text stringlengths 59 1.12k |
|---|
the coast, which I should have thought had been formed of coral, had it not been said (Boteler's Nar. vol. ii. p. 39) that there were composed of sand; not coloured.—Latham's Bank is a small island, fringed by coral-reefs; but being only ten feet high, it has not been coloured.—Monfeea is an island of the same characte... |
outer shore is fringed, and its southern extremity is connected with Keelwa Point on the main land by a chain of islands fringed by reefs; coloured red. The four last-mentioned islands resemble in many respects some of the islands in the Red Sea, which will presently be described.—Keelwa. In a plan of the shore, a spac... |
and S. of this place is fringed by reefs, apparently of coral: these reefs are prolonged still further southward in Owen's general chart. The coast in the plans of the rivers Lindy and Monghow (9° 59' and 10° 7' S.) has the same structure; coloured red.—Querimba Islands (from 10° 40' to 13° S.) A chart on a large scale... |
given of these islands: they are low, and of coral formation (Boteler's Nar. vol. ii. p. 54); and generally have extensive reefs projecting from them, which are dry at low water, and which on the outside rise abruptly from a deep sea: on their insides they are separated from the continent by a channel, or rather a succ... |
with an average depth of ten fathoms. The small headlands on the continent also have coral-banks attached to them; and the Querimba islands and banks are placed on the lines of prolongation of these headlands, and are separated from them by very shallow channels. It is evident that whatever cause, whether the drifting ... |
headlands, likewise produced, as might have been expected, submarine prolongations to them; and these towards their outer extremities, have since afforded a favourable basis for the growth of coral-reefs, and subsequently for the formation of islets. As these reefs clearly belong to the fringing-class, the Querimba isl... |
the headlands outside are fringed by reefs apparently of coral; coloured red.—Mozambique (15° S.) The outer part of the island on which the city is built, and the neighbouring islands, are fringed by coral-reefs; coloured red. From the description given in Owen's Nar. (vol. i. p. 162) the shore from Mozambique to Delag... |
many of the shoals and islets off this line of coast are of coral formation; but from their small size and lowness, it is not possible, from the charts, to know whether they are truly fringed. Hence this portion of coast is left uncoloured, as are likewise those parts more northward, of which no mention has been made i... |
foregoing pages, from the want of information. PERSIAN GULF.—From the charts lately published on a large scale by the East Indian Company, it appears that several parts, especially the southern shores of this gulf, are fringed by coral-reefs; but as the water is very shallow, and as there are numerous sand-banks, which... |
reefs, I have not coloured the upper part red. Towards the mouth, however, where the water is rather deeper, the Islands of Ormuz and Larrack, appear so regularly fringed, that I have coloured them red. There are certainly no atolls in the Persian Gulf. The shores of Immaum, and of the promontory forming the southern h... |
seem to be without reefs. The whole S.W. part (except one or two small patches) of Arabia Felix, and the shores of Socotra appear from the charts and memoir of Capt. Haines (Geograph. Journ., 1839, p. 125,) to be without any reefs. I believe there are no extensive coral-reefs on any part of the coasts of India, except ... |
low promontory of Madura (as already mentioned) in front of Ceylon. RED SEA.—My information is chiefly derived from the admirable charts published by the East Indian Company in 1836, from personal communication with Capt. Moresby, one of the surveyors, and from the excellent memoir, "über die Natur der Corallen-Bänken ... |
Sea seem chiefly to consist of a sedimentary formation of the newer tertiary period. The shore is, with the exception of a few parts, fringed by coral-reefs. The water is generally profoundly deep close to the shore; but this fact, which has attracted the attention of most voyagers, seems to have no necessary connectio... |
Capt. Moresby particularly observed to me, that, in lat. 24° 10' on the eastern side, there is a piece of coast, with very deep water close to it, without any reefs, but not differing in other respects from the usual nature of the coast-line. The most remarkable feature in the Red Sea is the chain of submerged banks, r... |
islands, lying some way from the shore, chiefly on the eastern side; the space within being deep enough to admit a safe navigation in small vessels. The banks are generally of an oval form, and some miles in width; but some of them are very long in proportion to their width. Capt. Moresby informs me that any one, who h... |
not made actual plans of them, would be apt to think that they were much more elongated than they really are. Many of them rise to the surface, but the greater number lie from 5 to 30 fathoms beneath it, with irregular soundings on them. They consist of sand and living coral; coral on most of them, according to Capt. |
Moresby, covering the greater part of their surface. They extend parallel to the shore, and they are not unfrequently connected in their middle parts by short transverse banks with the main land. The sea is generally profoundly deep quite close to them, as it is near most parts of the coast of the main land; but this i... |
the case, for between lat. 15° and 17° the water deepens quite gradually from the banks, both on the eastern and western shores, towards the middle of the sea. Islands in many parts arise from these banks; they are low, flat-topped, and consist of the same horizontally stratified formation with that forming the plain-l... |
of the smaller and lower islands consist of mere sand. Capt. Moresby informs me, that small masses of rock, the remnants of islands, are left on many banks where there is now no dry land. Ehrenberg also asserts that most of the islets, even the lowest, have a flat abraded basis, composed of the same tertiary formation:... |
as soon as the surf wears down the protuberant parts of a bank, just beneath the level of the sea, the surface becomes protected from further abrasion by the growth of coral, and he thus accounts for the existence of so many banks standing on a level with the surface of this sea. It appears that most of the islands |
are certainly decreasing in size. The form of the banks and islands is most singular in the part just referred to, namely, from lat. 15° to 17°, where the sea deepens quite gradually: the Dhalac group, on the western coast, is surrounded by an intricate archipelago of islets and shoals; the main island is very irregula... |
a bay seven miles long, by four across, in which no bottom was found with 252 feet: there is only one entrance into this bay, half a mile wide, and with an island in front of it. The submerged banks on the eastern coast, within the same latitudes, round Farsan Isld., are, likewise, penetrated by many narrow creeks of d... |
water; one is twelve miles long, in the form of a hatchet, in which, close to its broad upper end, soundings were not stuck with 360 feet, and its entrance is only half a mile wide: in another creek of the same nature, but even with a more irregular outline, there was no bottom with 480 feet. The island of |
Farsan, itself, has as singular a form as any of its surrounding banks. The bottom of the sea round the Dhalac and Farsan Islands consists chiefly of sand and agglutinated fragments, but, in the deep and narrow creeks, it consists of mud; the islands themselves consist of thin, horizontally stratified, modern tertiary ... |
are fringed by living coral-reefs. From the account given by Rüppell† of the manner in which Dhalac has been rent by fissures, the opposite sides of which have been unequally elevated, (in one instance to the amount of 50 feet,) it seems probable that its irregular form, as well as probably that of Farsan, may have bee... |
unequal elevations; but, considering the general form of the banks, and of the deep-water creeks, together with the composition of the land, I think their configuration is more probably due in great part to strong currents having drifted sediment over an uneven bottom: it is almost certain that their form cannot be att... |
have been the precise origin of the Dhalac and Farsan archipelagoes, the greater number of the banks on the eastern side of the Red Sea seem to have originated through nearly similar means. I judge of this from their similarity in configuration, (in proof of which I may instance a bank on the east coast in lat. 22°; al... |
is true that the northern banks generally have a less complicated outline,) and from their similarity in composition, as may be observed in their upraised portions. The depth within the banks northward of lat. 17°, is usually greater, and their outer sides shelve more abruptly (circumstances which seem to go together) ... |
might easily have been caused by a difference in the action of the currents during their formation: moreover, the greater quantity of living coral, which, according to Capt. Moresby, exists on the northern banks, would tend to give them steeper margins. From this account, brief and imperfect as it is, we can see that t... |
the eastern coast, and on the western side in the southern portion, differ greatly from true barrier-reefs wholly formed by the growth of coral. It is indeed the direct conclusion of * Rüppell Reise in Abyssinie, Band. i. s. 247. † Ibid. S. 245. Ehrenberg, (Über die, &c. pp. 45 and 51,) that they are connected in their... |
secondarily with the growth of coral; and he remarks that the islands off the coast of Norway, if worn down level with the sea, and merely coated with living coral, would present a nearly similar appearance. I cannot, however, avoid suspecting, from information given me by Dr. Malcolmson and Capt. Moresby, that Ehrenbe... |
in some places at least, on the formation of the tertiary deposits of the Red Sea. The West Coast of the Red Sea between lat. 19° and 22°.—There are, in this space, reefs, which, if I had known nothing of those in other parts of the Red Sea, I should unhesitatingly have considered as barrier-reefs; and, after deliberat... |
come to the same conclusion. One of these reefs, in 20° 15', is twenty miles long, less than a mile in width, (but expanding at the northern end into a disk,) slightly sinuous, and extending parallel to the main-land at the distance of five miles from it, with very deep water within; in one spot soundings were not obta... |
205 fathoms. Some leagues further south, there is another linear reef, very narrow, ten miles long, with other small portions of reef, north and south, almost connected with it; and within this line of reefs (as well as outside) the water is profoundly deep. There are also some small linear and sickle-formed reefs, lyi... |
All these reefs are covered, as I am informed by Capt. Moresby, by living corals. Here, then, we have all the characters of reefs of the barrier class; and in some outlying reefs we have an approach to the structure of atolls. The source of my doubts about the classification of these reefs, arises from having observed ... |
and Farsan groups the narrowness and straightness of several spits of sand and rock: one of these spits in the Dhalac group is nearly fifteen miles long, only two broad, and it is bordered on each side with deep water; so that, if worn down by the surf, and coated with living corals, it would form a reef nearly similar |
to those within the space under consideration. There is, also, in this space (lat. 21°) a peninsula, bordered by cliffs, with its extremity worn down to the level of the sea, and its basis fringed with reefs: in the line of prolongation of this peninsula, there lies the island of Macowa, (formed, according to Capt. Mor... |
deposit,) and some smaller islands, large parts of which likewise appear to have been worn down, and are now coated with living corals. If the removal of the strata in these several cases had been more complete, the reefs thus formed would have nearly resembled those barrier-like ones now under discussion. Notwithstand... |
many very small, isolated, and sickle-formed reefs and others, long, nearly straight, and very narrow, with the water unfathomably deep close round them, could possibly have been formed by corals merely coating banks of sediment, or the abraded surfaces of irregularly shaped islands. I feel compelled to believe that th... |
during their upward growth, have given to these reefs their present forms: I may remark that the subsidence of narrow and irregularly-shaped peninsulas and islands, such as those existing on the coasts of the Red Sea, would afford the requisite foundations for the reefs in question. The west coast from lat. 22° to 24°:... |
the space coloured blue on the map) is fronted by an irregularly shelving bank, from about 10 to 30 fathoms deep; numerous little reefs, some of which have the most singular shapes, rise from this bank. It may be observed, respecting one of them, in lat. 23° 10', that if the promontory in lat. 24° were worn down to the |
level of the sea, and coated with corals, a very similar and grotesquely formed reef would be produced. Many of the reefs on this part of the coast may thus have originated; but there are some sickle, and almost atoll-formed reefs lying in deep water off the promontory in lat. 24°, which lead me to suppose that all the... |
are more probably allied to the barrier or atoll classes. I have not, however, ventured to colour this portion of coast.—On the west coast from lat. 19° to 17°, (south of the space coloured blue on the map,) there are many low islets of very small dimensions, not much elongated, and rising out of great depths at a dist... |
the coast: these cannot be classed either with atolls, or barrier, or fringing-reefs. I may here remark that the outlying reefs on the west coast, between latitudes 19° and 24°, are the only ones in the Red Sea, which approach in structure to the true atolls of the Indian and Pacific Oceans; but they present only imper... |
them. Eastern coast:—I have felt the greatest doubt about colouring any portion of this coast, north of the fringing-reefs round the Farsan islands in 16° 10'. There are many small outlying coral-reefs along the whole line of coast; but as the greater number rise from banks not very deeply submerged, (the formation of ... |
secondarily connected with the growth of coral,) their origin may be due simply to the growth of knolls of corals, from an irregular foundation situated within a limited depth. But between lat. 18° and 20°, there are so many linear, elliptic and extremely small reefs, rising abruptly out of profound depths, that the sa... |
blue a portion of the west coast, have induced me to do the same in this part. There exist some small outlying reefs rising from deep water, north of lat. 20°, (the northern limit coloured blue,) on the east coast; but as they are not very numerous, and scarcely any of them are linear, I have thought it right to |
leave them uncoloured. In the southern parts of the Red Sea, considerable spaces of the main land, and of some of the Dhalac islands, are skirted by reefs, which, as I am informed by Capt. Moresby, are of living coral, and have all the characters of the fringing class. As in these latitudes, there are no outlying linea... |
reefs, rising out of unfathomable depths, I have coloured these parts of the coast red. On similar grounds, I have coloured red the northern parts of the western coast, (north of lat. 24° 30') and likewise the shores of the chief part of the Gulf of Suez. In the Gulf of Acaba, as I am informed by Capt. Moresby, there |
are no coral-reefs, and the water is profoundly deep. WEST INDIES.—My information regarding the reefs of this area, is derived from various sources, and from an examination of numerous charts; especially of those lately executed during the survey under Capt. Owen, R.N. I lie under particular obligation to Capt. Bird Al... |
for many personal communications on this subject. As in the case of the Red Sea, it is necessary to make some preliminary remarks on the submerged banks of the West Indies, which are in some degree connected with coral-reefs, and cause considerable doubts in their classification. That large accumulations of sediment ar... |
be evident to any one who examines the charts of that sea, especially of the portion north of a line joining Yucutan and Florida. The area of deposition seems less intimately connected with the debouchement of the great rivers, than with the course of the sea-currents; as is evident from the vast extension of the banks... |
Yucutan and Mosquito. Besides the coast-banks, there are many of various dimensions which stand quite isolated; these closely resemble each other; they lie from 2 or 3 to 20 or 30 fathoms under water, and are composed of sand, sometimes firmly agglutinated, with little or no coral; their surfaces are smooth and nearly ... |
a few fathoms, very gradually all round towards their edges, where they plunge abruptly into the unfathomable sea. This steep inclination of their sides, which is likewise characteristic of the coast-banks, is very remarkable: I may give as an instance, the Misteriosa Bank, on the edges of which the soundings change in... |
fathoms; off the northern point of the bank of Old Providence, in 200 fathoms horizontal distance, the change is from 19 to 152 fathoms; off the Great Bahama Bank, in 160 fathoms horizontal distance, the inclination is in many places from 10 fathoms to no bottom with 190 fathoms. On coasts in all parts of the world, wh... |
accumulating, something of this kind may be observed; the banks shelve very gently far out to sea, and then terminate abruptly. The form and composition of the banks standing in the middle parts of W. Indian sea, clearly show that their origin must be chiefly attributed to the accumulation of sediment; and the only obv... |
is the presence of a nucleus, round which the currents have collected fine drift matter. Any one who will compare the character of the bank surrounding the hilly island of Old Providence, with those banks in its neighbourhood which stand isolated, will scarcely doubt that they surround submerged mountains. We are led t... |
called Thunder Knoll, which is separated from the great Mosquito bank by a channel only seven miles wide, and 145 fathoms deep. There cannot be any doubt that the Mosquito bank has been formed by the accumulation of sediment round the promontory of the same name; and Thunder Knoll resembles the Mosquito bank, in the st... |
20 fathoms, in the inclination of its sides, in composition, and in every other respect. I may observe, although the remark is here irrelevant, that geologists should be cautious in concluding that all the outlyers of any formation have once been connected together, for we here see that deposits, doubtless of exactly t... |
valley-like spaces between them. Linear strips of coral-reefs and small knolls project from many of the isolated, as well as coast-banks; sometimes they occur quite irregularly placed, as on the Mosquito bank, but more generally they form crescents on the windward side, situated some little distance within the outer ed... |
interrupted chain which ranges between two and three miles within the windward margin: generally they occur, as on Roncador, Courtown and Anegada banks, nearer the line of deep-water. Their occurrence on the windward side is conformable to the general rule, of the efficient kinds of corals flourishing best where most e... |
deep water I cannot explain, without it be, that a depth somewhat less than that close to the outer margin of the banks, is most favourable to their growth. Where the corals have formed a nearly continuous rim, close to the windward edge of a bank some fathoms submerged, the reef closely resembles an atoll; but if the ... |
an island (as in the case of Old Providence), the reef resembles an encircling barrier-reef. I should undoubtedly have classed some of these fringed banks as imperfect atolls, or barrier-reefs, if the sedimentary nature of their foundations had not been evident from the presence of other neighbouring banks, of similar ... |
reef: in the third chapter, I observed that probably some atoll-like reefs did exist, which had originated in the manner here supposed. Proofs of elevation within recent tertiary periods abound, as referred to in the sixth chapter, over nearly the whole area of the West Indies. Hence it is easy to understand the origin... |
coasts, where sediment is now accumulating; for instance, on the northern part of Yucutan, and on the N.E. part of Mosquito, where the land is low, and where extensive banks appear to be in progressive formation. Hence, also, the origin of the great Bahama banks, which are bordered on their western and southern edges b... |
formed of sand, shells and coral-rock, and some of them about a hundred feet in height, is easily explained by the elevation of banks fringed on their windward (western and southern) sides by coral-reefs. On this view, however, we must suppose either that the chief part of the surfaces of the great Bahama sand-banks we... |
were brought up to their present level by the same elevatory action, which formed the linear islands; or that during the elevation of the banks, the superficial currents and swell of the waves continued wearing them down and keeping them at a nearly uniform level: the level is not quite uniform; for, in proceeding from... |
Bahama group towards the S.E. end, the depth of the banks increases, and the area of land decreases, in a very gradual and remarkable manner. The latter view, namely, that these banks have been worn down by the currents and swell during their elevation, seems to me the most probable one. It is, also, I believe, applica... |
situated in widely distant parts of the West Indian sea, which are wholly submerged; for, on any other view, we must suppose, that the elevatory forces have acted with astonishing uniformity. The shore of the Gulf of Mexico, for a space of many hundred miles, is formed by a chain of lagoons, from one to twenty miles in... |
Navigator, p. 178, &c.) containing either fresh or salt water, and separated from the sea by linear strips of sand. Great spaces of the shores of southern Brazil,* and of the United States from Long Island (as observed by Professor Rogers) to Florida, have the same character. Professor Rogers, in his Report to the Brit... |
speculates on the origin of these low, sandy, linear islets: he states that the layers of which they are composed are too homogeneous, and contain too large a proportion of shells, to permit the common supposition of their formation being simply due to matter thrown up, where it now lies, by the surf: he considers thes... |
or shoals, which were deposited in lines where opposed currents met. It is evident that these islands and spits of sand parallel to the coast, and separated from it by shallow lagoons, have no necessary connection with coral formations. But in southern Florida, from the accounts I have received from persons who have re... |
be formed of strata, containing a good deal of coral, and they are extensively fringed by living reefs; the channels within these islands are in some places between two and three miles wide, and five or six fathoms deep, though generally† they are less in depth and width. After having seen how frequently banks of sedim... |
Sea are fringed by reefs, we can readily conceive that bars of sediment might be greatly aided in their formation along a line of coast, by the growth of corals; and such bars would, in that case, have a deceptive resemblance with true barrier-reefs. Having now endeavoured to remove some sources of doubt in * In the Lo... |
Philosophical Journal, 1141, p. 257, I have described a singular bar of sandstone lying parallel to the coast off Pernambuco in Brazil, which probably is an analagous formation. † In the ordinary sea charts, no lagoons appear on the coast of Florida, north of 26°; but Major Whiting (Silliman's Journal, vol. xxxv. p. 54... |
sand thrown up along the whole line of coast from St. Augustine's to Jupiter Inlet. classifying the reefs of the West Indies, I will give my authorities for colouring such portions of coast as I have thought myself warranted in doing. Capt. Bird Allen informs me, that most of the islands on the Bahama Banks are fringed... |
windward sides, with living reefs; and hence I have coloured those, which are thus represented in Capt. Owen's late chart, red. The same officer informs me, that the islets along the southern part of Florida are similarly fringed; coloured red.—CUBA: proceeding along the northern coast, at the distance of forty miles f... |
by reefs, which extend westward for a space of 160 miles, with only a few breaks. Parts of these reefs are represented in the plans of the harbours on this coast by Capt. Owen; and an excellent description is given of them by Mr. Taylor, (Loudon's Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. ix. p. 449); he states that they enclose a |
space called the 'baxo,' from half to three quarters of a mile in width, with a sandy bottom, and a little coral. In most parts people can wade, at low water, to the reef; but in some parts the depth is between two and three fathoms. Close outside the reef, the depth is between six and seven fathoms: these well-charact... |
fringing reefs are coloured red.—Westward of long. 77° 30', on the northern side of Cuba, a great bank commences, which extends along the coast for nearly four degrees of longitude. In the place of its commencement, in its structure, and in the "cays," or low islands on its edge, there is a marked correspondence (as ob... |
vol. vii. p. 88) between it and the Great Bahama and Sal banks, which lie directly in front. Hence one is led to attribute the same origin to both these sets of banks; namely, the accumulation of sediment, conjoined with an elevatory movement, and the growth of coral on their outer edges: those parts which appear fring... |
are coloured red.—Westward of these banks, there is a portion of coast apparently without reefs, except in the harbours, the shores of which seem in the published plans to be fringed.—The Colorado Shoals, (see Capt. Owen's charts,) and the low land at the western end of Cuba, correspond as closely in relative position ... |
extreme point of Florida, as the banks above described on the north side of Cuba, do to the Bahamas. The depth within the islets and reefs on the outer edge of the Colorados, is generally between two and three fathoms, increasing to twelve fathoms in the southern part, where the bank becomes nearly open, without islets... |
which are fringed are coloured red.—The southern shore of Cuba is deeply concave, and the included space is filled up with mud and sand banks, low islands, and coral-reefs. Between the mountainous Isle of Pines and the southern shore of Cuba, the general depth is only between two and three fathoms; and in this part, sm... |
rocks and broken madrepores, (Humboldt, Pers. Narr. vol. vii. pp. 51, 86 to 90, 291, 309, 320,) rise abruptly, and just reach the surface of the sea. From some expressions used in the Columbian Navigator, (vol. i. pt. ii. p. 94,) it appears that considerable spaces along the outer coast of southern Cuba are bounded by ... |
probably by the upheaval of coral-reefs and sand banks. The charts represent the southern part of the Isle of Pines as fringed by reefs, which the Columb. Navig. says extend some way from the coast, but have only from nine to twelve feet water on them; these are coloured red.—I have not been able to procure any detaile... |
the large group of banks and "cays" further eastward on the southern side of Cuba; within them there is a large expanse, with a muddy bottom, from eight to twelve fathoms deep: although some parts on this line of coast are represented in the general charts of the West Indies, as fringed, I have not thought it prudent t... |
them. The remaining portion of the south coast of Cuba appears to be without coral-reefs. YUCUTAN.—The N.E. part of the promontory appears, in Capt. Owen's charts to be fringed; coloured red. The eastern coast, from 20° to 18° is fringed. South of lat. 18°, there commences the most remarkable reef in the West Indies: i... |
length, ranging in a N. and S. line, at an average distance of 15 miles from the coast. The islets on it are all low, as I have been informed by Capt. B. Allen; the water deepens suddenly on the outside the reef, but not more abruptly than off many of the sedimentary banks: within its southern extremity (off Honduras) |
the depth is 25 fathoms; but in the more northern parts, the depth soon decreases to 10 fathoms, and within the northernmost part, for a space of 20 miles, the depth is only from one to two fathoms. In most of these respects we have the characteristics of a barrier reef; nevertheless, from observing, first, that the ch... |
reef is a continuation of a great irregular bay, which penetrates the main land to the depth of 50 miles; and secondly, that considerable spaces of this barrier-like reef are described in the charts (for instance, in lat. 16° 45' and 16° 12') as formed of pure sand; and thirdly, from knowing that sediment is accumulati... |
the West Indies in banks parallel to the shore; I have not ventured to colour this reef as a barrier, without further evidence that it has really been formed by the growth of corals, and that it is not merely in parts a spit of sand, and in other parts a worn-down promontory, partially coated and fringed by reefs: I |
lean, however, to the probability of its being a barrier-reef, produced by subsidence. To add to my doubts, immediately on the outside of this barrier-like reef, Turneffe, Lighthouse, and Glover reefs are situated, and these reefs have so completely the form of atolls, that if they had occurred in the Pacific, I should... |
Turneffe Reef seems almost entirely filled up with low mud islets; and the depth within the other two reefs is only from one to three fathoms. From this circumstance, and from their similarity in form, structure, and relative position, both to the bank called Northern Triangles on which there is an islet between 70 and... |
Island, the level surface of which is likewise between 70 and 80 feet in height, I consider it more probable that the three foregoing banks are the worn-down bases of upheaved shoals, fringed with corals, than that they are true atolls, wholly produced by the growth of coral during subsidence; left uncoloured. In front... |
are between lat. 12° and 16° some extensive banks, (already mentioned, p. 197) with high islands rising from their centres; and there are other banks wholly submerged, both of which kinds of banks are bordered, near their windward margins, by crescent-shaped coral-reefs. But it can hardly be doubted, as was observed in... |
origin, like the great bank extending from the Mosquito promontory, almost entirely to the accumulation of sediment, and not to the growth of corals; hence I have not coloured them. Cayman Island: this island appears in the charts to be fringed; and Capt. B. Allen informs me that reefs extend about a mile from the shor... |
5 to 12 feet water within them; coloured red.—Jamaica: judging from the charts, about 15 miles of the S.E. extremity, and about twice the length on the S.W. extremity, and some portions on the S. side near Kingston and Port Royal, are regularly fringed, and therefore are coloured red. From the plans of some harbours on... |
Jamaica, parts of the coast appear to be fringed; but as these are not represented in the charts of the whole island, I have not coloured them.—St. Domingo: I have not been able to obtain sufficient information, either from plans of the harbours, or from general charts, to enable me to colour any part of the coast, exc... |
from Port de Plata westward, which seems very regularly fringed: many other parts, however, of the coast are probably fringed, especially towards the eastern end of the island.—Puerto Rico: considerable portions of the southern, western, and eastern coasts, and some parts of the northern coast, appear in the charts to ... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.