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this therapy works very well in rats with spontaneous retinal degeneration, but several technical questions remain about how well the implanted cells function compared with actual RPE cells. Since phagocytosis is such a critical function we developed a unique way to test how well RPE cells can phagocytose the tips of t... |
named flow cytometry that is used to measure fluorescence in single cells. RPE cells can become fluorescent if they are “fed” photoreceptor outer segments that are treated with green fluorescent biomarkers. We waited several hours after feeding the cells and then measured the amount of green fluorescence they were emit... |
cells we generated from stem cells chronologically phagocytosed equal numbers of photoreceptor outer segments as well as actual human RPE cells do. We also showed using flow cytometry that the stem cell derived RPE generated the correct cellular machinery required for efficient phagocytosis. We suggest, therefore, that... |
RPE cells are ready for transplantation. The results of this study add to mounting evidence that stem cell derived RPE function as well as real RPE cells, and are realistic therapeutic options for treating AMD. Purpose: Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) autologous grafts can be readily derived from iPS cells (iPS-RPE). ... |
quantifiable methods to be confident that they are safe and adequate replacements for diseased RPE before utilizing them in clinical settings. One important and required function is that the iPS-RPE phagocytose photoreceptor outer segments (POS). Methods: We developed a flow cytometry-based assay to monitor binding and... |
of iPS-RPE. Expression and density of alphavbeta5 integrin, CD36, and MerTK receptors, which are required for phagocytosis, were compared. Results: Trypsinization of treated RPE cells results in the release of bound POS. The number of freed POS, the percentage of cells that internalized POS, the brightness of the FITC ... |
receptors on single RPE cells was measured using flow cytometry. These assays reveal that receptor density is dynamic during differentiation and this can affect the binding and internalization dynamics of the RPE cells. Highly differentiated iPS-RPE phagocytose POS more efficiently than hfRPE. Conclusions: Caution shou... |
density of the phagocytosis receptors is dynamic and may be used as a predictor for how well the iPS-RPE cells will function in vivo. The phagocytosis dynamics observed between iPS-RPE and primary RPE is very encouraging and adds to mounting evidence that iPS-RPE may be a viable replacement for dysfunctional or dying R... |
Beginning with the establishment of a glass factory at Jamestown in 1608, manufacturing grew slowly during the colonial era to include flour mills and, by 1715, an iron foundry. During the 19th century, the shipbuilding industry flourished, and many cotton mills, tanneries, and ironworks were built; light industries pr... |
wide variety of consumer goods developed later. The strength of the Commonwealth's diversified manufacturing sector is shown in its 10.2% employment increase between 1970 and 1993. During this time period, national manufacturing employment declined by 8.3%. Richmond is a principal industrial area for tobacco processing... |
food products; nearby Hopewell is a locus of the chemical industry. Newport News, Hampton, and Norfolk are centers for shipbuilding and the manufacture of other transportation equipment. In the western part of the state, Lynchburg is a center for electrical machinery, metals, clothing, and printing, and Roanoke for foo... |
and textiles. In the south, Martinsville has a concentration of furniture and textile-manufacturing plants, and textiles are also dominant in Danville. The total value of manufacturing shipments in 1997 totaled $87 billion, or 15th in the nation. In 1997, Virginia was the headquarters for 16 Fortune 500 companies. Earn... |
1998, the slowest growing from 1997 to 1998 was federal civilian government (7.0% of earnings in 1998), which increased 0.4%; the fastest was finance, insurance, and real estate (7.0% of earnings in 1998), which increased 9.9%. |
What Is It? Social Studies, History, Information Technology Change, Ways of life - Mail-order catalogues on this site - Photographs of artifacts from Eaton's catalogues (links - Teacher hints (below) - Ask students to select an object from the list |
of photographs below. - By using the historical catalogue pages from this site, and with the help of the indexes, students must find out it was used, what it was used for, and what it cost. - Foot warmer - |
Shoe and harness repair kit - Pair of sad iron handles and bases - Meat grinder - Foot-powered sewing machine - Electric toaster - Electric washing machine. Foot warmer, ca ? On a cold winter's night in a home heated |
by a a stoneware foot warmer filled with hot water would have been a welcome to a bed. Foot warmers were also used in carriages and in early didn't have heaters. Shoe and harness repair kit, ca 1900 This "Combination |
Family Cobbler/Tinker & contained the tools required to perform repairs to shoes and horse in this kit were children- and adult-sized lasts, or shoe forms, a hammer, a tack hammer, a leather punch, and a variety of nails. Pair of |
sad iron bases and handles, ca 1900-50 Before women used electric irons to press clothes and they used sad irons. Sad irons were usually sold as sets with one wooden handle and three cast iron bases. Women heated two or |
three bases wood stove at a time. They attached the handle to one preheated base, used to iron until it cooled down, and then replaced it with a heated base from Meat grinder, ca 1910-50 At a time when people |
raised their own livestock and did own butchering, many people made their own sausages and ground meats by a hand-powered meat grinder. After clamping the grinder to a table, they drop chunks of meat into the funnel-like hopper and turn |
the handle. An blade inside would grind up the meat and the resulting ground meat would out through the opening on the side into a sausage casing or a bowl. Foot-powered sewing machine, ca 1910-50 Eaton's offered its own brand |
of sewing machine in catalogues. This Eatonia sewing machine would have been fastened to a cabinet with a foot-pedal underneath. By pumping the pedal with her foot guiding the fabric with her hands, a woman could have sewn clothing that |
modeled on the latest catalogue fashions. Electric toaster, ca 1920 This electric "turn-over" toaster was used to one piece of bread at a time. When one side was toasted, the user flipped bread over so the other side could be |
toasted too. Electric washing machine, 1926 "All the old, wearying, back-breaking rubbing and of wash-tub days done away with for you," boasted the advertisement this electric washing machine in the Eaton's spring-and-summer 1926 However, most Canadian homes did not yet |
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Last August, a 3,000-pound, eight-by-22 foot-robotic platform was launched into the Hudson River just north of Denning’s Point Peninsula in Beacon, N.Y. On board the floating platform are state-of-the-art sensors that will provide continuous air and water monitoring including barometric |
pressure, wind speed and direction, water depth, temperature, salinity and flow rate. The sensors will also measure the levels of hydrogen contaminants, dissolved oxygen, and chlorophyll-a (a green pigment found in algae). The data will be transferred in real time |
to researchers who can track fluctuations in these measurements. The information provides a detailed record of the overall health of the river. This will alert scientists and environmentalists to escalating pollution levels or to episodic events that can be problematic, |
such as algae blooms, which can lead to hypoxia. Hypoxia is characterized by a low concentration of oxygen that is exacerbated by increases in nutrients or a particular set of physical conditions. It is associated with fish kills among other |
problems. This technology, which promises to revolutionize the way bodies of water are monitored, was developed by a team of scientists and researchers headed up by James Bonner ’85, professor of civil & environmental engineering and director of Clarkson’s Center |
for the Environment (CCE). “Our goal is to eventually cover the entire 315-mile river from Mt. Marcy to New York City with a network of sensors,” explains Bonner. “The technology will allow us to create a cyber-infrastructure that stores and |
processes a great deal of data about the Hudson River. Scientists and engineers around the world will be able to access this information via the Internet.” Bonner began the development of this real-time monitoring technology at the Shoreline Environmental Research |
Facility at Texas A&M University where he served as founding director. While in Corpus Christi, Bonner and fellow researchers developed sensing systems that they used to monitor the Gulf of Mexico. Since joining the Clarkson faculty in 2007, Bonner (who |
holds a Ph.D. from Clarkson) has continued his NSF-funded research program with an eye toward transferring the technology to map and monitor the ecological health of the rivers, Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway. The Hudson River monitoring project |
is a joint partnership between Clarkson University; the Beacon Institute for Rivers and Estuaries, a not-for-profit environmental research organization; and IBM. Last year, Bonner was named the Beacon Institute’s REON Director of Research and will lead the development and implementation |
of the River and Estuary Observatory Network (REON). The Hudson River project is the first step in a larger plan to develop technology-based monitoring and forecasting network for rivers and estuaries. “Tremendous human impact occurs in the regions where rivers |
and estuaries meet the ‘coastal margin’ — coastal wetlands, bays and shorelines,” explains Bonner. “In the United States, this region is home to 70 percent of the population and 20 of its 25 largest cities. It is also where most |
industry and ports are found. Damage to these ecosystems comes from this increased density of anthropogenic activity associated with pollution from industry, farms and the surrounding communities.” For example, hypoxia generally occurs in aquatic systems where the water is poorly |
mixed excluding oxygen and trapping pollutants in the “hypolimion” — the dense bottom layer in a stratified body of water. Chemical reactions within the hypolimion and with bottom sediments depletes the benthic oxygen so aerobic organisms such as fish, oysters, |
clams and other bottom dwelling organisms perish. “This problem is a growing national concern, for example increasing areas of the Gulf of Mexico (thousands of square miles), portions of the Great Lakes, embayments such Corpus Christi Bay and other near-shore |
areas are experiencing hypoxia,” says Bonner. IBM is working with Bonner and the Beacon Institute to develop the cyber framework that will store the data and provide assessment tools, which researchers around the world will be able to use. “Scientists |
will be able to analyze data and develop models on any environmental parameter of interest.” For Bonner, one of the most exciting aspects of the project is the way it will transform environmental science and engineering. “The old-fashioned method of |
retrieving data by collecting samples at discreet locations at only a few times gives a static, incomplete and aliased view or understanding. With this technology, we’ll be able to get real-time data that reflects the constantly changing, dynamic environment of |
February 24, 2013 in Sustainable Development EMBARGOED until 1800 GMT on Sunday 24 February By Alex Kirby A United Nations scheme intended to guarantee everyone access to clean energy could help to keep global temperature rise below 2°C, researchers say, although it would not achieve this without sharp cuts in emission... |
making modern energy supplies available to everyone is not only compatible with measures to slow climate change, a new study says. It is a necessary condition for it. But the authors say the scheme to provide sustainable energy worldwide will not by itself be enough to keep the global average temperature rise below the... |
can help measures to tackle climate change, it cannot achieve that by itself. The scheme, the UN’s Sustainable Energy for All initiative (SE4All), if it proves successful, could make a significant contribution to cutting greenhouse gas emissions, according to the analysis from the International Institute for Applied Sy... |
three energy-related goals of SE4All would cut GHG emissions and is achievable. “Achievement of the three objectives would provide an important entry point into stringent climate protection”, says Joeri Rogelj, ETH Zurich researcher and IIASA-affiliated scientist, who led the study. It found that the short-term goals, ... |
were reached, SE4ALL would need to be matched by other measures, the researchers say. SE4All ‘necessary – but not sufficient’ SE4All’s objectives include providing universal access to modern energy, doubling the share of renewable energy globally, and doubling the rate of improvement in energy efficiency – all by 2030.... |
for cutting GHG emissions: 80% of CO2 from human activities comes from the global energy system, including transport, buildings, industry, and electricity, heat, and fuel production. “Doing energy right will promote the Millennium Development Goals and at the same time kick-start the transition to a lower-carbon econom... |
complemented by a global agreement on controlling GHG emissions.” SE4All has global goals, but the researchers say action at regional and national levels will be essential to achieving them. IIASA’s energy programme leader Keywan Riahi, a co-author of the study, says: “The next step for this initiative is already under... |
analysed the likelihood of the world limiting global warming to target levels if each or all of the SE4All objectives were achieved. Using a broad range of scenarios, they found that if all the objectives are met, the likelihood of keeping temperature rise below 2°C will be more than 66%. If only the renewable energy g... |
range from 40 to 90%, they say, while achieving just the energy efficiency goal will improve the chances to between 60 and 90%. But the researchers warn that this result depends strongly on what future economic growth is assumed. They say the likelihood of reaching climate targets within the scenarios depend on a range... |
technological innovation. The study also found that providing universal energy access by 2030 will not hinder long-term climate goals, thanks to the marked gains in energy efficiency that will result. “Sustainable development and poverty eradication can go hand in hand with mitigating climate risks,” says Rogelj. He to... |
should enforce a cap on global emissions which limits emissions from all sources. “With such a cap SE4ALL can help to limit emissions from the energy sector, but other measures will have to tackle those from other sources like deforestation, or other gases, like methane from agriculture and waste, or facilitate an even... |
new work also quantified the potential costs of reaching the SE4All objectives, which would amount to increasing energy investment by between 0.1 and 0.7% of global GDP. The authors’ estimates account for the substantial savings in energy use and reduced fossil energy investment that would result from promoting more su... |
Reading through Demetria Lucas’ ‘Not African Enough for Africa,’ prompted a few questions for me as an African woman. What exactly does being African mean? Is it a cultural thing? A color thing? Why do African Americans believe they would feel at home in Africa despite having no tangible link to the continent? As I rea... |
a lot of African Americans, Africa is a vital piece of the identity puzzle. And I get it. Think about it for a minute. Many Black Americans have often identified as African first and an American later. So, it makes sense that they would expect acceptance in Africa, especially since their existence in America has been d... |
America. You were torn away from what you knew to help grow a foreign economy and were never compensated for your labor. Even now, despite your contributions, you are not really welcome, and everyday there is another reminder that you are not the same. Add to that the fact that Marcus Garvey’s Back to Africa movement m... |
solution to the problems affecting Blacks in the Diaspora. In Africa, you would never be ‘the other’. You would be fully accepted and embraced for you were once again the majority. And while things did not go quite as planned, many African Americans passed that idea down through generations. Africa became a place where... |
became a place where nearly everyone looked like you. You would not have to be stopped because you were black, get tagged with the Angry Black woman stereotype because no one would notice….seeing as everyone was just as black as you. Unfortunately, the reality—as Lucas pointed out—is very different. Skin color is not e... |
dream someone forgot to tell you a couple of things. Culture trumps color. The ability to speak local languages is just one aspect. Honestly, even if you made the effort to learn the language, there are still the social cues and the slang that many would probably miss. Unfortunately, a white African would be seen as mo... |
many instances, because in the space of two generations, the term ‘White African’ has become acceptable. In my grandparents’ days, if you were white, you were either a missionary or a colonizer. You were a stranger, never African. The fact that African-born Whites can now claim Africa as their home is proof that cultur... |
are a legitimate part of the continent. So, if such a huge change has occurred in that short span of time, how could African Americans–who are separated by hundreds of years of differences–think they will just immediately mesh into one of Africa’s many cultures? It is almost impossible. As a child, my father had a frie... |
late seventies. During that time, Tanzania was practicing African Socialism and he was very excited to live and farm among his people. Over 30 years later, he is still seen as a foreigner, even though he speaks Kiswahili with great fluency and has assimilated as best as he knows how. I sympathize with wanting to know w... |
two worlds who doesn’t quite fit into either one. I know Blacks in the Diaspora want a place where they can just be themselves, but sadly, Africa isn’t it. Here, you are American; you have been away for five hundred years. We do not have the same experiences to bond us, the same languages to help us bridge the gap, the... |
(CNN) -- Months after rescuers found them struggling and covered in oil, 33 endangered and threatened young sea turtles are finally going home to the Gulf of Mexico. Scientists from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries and the Audubon Nature Institute f... |
Isle, Louisiana. This marked the latest mass release of turtles since about 500 were rescued in the weeks and months after the massive months-long oil spill. "We were able to release these turtles because they're now healthy, and we're seeing recovery in the surface habitats of the Gulf of Mexico," NOAA Administrator J... |
spill began after an April 20 explosion on the offshore drilling platform Deepwater Horizon that killed 11 men. Two days later, the platform sank and oil started gushing into the Gulf. In early August, owner BP used cement and mud to plug the damaged Gulf of Mexico well. Officials formally declared an end to the oil sp... |
19, though considerable efforts remained to clean up area waters and revive wildlife affected by the spill. Earlier this month, NOAA reopened federal waters off the Louisiana coast to fishing. Thursday's release marked another milestone in the area's recovery, according to those involved. "Returning this group of sea t... |
on the path towards recovery," said Randy Pausina, an assistant secretary for Louisiana's office of fisheries. The 33 turtles had been rescued more than three months ago by federal officials and state wildlife authorities from Louisiana, Florida and Georgia, as well as the Riverhead Foundation and the In-Water Research... |
Orleans. They included green, Kemp's ridley and hawksbill sea turtles, which are classified as endangered species. There also were loggerheads, which are a threatened species. With 270 turtles having been cleaned, nursed back to health and released, there are more than 200 still in rehabilitation sites around the area.... |
the waters near the release point, making sure the sargassum algae was clean. Young turtles thrive in such areas, which provide protection from predators and ample food, including small crabs, snails and other creatures. "Six months ago, it was nearly impossible to imagine this day would ever come," said Ron Forman, th... |
An Introduction to ASP.NET Web API Microsoft recently released the ASP.NET MVC 4.0 beta and along with it, the brand spanking new ASP.NET Web API. Web API is an exciting |
wondering). Although Web API currently ships and installs with ASP.NET MVC 4, you can use Web API functionality in any ASP.NET project, including WebForms, WebPages and MVC or none of |
the above. You can also self-host Web API in your own applications. Please note that this article is based on pre-release bits of ASP.NET Web API (pre-RC) and the API |
is still changing. The samples are built against the latest snapshot of the CodePlex ASP.NET Web Stack Source and some of the syntax and functions might change by the time |
Web API releases. Overall concepts apply, and I’ve been told that functionality is mostly feature complete, but things are still changing as I write this. Please refer to the latest |
code samples on GitHub for the final syntax of the examples. What’s a Web API and Why Do We Need It? Most mobile devices, like phones and tablets, run apps |
of detecting content that the client sends and requests and automatically serving the appropriate data format in return. Many of the features favor convention over configuration, making it much easier |
to do the right thing without having to explicitly configure specific functionality. Although previous solutions accomplished this using a variety of WCF and ASP.NET features, Web API combines all this |
or do something that isn’t automatic, there are overrides for most behaviors, and even many low-level hook points that allow you to plug-in custom functionality with relatively little effort. ASP.NET |
little in the way of configuration so it’s very quick and unambiguous to get started. To top it all off, you can also host the Web API in your own |
ASP.NET MVC. Because Web API works on top of the core ASP.NET stack, you can plug Web APIs into any ASP.NET application. By: Rick Strahl Rick Strahl is president of |
West Wind Technologies in Maui, Hawaii. The company specializes in Web and distributed application development and tools, with focus on Windows Server Products, .NET, Visual Studio, and Visual FoxPro. Rick |
is the author of West Wind Web Connection, West Wind Web Store, and West Wind HTML Help Builder. He’s also a C# MVP, a frequent contributor to magazines and books, |
LONDON - Britain's children are being poisoned by a "junk culture" of processed food, computer games and over-competitive education, an influential group of authors and experts warned on Tuesday. In an open letter to the Daily Telegraph, 110 teachers, psychologists and children's authors -- including the internationall... |
and Penelope Leach, a leading childcare expert -- called on the government to act now to prevent childhood being killed off altogether. Forced "to act and dress like mini-adults", children are becoming increasingly depressed and experiencing growing levels of behavioral and developmental problems, they said. Schoolchil... |
children are being poisoned by a "junk culture" of processed food, computer games and over-competitive education, an influential group of authors and experts warned on Tuesday. REUTERS/File "Since children's brains are still developing, they cannot adjust as full-grown adults can, to the effects of ever more rapid tech... |
change," the letter said. "They need what developing human beings have always needed, including real food (as opposed to processed "junk"), real play (as opposed to sedentary, screen-based entertainment), first hand experience of the world they live in and regular interaction with the real-life significant adults in th... |
letter was circulated by Sue Palmer, an ex-head teacher and author of a book entitled "Toxic Childhood", and Dr Richard House, a senior lecturer at the Research Center for Therapeutic Education at Roehampton University in London. "Children's development is being drastically affected by the kind of world they are brough... |
up in," Palmer told the Daily Telegraph. "It is shocking." "A child's physical and psychological growth cannot be accelerated. It changes in biological time, not at electrical speed. Childhood is not a race." The experts condemned Britain's increasingly "target-driven" education system and urged the government to recog... |
more time and space to develop, demanding an urgent public debate on child-rearing in the 21st century. Award-winning children's author Michael Morpurgo, who also signed the letter, said there was a "drip, drip, drip effect" of academic pressure and marketing which was killing childhood. "It's gradually soaking like a ... |
According to a team of scientists at Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, despite previous research finding that nanoparticles do not penetrate the skin, it remains debatable as to |
whether this remains true under normal conditions of using sunscreen. At a Global Nanomaterials Safety workshop in London earlier this month, Dr Maxine McCall showcased her team’s progress on ‘Dermal |
absorption from sunscreens containing zinc oxide particles’ revealing that two special sunscreens were made especially for a human study whereby one contained nanoparticles of zinc oxide and the other larger |
(non-nano) particles to determine if there was a dependence on particle size for dermal absorption. According to Dr. McCall, most in vitro studies to assess dermal penetration of nanoparticles are |
conducted for a period of up to 24 hours, and that the OECD WPMN is currently assessing whether a number of test guidelines, developed for chemicals, are applicable to nanomaterials. |
“Our results imply that longer study periods may need to be considered when assessing dermal penetration and absorption of nanoparticles and we are communicating this information to the OECD WPMN,” |
the expert told CosmeticsDesign-Asia.com. The human study involved the team of scientists applying sunscreen twice daily for five days as well as obtaining numerous blood and urine samples before, during, |
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