: either ATOM or HETATM. By tradition, the ATOM keyword is |
used to identify proteins or nucleic acid atoms, and keyword HETATM is used to identify atoms in small molecules. Following this keyword, there is a list of information about the atom, including its name, its number in the file, the name and number of the residue it belongs to, one |
letter to specify the chain (in oligomeric proteins), its x, y, and z coordinates, and an occupancy and temperature factor (described in more detail below). This information gives you a lot of control when exploring the structure. For instance, most molecular graphics programs enable you to color identified portions of |
the molecule selectively--for example, to pick out all of the carbon atoms and color them green, or to pick one particular amino acid and highlight it. The left image shows myoglobin (PDB entry 1mbo) using the default representation in MBT Protein Workshop. It shows a ribbon diagram for the protein, |
and ball-and-stick for the small molecules. In the right image, we have changed the representation to show all atoms, using the information in each atom record to color the molecules differently. This clearly shows the heme group in bright red, and a bound oxygen molecule in turquoise. Tip: By default, |
many molecular graphics programs do not display the water positions in a PDB file, even though they are often important to the function and interaction of biological molecules. Most of these programs have a way to display them, if you use their methods for atom selection. Chains and Models Biological |
molecules are hierarchical, building from atoms to residues to chains to assemblies. Coordinate files contain ways to organize and specify molecules at all of these levels. As described above, the atom names and residue information are included in each atom record. The higher-order information is identified by keywords... |
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