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organic matter levels, and microbial populations. Various crops respond to these changes differently. The range of these changes can be amplified by extremes in tillage reduction associated with some residue management alternatives. Small grain is insensitive to temperature changes but may respond to changes in the see... |
to differing weed species present. Small grain is a prominent part of the agriculture in the upper Minnesota River basin. Following is a discussion of residue management tillage system effects on small grain production. On soils classified highly erodible land (HEL) the general requirement is 30 percent residue cover a... |
planting. On non-HEL soils the steepness and length of the slopes will indicate the potential for significant erosion. A second soil factor that must be considered is internal drainage. Poorly drained soils warm up more slowly than well-drained soils, so may require more tillage. Tile drainage may improve this situatio... |
but in some cases this may not be enough to insure consistent success with little or no tillage. A third factor is soil fertility level. Having a high level of fertility is necessary if reduced tillage systems are to perform well. Low fertility conditions offer too many obstacles and generally |
limit yields in reduced tillage systems. It is important to effectively control sediment at high soil test P levels. Research has shown that this can be done effectively with crop residues in conjunction with other conservation techniques. The amount of residue present in a field depends on the crop rotation |
and the level of production. Corn generates more residue than small grains or soybeans; thus it is easier to maintain higher residue levels with a variety of tillage systems. The durability of the residue is also crop dependent. Soybean residue is classified as "fragile," or in other words is easily |
destroyed. Corn and small grain residues, on the other hand, are classified as "non-fragile." Spring wheat and soybeans appear to be a viable crop rotation in a no-till system for Minnesota conditions. Other crops that fit well in a small grain rotation are sunflowers, sugar beets, and field beans. Maintaining |
a sufficient residue cover may be a problem following these crops. Soybean yields after small grain have generally not been affected by tillage. With more intensive tillage systems, crop sequence becomes less important. In summary, both the crops in the rotation and the sequence of the crops are important in |
tillage management. Tillage for small grain production requires the management of residue to allow for effective stand establishment. Planting when surface crop residues are relatively dry and are cut more easily with coulters is advisable. Experience has shown that planting in the direction of stubble orientation redu... |
coulters and disk openers. Small grain residue pushed into the seed furrow by coulters "cradles" the seed and often results in stand loss and delayed emergence. This is primarily because of slower absorption of soil water due to poor seed-to-soil contact and allelopathic inhibition. Small grains are not as temperature |
sensitive as corn, so residue effects are mainly due to in-furrow seed-soil contact or phytotoxicity. Do not surface-apply urea sources of nitrogen (N) without incorporation unless air temperatures are cool or rain is imminent. Urea left on the surface in proximity to residue has a high potential of volatilization loss... |
With residue management tillage systems, less N is released from soil organic matter due to less physical disturbance. In addition, soil organic matter may increase under some reduced tillage systems, and this will act as a sink for nitrogen. Anhydrous ammonia has been the most consistent source of N. Drill-applied |
diammonium phosphate (18-46-0) places N and P below the soil surface and close to the seed. This has been very effective in the western Minnesota River basin with calcareous soils that can tie up P. In addition to being a very efficient method of P fertilizer application, it also minimizes |
the risk of erosive losses of P. The effects of tillage on the development and severity of crop diseases are variable, depending on the disease, the specific type of tillage system used, and the effectiveness of the other disease management practices used. Conservation tillage usually reduces soil temperatures, conserv... |
moisture, and leaves crop residue on the soil surface. Of particular concern are crop diseases that are favored by cool, wet soils. Diseases most troublesome in high-residue tillage systems are those that have inoculum associated with crop residues left on the soil surface. In many cases the diseases are most |
noticeable when monoculture cropping is practiced. Diseases of most concern are scab and tan spot, both of which are associated with plant residue. However, in addition to the disease inoculant supplied by residue, the proper environment and susceptible varieties must be present for economic infestations. Controversy e... |
of seed openers (disk vs. hoe vs. sweep) deal with small grain residue most effectively. Generally, hoe openers work better in drier soil. Hoe-type openers operate below residue, making "in furrow" residue less probable. Sweep or air seeders, placing seeds below sweeps, also reduce the probability of intimate contact o... |
seed with crop residue. Depth control is the challenge with sweep seeders. Press wheels should also be used for good stand establishment under dry conditions. Disk-type openers require the most caution in this respect, but work better under wet conditions. If considering no-till small grain production, it is essential ... |
use a properly designed, heavy duty drill that can cut through the residue, place seed in contact with the soil without incorporating residue, and firm the soil over the seed. Selecting a drill with fertilizer capability is also important. Various factors including soil characteristics, crop rotation, residue managemen... |
seeding equipment, and management ability must be considered when selecting a residue management system including small grains. In rotations with moderate amounts of residue, many systems will work on a variety of soils. With higher residue levels, the importance of proper residue management and heavy duty reduced till... |
ensure proper seed-to-soil contact without significant residue in contact with the seed. In the upper Minnesota River basin, higher levels of residue may contribute to increased soil moisture and subsequent yield increases in dry years. Crop rotation is a major factor in minimizing the disease problems in small grains.... |
results of studies in Douglas, Norman, and Becker Counties are shown in Table 1 . In these studies tillage plots were split, with winter and spring wheat planted into barley stubble. On average, spring wheat yields following barley were not affected by tillage. Only in one site year (1986 in |
Becker County) did tillage significantly affect spring wheat yields. A bindweed problem at this site was the likely cause. At most sites an increase in foxtail (pigeon weed) was associated with chisel and no-till systems. Results of some recent studies near the headwaters of the Pomme de Terre River in |
Ottertail County are shown in Table 2. Tillage affected spring wheat yields at only one site year out of five (in 1994). The yield reduction in 1994 was linked in part to stand reduction with the no-till system. The drill used had a single disk opener. At the other site |
years spring wheat yields following soybeans were not affected by tillage. The Paraplow is a unique type of subsoiler which leaves surface residue minimally disturbed. Even though soils were very dense in the fall of 1993, subsoiling that fall reduced spring wheat yields the next year. Paraplowing reduced stand compare... |
to a chisel plowing system. On average there was a 4 bu/acre yield reduction with the no-till system compared to the chisel plow-based system. In a continuous wheat study on a Barnes loam near Morris ( Table 3 ) there were no significant effects of tillage on yield in the |
three years measured. Sometimes protein content can be used as an indicator of reduced N availability. For this reason it is presented in Table 2 and Table 3 . Protein contents appeared to be more affected by environment than by tillage system. Protein differences between tillage systems were very small. |
Traditionally there has been very little winter wheat grown in Minnesota. This is primarily due to the harshness of the winters. In some years lower prices (vs. spring wheat) and the lack of a suitable crop sequence may also be a factor. In most years, with a clean-tillage system there |
will be substantial winter kill. This limits varietal selection to only the most winter hardy. In some instances this is at the expense of intrinsic yield potential, protein content, and disease resistance. The studies in Table 1 illustrate the potential for winter wheat production when stubble is managed for snow |
catch in an effort to insulate the soil. North Dakota research has shown that if 4 inches of snow are caught by stubble, winter wheat is protected to -30° F. In the three-year study at three locations, winter wheat yields were slightly higher than spring wheat and there was little |
effect of tillage. Disease management is more important with winter wheat, however. Data from six trials in northwestern Minnesota where barley was grown after soybeans with spring-applied urea showed no difference in yield or protein due to tillage ( Table 4 ). Success of reduced tillage approaches to small grain |
production have been higher when preceded by a low residue crop such as soybeans. Spring wheat and barley following soybeans have generally not been affected with most alternative tillage approaches. A no-till system resulted in more variability in yields (higher or lower than a moldboard plowing system). No-tillage so... |
challenges in stand establishment, N management, and weed control. By catching snow with barley stubble, no-tillage systems allow winter wheat to be grown in Minnesota with less "overwintering" risk. Winter and spring wheat resulted in comparable yields, although performance was more variable for winter wheat. This pro... |
growers to reduce their labor during peak labor demand periods (spring and fall). It also allows for more flexibility to accommodate variations in weather. Tillage passes with different implements can be used very effectively to create various levels of residue remaining on the soil surface. Four tillage systems shown ... |
are categorized in the following Tables 5-8 according to the residue management/yield performance indicators also shown below: Moldboard Plow: Fall moldboard plowing followed by one or two secondary spring tillage operations before seeding. Chisel Plow: Fall chisel plowing plus secondary spring tillage before seeding. ... |
use of proper shaped/width shovels and implement speed in order to maintain proper residue cover. Spring Disk/Field Cultivator: One or two passes in the spring prior to seeding. No-till: All seedbed preparation is performed by the drill. Inadequate Residue to Minimize Erosion (less than 30 percent of soil surface cover... |
after planting). Where erosion is not a concern, fall moldboard plowing may be the best practice. Recommended with Good Management. No yield penalty is expected if the farmer observes all relevant recommended management practices for high-residue systems. Excellent Management Required. Slight yield penalty is possible,... |
practices are observed. Above average crop management will be needed to ensure good performance. Reduced Yield Potential. The potential exists for substantially reduced yields, especially on poorly drained soils in wet years. A number of tables have been developed which estimate residue management/yield performance of ... |
soybeans, and/or small grains. Continuous corn and corn-soybean sequences are discussed in other publications. In those publications the Minnesota River basin was divided into high annual rainfall (>28 inches) and low rainfall (<28 inches) areas. This north-south line is approximately halfway between Highways 71 and 15... |
is grown in the low rainfall segment of the Minnesota River basin, indices were developed only for that section of the basin. In each crop sequence, separate indices were developed for glacial till (deposited in place by melting glacier, poorly sorted) and lacustrine (deposited in glacial lakes, well-sorted) soils. Mol... |
Plow: This systems generally results in high yields but leaves inadequate surface residue to minimize soil erosion. For this reason it should not be used except on level soils where erosion is not a concern, to alleviate surface soil compaction, to incorporate P and K fertilizer, or to incorporate manure. |
Chisel Plow: This tillage system generally results in high yields but care must be taken to insure adequate surface residue cover. In most cases straight chisel shanks should be used to achieve 30 percent residue cover. For small grain following soybeans this system will result in less than 30 percent |
cover, so it is not recommended. Spring Disk/Field Cultivator: On glacial till soils this tillage system will result in good yields and will leave adequate residue if the implement is properly set. On lacustrine soils this system will probably result in some yield loss due to delayed planing for small |
grain following soybean. It will also require a high level of management on other crop sequences with higher residue production. No-till: On glacial till soils this system will work well for small grain following soybeans or soybeans following small grains. For corn following small grain or small grain following small |
grain, some yield loss would probably result. On the lacustrine soils the no-till system will likely result in yield loss (even with good management) for small grain following soybean or soybean following small grain due to delayed planting. For the other crop sequences substantial yield loss would occur. To order |
other publications in this series, contact your Minnesota County Extension Office, or outside of Minnesota, contact the Extension Store at (612) 625-8173. Titles in this series include: This set of publications was the result of a joint effort between Minnesota Extension Service, Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Stati... |
Agency. This information was first presented February of 1995 at the Sediment Control Solutions Conferences in Mankato and Montevideo, Minnesota. In accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act, this material is available in alternative formats upon request. Please contact your University of Minnesota Extension ... |
Introductionfox, carnivorous mammal of the dog family, found throughout most of the Northern Hemisphere. It has a pointed face, short legs, long, thick fur, and a tail about one half to two thirds as long as the head and body, depending on the species. Solitary most of the year, foxes do not live in dens except in the ... |
they sleep concealed in grasses or thickets, their tails curled around them for warmth. During the breeding season a fox pair establishes a den, often in a ground burrow made by another animal, in which the young are raised; the male hunts for the family. The young are on their own after about five months; the adults p... |
mates each season. Foxes feed on insects, earthworms, small birds and mammals, eggs, carrion, and vegetable matter, especially fruits. Unlike other members of the dog family, which run down their prey, foxes usually hunt by stalking and pouncing. They are known for their raids on poultry but are nonetheless very benefi... |
preyed upon by larger carnivores, such as wolves and bobcats, as well as by humans and their dogs; birds of prey may capture the young. Despite extensive killing of foxes, most species continue to flourish. In Europe this is due in part to the regulatory laws passed for the benefit of hunters. Mounted foxhunting, with ... |
14th cent. and was later introduced into the Americas; special hunting dogs, called foxhounds, have been bred for this sport. Great Britain banned foxhunting in which the hounds kill the fox in 2005. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more... |
Cañon City (kănˈyən) [key], city (1990 pop. 12,687), seat of Fremont co., S central Colo., at the mouth of the Grand Canyon of the Arkansas River (see Royal Gorge); laid |
out 1859 on the site of a blockhouse built (1807) by Zebulon M. Pike, inc. 1872. It is a health and tourist resort in a scenic area with mineral springs. |
Marble and limestone are quarried, and a variety of other minerals are found in the region. Tools and cement are manufactured. A state prison is located there. See more Encyclopedia |
Sulaimaniyah (sōˌlāmänˈēə) [key], town (1987 pop. 364,096), NE Iraq. The town, founded in 1789, is a trade center inhabited by Kurds and has long been a center of Kurdish nationalism. Since 1992 it has been an important town in the so-called Kurdish Autonomous Region. More on Sulaimaniyah from Fact Monster: See more En... |
Zugspitze (tsōkˈshpĭtˈsə) [key], mountain, 9,721 ft (2,963 m) high, in the Bavarian Alps and on the German–Austrian border; highest peak of Germany. A cog-and-pinion railroad connects the popular resort of Garmisch-Partenkirchen, at its foot, with the summit. Zugspitze is home to a meteorlogical observatory. The Columb... |
Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. More on Zugspitze from Fact Monster: - Germany - Information on Germany — geography, history, politics, government, economy, population statistics, culture, religion, languages, largest cities, as well as a map and the national flag. - Garmisch-Partenkir... |
(1994 pop. 27,000), Bavaria, S Germany, in the ... - Bavaria: Land - Land A region of rich, softly rolling hills, it is drained by several rivers (notably the Main, ... - Germany: Land and People - Land and People Germany as a whole can be divided into three major |
Stream Quality Assessment Program A stream is a combination of all of its physical, chemical and biological characteristics. Human activities shape and alter many of these characteristics. The health of our rivers and streams is closely linked to their surrounding watersheds. Ecologists measure the extent to which huma... |
communities in streams and in the surrounding environment. The long-term stream monitoring program meets the requirements of state and federal regulations and supports the Board of Supervisors' environmental improvement program by providing an ongoing evaluation of the streams. The program maintains a substantial datab... |
waterways. Based on biological data collected at 39 randomly selected locations (see map of monitoring site locations) throughout Fairfax County in 2012, approximately 75.0 percent of Fairfax County's streams are in fair to very poor condition. This indicates that many of our streams are significantly impaired and lack... |
of benthic macroinvertebrates (animals without a backbone that live on the bottom of a stream, river, lake and are visible to the naked eye). As benthic macroinvertebrates are good indicators of water quality, the SQI is used to evaluate long-term trends in the overall health of streams. Each of the 39 randomly selecte... |
fair, poor or very poor) based on the diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates found in that stream segment. An index value ranging from one to five, with a higher number indicating better stream quality, is calculated for the year based on the percent of sampling locations that fall into each rating category. Results f... |
water quality parameters, bacteria levels, resident invertebrate and fish communities and habitat conditions. The results of the yearly monitoring events are compiled into annual reports and are used to support other environmental initiatives. Additional information on monitoring methods can be found by selecting one o... |
Des Moines County, IowaEdit This Page From FamilySearch Wiki Des Moines County Courthouse 513 N. Main St. PO Box 277 Burlington, Iowa 52601 1834--Des Moines County was created 1 October 1834, when Des Moines County Congress passed an act attaching |
the Black Hawk Purchase to the Territory of Michigan in June of 1834 prior to that it was part of Wisconsin. The following September the Legislature of Michigan divided this land purchase into two counties, Dubuque and Des Moines. The |
dividing boundary was a line running west from the lower end of Rock Island. At this time County courts were established with Des Moines County Court placed in the city of Burlington. Des Moines was named after the Des Moines |
River. County seat: Burlington 1873 -- Courthouse burned and many records were damaged. For further information on researching in burned counties, see the following: - Burned Counties Research in FamilySearch Wiki - Michael John Neill, Burned Counties in Family History |
Circle Historical Postoffices: Linton - Townships and Villages: Ghost Towns of Des Moines County Ghost towns are settlements, towns, and villages whose thriving little communities dried up for various reasons. Some are now part of other townships, some have just |
faded away. Here are their names, the years they were functioning, and the Townships they were a part of. There are many cemeteries in townships, cities, and farms located throughout Des Moines County that have been transcribed. Additional information on |
their locations is at Des Moines County Cemeteries Map. More information can be found on microfilm at the Family History Library based in Salt Lake City, Utah and can be requested and viewed at[:Category:Family_History_Centers|Family History Centers]] throughout the world. Transcriptions |
for some of these cemeteries can be found at: - Interment.net cemetery records. - Iowa Gravestone Photo Project - Saving Graves - Tombstone Transcription Project - Des Moines County Cemeteries Iowa recorded not only the federal census but state census |
through out the years too. The state census contains very valuable genealogical information. Where the census information can be found, what years it was taken, mortality schedules, census substitutions and much more is discussed in the very informative Iowa Census |
article. - Census Finder - Census index for Des Moines County, transcribed for the years of 1836, 1836 Territorial Census, 1838, 1840, 1850, 1852, 1860. - Church records, 1855-1917. Text in German.This church was also known as the German Methodist |
Church.Contains records for the churches of Flint Creek, Temmytown/Tamytown, Bluffs, Pleasant Grove, Union, Bethel, Sperry, Kline.Includes marriages; baptisms; membership lists; burials, 1856, 1865-1916; meeting minutes; finances; conference reports. - Record book, 1866-1903 Contains baptisms, burials, marriages, membe... |
McClintock was pastor to churches at Mt. Pleasant, 1866-1870; Burlington, 1871-1896; and Sioux City, 1896-1903. The Des Moines Courthouse is located in the town of Burlington. - History of Des Moines County, Iowa index, 105 bios online. - Portrait and |
Biographical Album of Des Moines County, Iowa index, 519 bios online. - Biographical Review of Des Moines County, Iowa index, 8 bios online. - History of Des Moines County, Iowa index, 8 bios online. - David Rumsey Map Collection is |
a large online collection of rare, old, antique historical atlases, globes, maps, charts plus other cartographic treasures. - 1904 Des Moines County Iowa Atlas - The Hawkeye - The Mediapolis News - NewspaperArchive.com ($) has historical newspapers online including Burlington |
newspapers dating back to the mid 1800's that covered local news on Des Moines County residents. This database is free at some libraries. For more information about the history of newspapers in Des Moines County see the Burlington Library Genealogy |
Site. Birth records kept by the District Court, 1880-1904; 1906-1934, have been microfilmed and are available at the State Historical Society in Des Moines, Polk County, Iowa and 1880-1931 at the Family History Library in Salt Lake City. Some early |
Marriages Of Des Moines County 1837 to 1850 have been transcribed and published. Des Moines County Marriage Records, from 1880-1904; 1906-1935 have been microfilmed and can be found at the State Historical Society in Des Moines, Polk County Iowa. Index |
to marriage records, 1921-1977; marriage records, 1835-1930 at the Family History Library in Salt Lake City. Deaths records are held by the District Court, 1835-1930, have been microfilmed and are available at the State Historical Society in Des Moines, Polk |
County Iowa and 1880-1921 at the Family History Library in Salt Lake City. Societies and Libraries - State Historical Society of Iowa Address: 600 East Locust Des Moines IA 50319 - Des Moines County Genealogical Society P.O. Box 493 Burlington, |
IA 52601 Internet: Des Moines County Genealogical Society - Burlington Public Library 210 Court Street Burlington, IA 52601-1647 Internet: Burlington Iowa Public Library Genealogy Sources For more information about Societies in Iowa see the Iowa Societies page. Family History Centers |
- Des Moines County, Iowa Biographies Project - Family History Library Catalog - Genealogy Trails Genealogy Group - Genealogy Helps at the Burlington Library - Des Moines County, Iowa Genealogy and Family History (Linkpendium) - Des Moines County Genealogy (Iowa |
Genealogy) - ↑ The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America,10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002). - ↑ St. Paul's Methodist Episcopal Church (Burlington, Iowa) (Main ,Author), German Methodist Church (Burlington, Iowa) Church records, 1855-1917 US/CAN Film 956373 - ↑ |
McClintock, John C. Record book, 1866-1903. FHL US/CAN Film 956371 Item 4 - ↑ Chicago: Western Hist. Co., 1879. - ↑ Chicago: Acme Publishing, 1888. - ↑ Hobart Pub. Co., 1905. - ↑ ed. by Augustine M. Antrobus. 2 vols. |
Chicago: S. J. Clarke Pub. Co., 1915. New to the Research Wiki? In the FamilySearch Research Wiki, you can learn how to do genealogical research or share your knowledge with others.Learn More |
of Scotland's "traditional" Christmas celebrations (other than the religious festival) originated in the 19th century (Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's husband, had a lot to do with it!) and so England |
and Scotland developed the same traditions from around that time, Christmas trees, decorations, Santa Claus, presents, stockings at the end of the bed, Christmas Carols, Christmas cards etc. Christmas cards |
are said to have been invented in Great Britain in the mid-nineteenth century. or Yuletide, has never been celebrated in Scotland to the same extent as Hogmanay. As might be |
expected there is a Yule Bannock, which was divided into farls or quarters by the sign of the cross. The bannocks were baked before dawn on the morning of Christmas |
Day, and one given to each member of the family. If it could be kept intact until the evening meal this augered good fortune for the coming year. If broken, |
The Demise of the Middle Class: Early 1970's an historic turning point By Tony Allison, December 8, 2008 As the credit crisis deepens and morphs into uncharted waters, a little perspective is necessary on what it is costing, in both dollars and human terms. You may have seen the mind-numbing |
comparisons with other massive government expenditures of the past. These statistics were inflation-adjusted, courtesy of Jim Bianco of Bianco Research. The credit crisis, with $4.6 trillion committed (and perhaps just getting started) already has cost roughly one trillion dollars more than World War II ($3.6 trillion)... |
rebuild Europe after the war cost a mere $115 billion. The Louisiana Purchase was a ridiculous bargain at $217 billion ($15 billion originally). It appears that the piper has finally arrived to be paid for the unlimited debt creation since 1971 and the middle-class is already tapped out. Keepers of |
the American Dream The American middle-class, the hard-working keepers of the American Dream, has been in distress for 35 years, slowly losing ground and purchasing power. The current credit crisis may prove to be the greatest challenge to the middle-class way of life. Adding astronomical debt to existing debt will |
not solve our problems. The first chart below, Median Household Income since 1945, is the one the public sees in the media. It shows household income marching ever upward, a symbol of unbridled American prosperity. The truth is that inflation has made prosperity, especially for middle-class Americans, far more elusive. |
Desperation and necessity The struggles of the American middle-class since 1970 become very clear when looking at the next two charts. Their buying power has plunged when you factor in the massive loss of buying power of the US dollar. Over this 35+ year period, both spouses were forced into |
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