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- PDF (392 kb) - Full Text with Thumbnail Figures - Full Text with Large Figures - Cited by in Scopus (51) - Request permission - Transitioning from malaria control |
to elimination: the vital role of ACTs Trends in Parasitology, Volume 29, Issue 2, 1 February 2013, Pages 60-64 Heiner Grueninger and Kamal Hamed AbstractArtemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) have been |
instrumental in reducing malaria burden. Many countries report geographical areas with reduced levels of endemic disease. As the transition is made from malaria control to elimination, new ways of using |
existing treatments are being considered. In this opinion paper, the requirements for the continued success of ACTs, their role in this transition, and possible new ways of using these drugs |
in an elimination setting are discussed. ACTs have an important role to play in maintaining the current success of control programs, and may also drive these successes forward into the |
widespread elimination of malaria. Abstract | Full Text | PDF (569 kb) - Combating malaria in Africa Trends in Parasitology, Volume 18, Issue 5, 1 May 2002, Pages 224-230 Jean-François |
Trape, Gilles Pison, André Spiegel, Catherine Enel and Christophe Rogier AbstractThe spread of antimalarial drug resistance has major consequences for malaria control in tropical Africa. Here, the impact of chloroquine |
resistance on the burden of malaria is analyzed and its implications for the Roll Back Malaria initiative are examined. Malaria mortality has increased at least twofold during the past two |
decades. Combination therapy should be available for home treatment of young children. The potential toxicity of most antimalarials will require special surveillance programs. The main contribution to malaria control using |
methods to reduce the entomological inoculation rate is expected in areas with low or unstable transmission. Classic vector-control methods could potentially eliminate malaria in most urban areas and such programs |
deserve high priority. Abstract | Full Text | PDF (67 kb) - Plasmodium vivax transmission: chances for control? Trends in Parasitology, Volume 20, Issue 4, 1 April 2004, Pages 192-198 |
Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Takafumi Tsuboi, Gabriela E. Zollner, Jeeraphat Sirichaisinthop and Liwang Cui AbstractPlasmodium vivax is a growing public health problem in many regions of the world as a result of |
re-emergence and increased transmission. This article reviews the unique biology related to P. vivax transmission and addresses potential problems associated with the control of this parasite, which depends on an |
in-depth knowledge of malaria transmission. The success of comprehensive control measures will require advanced laboratory and field research on this parasite, international awareness of the problem, and co-operation by members |
of the international malaria community to implement new knowledge and improve the management of transmission in each endemic area. Abstract | Full Text | PDF (162 kb) Copyright © 2003 |
Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved. Trends in Parasitology, Volume 19, Issue 10, 452-460, 1 October 2003 Mass administrations of antimalarial drugs 1 International Vaccine Institute, Kwanak, PO Box 14, Seoul, |
151-600, Korea 2 Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St., London, UK, WC1E 7HT Administration of antimalarial drugs to whole populations has |
been used as a malaria-control measure for more than 70 years. Drugs have been administered either directly as a full therapeutic course of treatment or indirectly through the fortification of |
salt. Mass drug administrations (MDAs) were generally unsuccessful in interrupting transmission but, in some cases, had a marked effect on parasite prevalence and on the incidence of clinical malaria. MDAs |
are likely to encourage the spread of drug-resistant parasites and so have only a limited role in malaria control. They could have a part to play in the management of |
epidemics and in the control of malaria in areas with a short transmission season. To reduce the risk of spreading drug resistance, MDAs should use more than one drug and, |
We seek the solution to the linear system of equations Iterative methods, unlike direct methods, generate a sequence of approximate solutions to the system that (hopefully) converges to the exact solution. After k iterations, we obtain an approximation to the exact solution as: where is the residual after k iterations. |
as the difference between the exact and approaximate solution, we obtain The purpose of iterations is to drive this residual to zero. Stationary Iterative Methods Iterative methods that can be expressed in the simple form when neither B nor c depend upon the iteration count (k), the iterative method is |
called stationary iterative method. Some of the stationary iterative methods are - Jacobi method - Gauss-Seidel method - Successive Overrelaxation (SOR) method and - Symmetric Successive Overrelaxation (SSOR) method The convergence of such iterative methods can be investigated using the Fixed point theorem. Nonstationa... |
B and c changes during the iterations, the method is called Nonstationary Iterative Method. Typically, constants B and c are computed by taking inner products of residuals or other vectors arising from the iterative method. Some examples are: - Conjugate Gradient Method (CG) - MINRES and SYMMLQ - Generalized Minimal |
Could the Pap smear, which is already commonly used to detect cervical cancer, also be used to find endometrial and ovarian cancers? A small study suggests that may be possible in the future. Scientists at Johns Hopkins have found that cervical fluid collected during a routine Pap smear can be used to detect both types... |
the "PapGene." Researchers administered the test on a small group of samplings, and found the procedure accurately detected all 24 endometrial cancers, or cancer of the lining of the uterus. However, they were only able to find nine of 22, or 41%. of ovarian cancers. According to the American Cancer Society, only 20% o... |
cancers are caught early, before they have spread. The Pap test is designed to collect cervical cells that are examined for cancer. It is the gold standard for cervical cancer screening. Yet, there is no good screening method available for ovarian or endometrial cancers. Because the pilot study was small, investigators... |
studies still need to be conducted and the test may even have to be refined, particularly to improve finding ovarian cancers. Scientists involved in the initial research are already recruiting patients for the next trial phase. But doctors are still excited, especially since the test would be easy and convenient since ... |
test, there is excess fluid that accumulates on the smear. Those are the fluids the test would examine for the other cancers. And investigators say the procedure would eliminate a lot of "false positive" results that previous tests for these cancers have caused. "The lack of false positives is a real advantage, because... |
Dr. Luis Diaz, the lead investigator of the study and an associate professor of oncology at Johns Hopkins. "And the follow-up tests are expensive and can be invasive. We are hoping this test will take away those worries." Results of the experiments are published in the January 9 issue of the journal Science Translation... |
To use all functions of this page, please activate cookies in your browser. With an accout for my.chemeurope.com you can always see everything at a glance – and you can configure your own website and individual newsletter. - My watch list - My saved searches - My saved topics - My newsletter Peroxisomes are ubiquitous ... |
in the metabolism of fatty acids and other metabolites. Peroxisomes have enzymes that rid the cell of toxic peroxides. They have a single lipid bilayer membrane that separates their contents from the cytosol (the internal fluid of the cell) and contain membrane proteins critical for various functions, such as importing... |
peroxisomes are part of the secretory pathway of a cell, but they are much more dynamic and can replicate by enlarging and then dividing. Peroxisomes were identified as cellular organelles by the Belgian cytologist Christian de Duve in 1967 after they had been first described in a Swedish PhD thesis a decade earlier. O... |
virtually all eukaryotic cells and stem cells. Peroxisomes contain enzymes for certain oxidative reactions, like the beta-oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids. Prokaryotes lack peroxisomes. The enzymatic content of peroxisomes varies across species, but the presence of certain proteins common to many species has be... |
as parasites, and very gradually evolved a symbiotic relationship. However, this view has been challenged by recent discoveries. For example, peroxisome-less mutants can restore peroxisomes upon introduction of the wild-type gene, and peroxisomes have been observed to be formed from the endoplasmic reticulum. An evolut... |
pathway in the endoplasmic reticulum, along with a number of metabolic enzymes that were likely recruited from the mitochondria. These results indicate that the peroxisome does not have an endosymbiotic origin; instead, it likely originates from the ER, and its proteins were recruited from pools existing within the pri... |
enzymes, such as catalase, D-amino acid oxidase, and uric acid oxidase. Certain enzymes within the peroxisome, by using molecular oxygen, remove hydrogen atoms from specific organic substrates (labeled as R), in an oxidative reaction, producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, itself toxic): This reaction is important in liver... |
About 25% of the ethanol we drink is oxidized to acetaldehyde in this way. In addition, when excess H2O2 accumulates in the cell, catalase converts it to H2O through this reaction: A major function of the peroxisome is the breakdown of fatty acid molecules, in a process called beta-oxidation. In this process, the fatty... |
at a time, converted to Acetyl-CoA, which is then transported back to the cytosol for further use. In animal cells, beta-oxidation can also occur in the mitochondria. In yeast and plant cells, this process is exclusive for the peroxisome. The first reactions in the formation of plasmalogen in animal cells also occurs i... |
in myelin. Deficiency of plasmalogens causes profound abnormalities in the myelination of nerve cells, which is one of the reasons that many peroxisomal disorders lead to neurological disease. Peroxisomes also play a role in the production of bile acids and proteins. Proteins are selectively imported into peroxisomes. ... |
of producing proteins, all of their proteins must be imported across the membrane. It is believed that proteins do not transit through the endoplasmic reticulum to get to the peroxisome. A specific protein signal (PTS or peroxisomal targeting signal) of three amino acids at the C-terminus of many peroxisomal proteins s... |
the organelle. Other peroxisomal proteins contain a signal at the N-terminus. There are at least 32 known peroxisomal proteins, called peroxins, which participate in the process of importing proteins by means of ATP hydrolysis. Proteins do not have to unfold to be imported into the peroxisome. The protein receptors, th... |
or a PTS2, respectively) all the way into the peroxisome where they release the cargo and then return to the cytosol - a step named recycling. Overall, the import cycle is referred to as the extended shuttle mechanism. Evidence now indicates that ATP hydrolysis is required for the recycling of receptors to the cytosol.... |
for the export of PEX5 from the peroxisome, to the cytosol. Little is known about the import of PEX7, although it has helper proteins that have been shown to be ubiquitinated. Peroxisomal disorders are a class of condtions that lead to disorders of lipid metabolism. One well-known example is Zellweger syndrome. Peroxis... |
the cytosol and that these proteins are imported posttranslationally in pre-existing peroxisomes. This article contains material from the Science Primer published by the NCBI, which, as a U.S. government publication, is in the public domain. |This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses ma... |
Hydrates are crystalline solid compounds formed from water and smaller molecules in hydrocarbon fluids such as methane, ethane, propane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. Hydrates are a nuisance, since they can block pipelines leading to stoppage of pipeline transportation operations and hence are an impor... |
requires three conditions to exist: 1. The right combination of temperature and pressure. Hydrate formation is favored by low temperature and high pressure. 2. A hydrate former must be present. Hydrate formers are the hydrocarbons mentioned as above. 3. A sufficient amount of water – not too much, not too little. Certa... |
of hydrates and are listed below: This can be either due to high velocity or agitation of the process fluid. High velocities in pipelines can occur at any sudden restrictions in the line such as a choke valve. In gas flow a large pressure drop across the choke valve causes the temperature to drop due to the Joule-Thoms... |
favors hydrate formation B. Nucleation Sites: In general terms, a nucleation site is a point where a phase transition is favored, and in this case the formation of a solid from a fluid phase. Good nucleation sites for hydrate formation include an imperfection in the pipeline, a weld spot, or a pipeline fitting (elbow, ... |
and sand all make good nucleation sites as C. Free Water: Free-water is not necessary for hydrate formation, but the presence of free-water certainly enhances “HYSYS” has a utility called “Hydrate Formation Utility” which predicts the hydrate formation temperature of any defined stream for a given stream pressure and t... |
and "CSMHyd", I had done some of my own investigation and compilation on the subject of hydrate formation conditions in natural gas. The focus of this investigation was to find out whether there were some empirical methods to determine the “hydrate formation temperature” given only the natural gas pressure and the mole... |
do not require natural gas composition as such. Just the natural gas molecular weight or the natural gas specific gravity allow the determination of the “hydrate formation temperature”. The end result of this detailed investigation resulted in the generation of an excel workbook where these empirical methods have been ... |
Download the MS Excel Spreadsheet here Any comments and observations would be welcomed from the readers and members of “Cheresources”. References for the hydrate formation mechanism are as follows: Natural Gas Hydrates – A Guide for Engineers by John Carroll Section 20- GPSA Engineering Data Book, 11th Ed. |
In On Becoming Childwise, the authors urge us to parent all four general capacities of our children. The four general capacities are as follows: 1. Physical. It is our duty |
to nurture and provide for our children’s physical growth and well-being. This includes not only basic food, clothing and shelter, but also healthy eating habits, regular exercise, good hygiene, and |
all other things related to their little bodies. 2. Intellectual. The authors say that we are required to provide “basic skills, logic, and useful knowledge.” But I would extend this |
to say that we need to determine how our children learn best. Whether our kids are educated in preschool, private school, public school or homeschool, we need to do more |
than simply accept the cultural norm. Find the education solution that works best for the individual child (within the context of the family situation, of course). 3. Emotional. I’m a |
little troubled by what the book says in regard to this capacity: “Parents help their children establish internal controls over both positive and negative emotions,” (p. 66). Maybe I’m misreading |
it, but it sounds to me like they’re saying our children need to learn to suppress their emotions. I think parenting our children’s emotional capacity is all about accepting our |
children’s emotions, no matter what. If my child is physically hurt, I’m going to let him cry. Or if a friend intentionally excludes my child in play, I’m going to |
acknowledge the sadness that it caused. It’s all about showing that emotions are a normal, acceptable part of life. Parenting in this area is also about showing patience and empathy |
for others. This can be done through modeling this for them, teaching through direct instruction, and correcting behaviors that go against this goal. 4. Moral. I wholeheartedly agree with this |
statement: “The duty of a parent is to help his or her child internalize virtues that reflect the values of the family and society,” (p. 66). But ultimately, no matter |
how we address each area of parenting, we must find a balanced approach. There are some kids who may need more attention in one capacity than another, but we must |
still address all areas. To spend all of our time and effort helping the child’s intellectual growth while neglecting any moral teachings represents unhealthy, unbalanced parenting. The same holds true |
for focusing on moral teachings over emotional attention. The book sums it up nicely: “All four facets receive attention. None should be neglected, underdeveloped, or overemphasized. Why is that? Because |
competence and character go hand in hand. You do not want to raise a smart child who lacks integrity. Nor do you want a great athlete with a shallow intellect. |
Academic skills without values, values without healthy emotions, happy feelings without productivity, and physical stature without moral wisdom all represent developmental imbalances,” (p. 66). Stop for a minute to think |
about how balanced your parenting may be. Do you tend to favor one capacity over another? Does your child require more attention in one area than another? If so, are |
you able to balance out the other areas? Is any imbalance caused by you, society around you, urgings from family members or friends? If so, don’t be afraid to go |
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT)Definition: Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) is episodes of rapid heart rate that start in a part of the heart above the ventricles. "Paroxysmal" means from time to time. PSVT; Supraventricular tachycardia Causes, incidence, and risk factors: Normally, the cha... |
in an area of the heart called the sinoatrial node (also called the sinus node or SA node). - The signal moves through the upper heart chambers (the atria) and tells the atria to contract. - After this, the signal moves down in the heart and tells the lower chambers (the ventricles) to contract. The rapid heart rate fr... |
that take place in many different areas above the lower heart chambers (ventricles). PSVT can occur with digitalis toxicity and with conditions such as Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome . The condition occurs most often in young people and infants. The following increase your risk for PSVT: Symptoms usually start and stop... |
symptoms that can occur with this condition: Signs and tests: A physical examination during a PSVT episode will show a rapid heart rate. It may also show bounding pulses in the neck. The heart rate may be over 100, and even more than 250 beats per minute (bpm). In children, the heart rate tends to be very high. There m... |
blood circulation such as light-headedness. Between episodes of PSVT, the heart rate is normal (60 to 100 bpm). An ECG during symptoms shows PSVT. An electrophysiology study (EPS) may be needed for an accurate diagnosis and to recommend the best treatment. Because PSVT comes and goes, to diagnose it patients may need t... |
another tape of the rhythm recording device may be used. If you do not have symptoms or any other heart condition, PSVT may not need treatment. If you have an episode of PSVT, there are techniques you can try on your own to interrupt the fast heartbeat. - One is called the Valsalva maneuver. To do this, you hold your b... |
if you were trying to have a bowel movement. - Another technique you can try is to cough while sitting with your upper body bent forward. - Some people find that splashing ice water on the face is helpful. You should avoid smoking, caffeine, alcohol, and illicit drugs. Emergency treatment to slow the heartbeat back to ... |
use of electric shock - Medicines through a vein Long-term treatment for people who have repeat episodes of PSVT, or who also have heart disease, may include: Cardiac ablation -- a procedure used to destroy small areas in your heart that may be causing the rapid heartbeat (currently the treatment of choice for most PSV... |
override the fast heartbeat (on occasion may be used in children with PSVT who have not responded to any other treatment) - Surgery to change the pathways in the heart that send electrical signals (this may be recommended in some cases for people who need other heart surgery) PSVT is generally not life threatening. If ... |
congestive heart failure or angina. Calling your health care provider: Call your health care provider if: - You often have a sensation of feeling the heart beat quickly and symptoms do not end on their own in a few minutes - You have a history of PSVT and an episode does not go away with the Valsalva maneuver or by cou... |
occur with the rapid heart rate - Symptoms return often - New symptoms develop Olgin JE, Zipes DP. Specific arrhythmias: diagnosis and treatment. In: Bonow RO, Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 9th ed. St. Louis, Mo: WB Saunders; 2011:chap 39. Zimetbaum P... |
Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 64. |Review Date: 6/18/2012| Reviewed By: David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; and Michael A. Chen, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, ... |
MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc. The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call... |
|Curiosity about fire is normal, but playing with fire is dangerous. Whether it is the result of a curious child or the intentional setting of a fire by a troubled teen, juvenile firesetting is a serious problem that may escalate. By recognizing the problem early and taking corrective measures the risk of fire setting ... |
DO KIDS SET FIRES? Most children express a natural and normal curiosity about fire in their early life. Their interest can be expressed in a number of appropriate ways: asking fire related questions, playing with fire related toys such as a fire engine and for older children, participating in adult supervised activitie... |
fireplace. When a child’s interest and experimentation with fire are unsupervised, the potential for disaster exists. Some children however, set fires deliberately. Reason for this may include: peer pressure, boredom, anger, a cry for help, or a significant crisis such as a divorce or death of a family member. For thes... |
feeling and require intervention. - Arson is the leading crime committed by kids and it is the fastest growing crime in the U.S. - Over 55% of all arrests for arson are kids & ½ of those are 4-9 years old. - Fire is the leading cause of accidental death in the home for kids 5 & under; many are |
the victims of fires set by an older sibling. WHAT CAN PARENTS DO TO PREVENT FIRE SETTING? Supervise for safety Provide appropriate and effective supervision for children. Supervision requires frequent visual contact so that children’s activities can be monitored. Supervision also includes previewing what children are ... |
recommended. Remove the temptation Keep matches and lighters out of reach of kids. Better yet, remove all unnecessary matches and lighters from your home. Most children are only involved with fire because it is available. Remember, child resistant lighters are not childproof, not even for a 2 year old. Teach children a... |
tool used to heat our homes and cook our food – it is not a toy! Fire is not magic; it is hot and can cause devastating consequences. Teach match and lighter safety Matches and lighters are tools for grown-up NOT toys for children. If children find matchers and lighters, young children (under the age of seven) should T... |
SHOW a grown-up, and children older than seven should GIVE them to a grown-up. Older children 12 and up should be taught the safe and responsible use of matches and lighters, under direct adult supervision. These children can be provided with an opportunity to light the fireplace, campfire or candles on a birthday cake... |
demonstrating fire safe behavior. Set a good example Children don’t always hear what you say, but they certainly see what you do. Young children learn by exploring, experimenting and mimicking adult behavior. Model fire safe behavior in your home at all times. WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT THE MYTHS & REALITIES OF FIRE? MYTH:... |
play with fire. FACT: While curiosity about fire is common, playing with fire and setting fires is not normal and can be deadly. MYTH: Fire setting is a phase children will outgrow. FACT: It is NOT a phase. You must deal with it immediately or it will continue and progress. MYTH: If the fire is small there is no proble... |
FACT: All fires start small. However, fires spread quickly and can easily get out of control, endangering lives and property. MYTH: Children who start fires are pyromaniacs. FACT: Almost every child has some curiosity about fire. But progression from mere interest in fire to fire setting is a problem. Occasionally fire... |
problem. WHAT SHOULD YOU DO IF YOU KNOW A CHILD WHO NEEDS HELP? - Keep all lighting materials out of reach – lock them up! - Make sure the child is appropriately supervised. - Install smoke alarms throughout your home, including in the bedrooms. - Get help from Hillsboro Fire Department. Call 503-681-6166 to set up an ... |
Using flow cytometry to compare the dynamics of photoreceptor outer segment phagocytosis in iPS derived RPE cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci Light entering the eye activates photoreceptor neurons that convert the stimulus into electrical impulses. These impulses are passed back through the eye and into the brain where ... |
dependent on other retinal cell types to function properly. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells are especially important; these protect the photoreceptors from light-induced toxicity by consuming the tips of the photoreceptor cells that are routinely damaged by intense light exposure. RPE cells perform this essentia... |
by not effectively performing phagocytosis, photoreceptors will invariably die. This phenomenon occurs in human diseases including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss in the elderly. A promising potential therapy is to implant RPE generated from stem cells into the back of the eye t... |
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