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a chart which I saw at the India House, as fringed in such a manner, that I feel sure the fringe consists of coral; but as the island is so low, that the sea sometimes flows quite over it, (Dampier Voyage, vol. i. p. 474) I have not coloured it.—Pulo Dooa, lat. 3°. In an old chart it is said |
there are chasms in the reefs round the island, admitting boats to the watering-place, and that the southern islet consists of a mass of sand and coral.—Pulo Pisang; Horsburgh (vol. ii. p. 86) says that the rocky coral bank, which stretches about forty yards from the shore, is steep to all round: in a chart, also, whic... |
the island is represented as regularly fringed. Pulo Mintao is lined with reefs on its west side (Horsburgh, vol. ii. p. 107).—Pulo Baniak; the same authority (vol. ii. p. 105), speaking of a part, says it is faced with coral rocks.—Minguin, 3° 36' N. A coral reef fronts this place, and projects into the sea nearly a q... |
mile (Notices of the Indian Arch. published at Singapore, p. 105).—Pulo Brassa, 5° 46' N. A reef surrounds it at a cable's length (Horsburgh, vol. ii. p. 60). I have coloured all the above specified points red. I may here add, that both Horsburgh and Mr. Moor (in the Notices just alluded to) frequently speak of the num... |
banks of coral on the west coast of Sumatra; but these nowhere have the structure of a barrier-reef, and Marsden (History of Sumatra) states, that where the coast is flat, the fringing reefs extend furthest from it. The northern and southern points, and the greater part of the east coast, are low, and faced with mud ba... |
coral. NICOBAR ISLANDS.—The chart represents the islands of this group as fringed by reefs. With regard to Great Nicobar, Capt. Moresby informs me, that it is fringed by reefs of coral, extending between 200 and 300 yards from the shore. The Northern Nicobars appear so regularly fringed in the published charts, that I ... |
coral. This group, therefore, is coloured red. ANDAMAN ISLANDS.—From an examination of the MS. chart, on a large scale, of this island, by Capt. Arch. Blair, in the Admiralty, several portions of the coast appear fringed; and as Horsburgh speaks of coral reefs being numerous in the vicinity of these islands, I should h... |
expressions in a paper in the Asiatic Researches (vol. iv. p. 402) led me to doubt the existence of reefs; uncoloured. The coast of Malacca, Tanasserim, and the coasts northward, appear in the greater part to be low and muddy: where reefs occur, as in parts of Malacca Straits, and near Singapore, they are of the fringi... |
water is so shoal, that I have not coloured them. In the sea, however, between Malacca and the west coast of Borneo, where there is a greater depth from 40 to 50 fathoms, I have coloured red some of the groups, which are regularly fringed. The northern Natunas and the Anambas Islds. are represented in the charts on a l... |
scale, published in the Atlas of the Voyage of the Favourite, as fringed by reefs of coral, with very shoal water within them.—Tumbelan and Bunoa Islds. (1° N.) are represented in the English charts as surrounded by a very regular fringe.—St. Barbes (0° 15' N.) is said by Horsburgh (vol. ii. p. 279) to be fronted by a ... |
which boats can land only at high water.—The shore of Borneo at Tunjong Apee is also fronted by a reef, extending not far from the land (Horsburgh, vol. ii. p. 468). These places I have coloured red; although with some hesitation, as the water is shallow. I might perhaps have added Pulo Leat, in Gaspar Str., Lucepara a... |
as the sea is confined and shallow, and the reefs not very regular, I have left them uncoloured. The water shoals gradually towards the whole west coast of Borneo: I cannot make out that it has any reefs of coral. The islands, however, off the northern extremity, and near the S.W. end of Palawan, are fringed by very di... |
reefs: thus the reefs in the case of Balabac are no less than five miles from the land; but the sea, in the whole of this district, is so shallow, that the reefs might be expected to extend very far from the land. I have not, therefore, thought myself authorized to colour them. The N.E. point of Borneo, where the |
water is very shoal, is connected with Magindanao by a chain of islands called the Sooloo Archipelago, about which I have been able to obtain very little information; Pangootaran, although ten miles long, entirely consists of a bed of coral-rock (Notices of E. Indian Arch. p. 58): I believe from Horsburgh that the isla... |
some old charts, appears like a submerged atoll; not coloured. Forrest (Voyage, p. 21) states that one of the islands near Sooloo is surrounded by coral rocks; but there is no distant reef. Near the S. end of Basselan, some of the islets in the chart accompanying Forrest's Voyage, appear fringed with reefs; hence I hav... |
of the Sooloo group red. The sea between Sooloo and Palawan, near the shoal coast of Borneo is interspersed with irregular reefs and shoal patches; not coloured: but in the northern part of this sea, there are two low islets, Cagayanes and Cavilli, surrounded by extensive coral-reefs; the breakers round the latter (Hor... |
6 miles from a sand-bank, which forms the only dry part; these breakers are steep to outside; there appears to be an opening through them on one side, with four or five fathoms within: from this description, I strongly suspect that Cavilli ought to be considered an atoll; but, as I have not seen any chart of it, on eve... |
a moderately large scale, I have not coloured it. The islets off the northern end of Palawan are in the same case as those off the southern end, namely they are fringed by reefs, some way distant from the shore, but the water is exceedingly shallow; uncoloured. The western shore of Palawan will be treated of under the ... |
China Sea. PHILLIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO.—A chart on a large scale of Appoo shoal, which lies near the S.E. coast of Mindoro, has been executed by Capt. D. Ross: it appears atoll-formed, but with rather an irregular outline; its diameter is about ten miles; there are two well defined passages leading into the interior lagoon... |
all round, there is no bottom with seventy fathoms; coloured blue.—Mindoro: the N.W. coast is represented in several charts, as fringed by a reef; and Luban Isld. is said, by Horsburgh, (vol. ii. p. 436) to be "lined by a reef."—Luzon: Mr. Cuming, who has lately investigated with so much success the Natural History of ... |
about three miles of the shore north of Point St. Jago, is fringed by a reef; as are (Horsburgh, vol. ii. p. 437) the Three Friars off Silanguin Bay. Between Point Capones and Playa Honda, the coast is "lined by a coral reef, stretching out nearly a mile in some places," (Horsburgh); and Mr. Cuming visited some fringin... |
parts of this coast, namely, near Puebla, Iba, and Mansinglor. In the neighbourhood of Solon-solon Bay, the shore is lined (Horsburgh, ii. p. 439) by coral reefs, stretching out a great way: there are also reefs about the islets off Solamague; and as I am informed by Mr. Cuming, near St. Catalina, and a litle north of ... |
gentleman informs me there are reefs on the S.E. point of this island in front of Samar, extending from Malalabon to Bulusan. These appear to be the principal fringing-reefs on the coasts of Luzon; and they have all been coloured red. Mr. Cuming informs me that none of them have deep water within; although it appears f... |
few extend to a considerable distance from the shore. Within the Philippine Archipelago, the shores of the islands do not appear to be commonly fringed, with the exception of the S. shore of Masbate, and nearly the whole of Bohol; which are both coloured red. On the S. shore of Magindanao, Bunwoot Isld. is surrounded (... |
253), by a coral-reef, which in the chart appears one of the fringing class. With respect to the eastern coasts of the whole Archipelago, I have not been able to obtain any account. BABUYAN ISLANDS.—Horsburgh says, (vol. ii. p. 442) coral-reefs line the shores of the harbour in Fuga; and the charts show there are other... |
Camiguin has its shore in parts lined by coral-rock (Horsburgh, p. 443); about a mile off shore there is between 30 and 35 fathoms. The plan of Port San Pio Quinto shows that its shores are fringed with coral; coloured red.—BASHEE ISLANDS: Horsburgh, speaking of the southern part of the group, (vol. ii. p. 445) says th... |
islands are fortified by a reef, and through some of the gaps in it, the natives can pass in their boats in fine weather; the bottom near the land is coral-rock. From the published charts, it is evident that several of these islands are most regularly fringed; coloured red. The northern islands are left uncoloured, as ... |
to find any account of them.—FORMOSA. The shores, especially the western one, seem chiefly composed of mud and sand, and I cannot make out that they are anywhere lined by reefs; except in a harbour (Horsburgh, vol. ii. p. 449) at the extreme northern point: hence, of course, the whole of this island is left uncoloured.... |
are in the same case.—PATCHOW, OR MADJIKO-SIMA GROUPS. Patchuson has been described by Capt. Broughton (Voy. to the N. Pacific, p. 191); he says, the boats, with some difficulty, found a passage through the coral-reefs, which extend along the coast, nearly half a mile off it. The boats were well sheltered within the re... |
the water is deep there. Outside the reef the depth is very irregular, varying from five to fifty fathoms; the form of the land is not very abrupt; coloured red.—Taypin-san; from the description given (p. 195,) by the same author, it appears that a very irregular reef extends, to the distance of several miles, from the... |
it encircles a space of deep water is not evident; nor, indeed, whether these outlying reefs are connected with those more immediately adjoining the land; left uncoloured. I may here just add that the shore of Kumi, (lying west of Patchow,) has a narrow reef attached to it in the plan of it, in La Peyrouse's atlas; but... |
not appear in the account of the voyage that it is of coral; uncoloured.—LOO CHOO. The greater part of the coast of this moderately hilly island, is skirted by reefs, which do not extend far from the shore, and which do not leave a channel of deep water within them, as may be seen in the charts accompanying Capt. B. |
Hall's voyage to Loo Choo, (see also remarks in Appendix, p. xxi. and xxv.) There are, however, some ports with deep water, formed by reefs in front of valleys, in the same manner as happens at Mauritius. Capt. Beechey, in a letter to me, compares these reefs with those encircling the Society Islands; but there appears... |
difference between them, in the less distance at which the Loo Choo reefs lie from the land with relation to the probable submarine inclination, and in the absence of an interior deep water-moat or channel, parallel to the land. Hence, I have classed these reefs with fringing-reefs, and coloured them red.—PESCADORES (w... |
compared the appearance of the land to the southern parts of England. The islands are interlaced with coral reefs; but as the water is very shoal, and as spits of sand and gravel (Horsburgh, vol. ii. p. 450,) extend far out from them, it is impossible to draw any inferences regarding the nature of the reefs. CHINA SEA.... |
to south, we first meet the Pratas Shoal, (Lat. 20° N.) which, according to Horsburgh, (vol. ii. p. 335,) is composed of coral, is of a circular form, and has a low islet on it. The reef is on a level with the water's edge, and when the sea runs high, there are breakers mostly all round, "but the water |
within seems pretty deep in some places; although steep to in most parts outside, there appears to be several parts where a ship might find anchorage outside the breakers;" coloured blue.—The Paracells have been accurately surveyed by Capt. D. Ross, and charts on a large scale published: but few low islets have been fo... |
to be a general circumstance in the China Sea; the sea close outside the reefs is very deep; several of them have a lagoon-like structure; or separate islets (Prattle, Robert, Drummond, &c.) are so arranged round a moderately shallow space, as to appear as if they had once formed one large atoll.—Bombay Shoal (one of t... |
of an annular reef, and is "apparently deep within;" it seems to have an entrance (Horsburgh, vol. ii. p. 332) on its west side; it is very steep outside.—Discovery Shoal, also, is of an oval form, with a lagoon-like space within, and three openings leading into it, in which there is a depth from two to twenty fathoms.... |
the distance (Horsburgh, vol. ii. p. 333) of only twenty yards from the reef, soundings could not be obtained. The Paracells are coloured blue.—Macclesfield Bank: this is a coral bank of great size, lying east of the Paracells; some parts of the bank are level, with a sandy bottom, but, generally, the depth is very irr... |
deep cuts or channels. I am not able to perceive in the published charts, (its limits, however, are not very accurately known) whether the central part is deeper, which I suspect is the case, as in the great Chagos Bank, in the Indian Ocean; not coloured.—Scarborough Shoal: this coral shoal is engraved with a double ro... |
circle, as if there was deep water within the reef: close outside there was no bottom, with a hundred fathoms; coloured blue.—The sea off the west coast of Palawan and the northern part of Borneo is strewed with shoals: Swallow Shoal, according to Horsburgh, (vol. ii. p. 431,) "is formed, like most of the shoals hereab... |
coral-rocks, with a basin of deeper water within."—Half-Moon Shoal has a similar structure; Capt. D. Ross describes it, as a narrow belt of coral-rock, "with a basin of deep water in the centre," and deep sea close outside.—Bombay Shoal appears (Horsburgh, vol. ii. p. 432) "to be a basin of smooth water surrounded by b... |
coloured blue.—The Paraquas Shoals are of a circular form, with deep gaps running through them; not coloured.—A bank, gradually shoaling to the depth of 30 fathoms, extends to a distance of about 20 miles from the northern part of Borneo, and to 30 miles from the northern part of Palawan. Near the land this bank appear... |
but a little further out it is thickly studded with coral shoals, which do not generally rise quite to the surface; some of them are very steep to, and others have a fringe of shoal-water round them. I should have thought that these shoals had level surfaces, had it not been for the statement made by Horsburgh "that mo... |
the shoals hereabouts are formed of a belt of coral." But, perhaps, that expression was more particularly applied to the shoals further in the offing. If these reefs of coral have a lagoon-like structure, they should have been coloured blue, and they would have formed an imperfect barrier in front of Palawan and the no... |
the water is not very deep, these reefs may have grown up from inequalities on the bank: I have not coloured them.—The coasts of China, Tonquin, and Cochin-China, forming the western boundary of the China Sea, appear to be without reefs: with regard to the two last-mentioned coasts, I speak after examining the charts o... |
atlas of the Voyage of the Favourite. INDIAN OCEAN.—South Keeling atoll has been specially described: nine miles north of it lies North Keeling, a very small atoll, surveyed by the Beagle, the lagoon of which is dry at low water.—Christmas Island, lying to the east, is a high island, without, as I have been informed by... |
it, any reefs at all.—CEYLON: a space about eighty miles in length of the S.-western and southern shores of these islands has been described by Mr. Twynam, (Naut. Mag. 1836, pp. 365 and 518); parts of this space appear to be very regularly fringed by coral-reefs, which extend from a quarter to half a mile from the shor... |
are in places breached, and afford safe anchorage for the small trading craft. Outside, the sea gradually deepens; there is 40 fathoms about six miles off shore: this part I have coloured red. In the published charts of Ceylon there appear to be fringing reefs in several parts of the S.-eastern shores, which I have als... |
the shore is likewise fringed. North of Trincomalee there are also reefs of the same kind. The sea off the northern part of Ceylon is exceedingly shallow; and therefore I have not coloured the reefs which fringe portions of its shores, and the adjoining islets, as well as the Indian promontory of Madura. CHAGOS, MALDIV... |
groups which have already been often noticed, are now well known from the admirable surveys of Capt. Moresby and Lieut. Powell. The published charts, which are worthy of the most attentive examination, at once show that the Chagos and Maldiva groups are entirely formed of great atolls, or lagoon-formed reefs, surmounte... |
less evident; the islets are low, not exceeding the usual height of coral formations, (see Lieut. Wood's account, Geograph. Journ. vol. vi. p. 29) and most of the reefs are circular, as may be seen in the published charts; and within several of them, as I am informed by Capt. Moresby, there is deepish water; these ther... |
blue. Directly north, and almost forming part of this group, there is a long, narrow, slightly-curved bank, rising out of the depths of the ocean, composed of sand, shells, and decayed coral, with from 23 to 30 fathoms on it. I have no doubt that it has had the same origin with the other Laccidive banks; but as it does |
not deepen towards the centre, I have not coloured it. I might have referred to other authorities regarding these three Archipelagoes; but after the publication of the charts by Capt. Moresby, to whose personal kindness in giving me much information I am exceedingly indebted, it would have been superfluous. Sahia de Ma... |
with from 8 to 16 fathoms on them; they are arranged in a semi-circular manner, round a space about forty fathoms deep, which slopes on the S.E. quarter to unfathomable depths; they are steep to on both sides, but more especially on the ocean-side. Hence this bank closely resembles in structure, and I may add from Capt... |
composition, the Pitt's Bank in the Chagos group; and the Pitt's Bank, must, after what has been shown of the Great Chagos Bank, be considered as a sunken, half-destroyed atoll; hence coloured blue.—Cargados Carajos Bank. Its southern portion consists of a large, curved, coral-shoal, with some low islets on its eastern... |
which there is a depth of about twelve fathoms. Northward, a great bank extends. I cannot (probably owing to the want of perfect charts,) refer this reef and bank to any class;—therefore not coloured.—Ile de Sable is a little island, lying west of C. Carajos, only some toises in height (Voyage of the Favourite, vol. i.... |
surrounded by reefs; but its structure is unintelligible to me. There are some small banks north of it, of which I can find no clear account.—Mauritius. The reefs round this island have been described in the chapter on fringing-reefs; coloured red. Rodriguez. The coral-reefs here are exceedingly extensive; in one part ... |
far as I can make out, there is no deep-water moat within them; and the sea outside does not deepen very suddenly. The outline, however, of the land appears to be (Life of Sir J. Makintosh, vol. ii. p. 165.) hilly and rugged. I am unable to decide whether these reefs belong to the barrier-class, as seems probable from ... |
great extension, or to the fringing-class; uncoloured.—Bourbon. The greater part of the shores of this island, are without reefs; but Capt. Carmichael (Hooker's Bot. Misc.) states that a portion, fifteen miles in length, on the S.E. side, is imperfectly fringed with coral-reefs: I have not thought this sufficient to co... |
group, rise from a very extensive and tolerably level bank, having a depth between 20 and 40 fathoms. In Capt. Owen's chart, and in that in the atlas of the Voyage of the Favourite, it appears that the east side of Mahé and the adjoining islets of St. Anne and Cerf, are regularly fringed by coral reefs. A portion of |
the S.E. part of Curieuse Isld., the N., and part of the S.W. shore of Praslin Isld., and the whole west side of Digue Isld., appear fringed. From a MS. account of these islands by Capt. F. Moresby, in the Admiralty, it appears that Silhouette is also fringed; he states that all these islands are formed of granite and ... |
that they rise abruptly from the sea, and that "coral-reefs have grown round them, and project for some distance." Dr. Allan of Forres, who visited these islands, informs me that there is no deep water between the reefs and the shore. The above specified points have been coloured red. Amirantes Islands: The small islan... |
the MS. account of them by Capt. F. Moresby, are situated on an extensive bank; they consist of the debris of corals and shells; are only about 20 feet in height, and are environed by reefs, some attached to the shore, and some rather distant from it.—I have taken great pains to procure plans and information regarding ... |
lying between S.E. and S.W. of the Amirantes, and the Seychelles; relying chiefly on Capt. F. Moresby, and Dr. Allan, it appears that the greater number, namely—Platte, Alphonse, Coetivi, Galega, Providence, St. Pierre, Astova, Assomption, and Glorioso, are low, formed of sand or coral-rock, and irregularly shaped; the... |
Galega is said by Dr. Allan, to be rather higher than the other islands; and St. Pierre is described by Capt. F. Moresby, as being cavernous throughout, and as not consisting of either limestone or granite. These islands, as well as the Amirantes, certainly are not atoll-formed, and they differ as a group from every ot... |
am acquainted; I have not coloured them; but probably the reefs belong to the fringing class. Their formation is attributed both by Dr. Allan and Capt. F. Moresby, to the action of the currents, here exceedingly violent, on banks, which no doubt have had an independent geological origin. They resemble in many respects ... |
Indies, which owe their origin to a similar agency, in conjunction with an elevation of the entire area. In close vicinity to these several islands, there are three others of an apparently different nature: first, Juan de Nova, which appears from some plans and accounts to be an atoll; but from others does not appear t... |
Secondly, Cosmoledo; "this group consists of a ring of coral, ten leagues in circumference, and quarter of a mile broad in some places, inclosing a magnificent lagoon, into which there did not appear a single opening" (Horsburgh, vol. i. p. 151); coloured blue. Thirdly, Aldabra; it consists of three islets, about 25 fe... |
i. p. 176), surrounding a very shallow basin or lagoon. The sea is profoundly deep close to the shore. Viewing this island in a chart, it would be thought an atoll; but the foregoing description shows that there is something different in its nature; Dr. Allan also states that it is cavernous, and that the coral-rock ha... |
Is it an upheaved atoll, or the crater of a volcano?—uncoloured. COMORO GROUP.—Mayotta, according to Horsburgh (vol. i. p. 216, 4th edit.), is completely surrounded by a reef, which runs at the distance of three, four, and in some places even five miles from the land; in an old chart, published by Dalrymple, a depth in... |
and 38 fathoms is laid down within the reef. In the same chart, the space of open water within the reef in some parts is even more than three miles wide: the land is bold and peaked; this island, therefore, is encircled by a well-characterized barrier reef, and is coloured pale blue.—Johanna; Horsburgh says (vol. i. p.... |
from the N.W. to the S.W. point, is bounded by a reef, at the distance of two miles from the shore; in some parts, however, the reef must be attached, since Lieut. Boteler (Narr. vol. i. p. 161), describes a passage through it, within which there is room only for a few boats. Its height, as I am informed by |
Dr. Allan, is about 3,500 feet; it is very precipitous, and is composed of granite, greenstone, and quartz; coloured blue.—Mohilla; on the S. side of this island there is anchorage, in from 30 to 45 fathoms, between a reef and the shore (Horsburgh, vol. i. p. 214); in Capt. Owen's chart of Madagascar, this island is re... |
blue.—Great Comoro Isld. is, as I am informed by Dr. Allan, about 8,000 feet high, and apparently volcanic; it is not regularly encircled; but reefs of various shapes and dimensions, jut out from every headland on the W., S., and S.E. coasts, inside of which reefs there are channels, often parallel with the shore, with... |
coasts the reefs appear attached to the shores. The land near the coast is in some places bold, but generally speaking it is flat; Horsburgh says, (vol. i. p. 214,) the water is profoundly deep close to the shore, from which expression I presume some parts are without reefs. From this description, I apprehend the reef ... |
class; but I have not coloured it, as most of the charts which I have seen, represent the reefs round it as very much less extensive than round the other islands in the group. MADAGASCAR.—My information is chiefly derived from the published charts by Capt. Owen, and the accounts given by him and by Lieut. Boteler. Comm... |
extremity of this island; towards the northern part of the Star Bank (in lat. 25° S.) the coast for ten miles is fringed by a reef; coloured red. The shore immediately S. of St. Augustin's Bay appears fringed; but Tullear Harbour, directly N. of it, is formed by a narrow reef ten miles long, extending parallel to the s... |
from four to ten fathoms within it. If this reef had been more extensive, it must have been classed as a barrier-reef; but as the line of coast falls inwards here, a submarine bank perhaps extends parallel to the shore, which has offered a foundation for the growth of the coral; I have left this part uncoloured. From l... |
16' to 21° 37', the shore is fringed by coral reefs (see Lieut. Boteler's Narrative, vol. ii. p. 106), less than a mile in width, and with shallow water within. There are outlying coral shoals in several parts of the offing, with about ten fathoms between them and the shore, and the depth of the sea one mile and a-half |
seaward, is about 30 fathoms. The part above specified is engraved on a large scale; and as in the charts on rather a smaller scale the same fringe of reef extends as far as lat. 33° 15'; I have coloured the whole of this part of the coast red. The islands of Juan de Nova (in lat. 17° S.) appear |
in the charts on a large scale to be fringed, but I have not been able to ascertain whether the reefs are of coral; uncoloured. The main-part of the west coast appears to be low, with outlying sand-banks, which Lieut. Boteler (vol. ii. p. 106) says, "are faced on the edge of deep water by a line of sharp-pointed coral-... |
Nevertheless I have not coloured this part, as I cannot make out by the charts that the coast itself is fringed. The headlands of Narrenda and Passandava Bays (14° 40') and the islands in front of Radama harbour are represented in the plans as regularly fringed, and have accordingly been coloured red. With respect to t... |
Dr. Allan informs me in a letter, that the whole line of coast, from Tamatave in 18° 12' to C. Amber at the extreme northern point of the island, is bordered by coral-reefs. The land is low, uneven, and gradually rising from the coast. From Capt. Owen's charts, also, the existence of these reefs, which evidently belong... |
class, on some parts, namely, N. of British Sound and near Ngoncy, of the above line of coast might have been inferred. Lieut. Boteler (vol. i. p. 155) speaks of "the reef surrounding the island of St. Mary's at a small distance from the shore." In a previous chapter I have described, from the information of Dr. Allan,... |
in which the reefs extend in N.E. lines from the headlands on this coast, thus sometimes forming rather deep channels within them: this seems caused by the action of the currents, and the reefs spring up from the submarine prolongations of the sandy headlands. The above specified portion of the coast is coloured red. T... |
appear in any published chart to possess reefs of any kind; and the Rev. W. Ellis, whose means of information regarding this side of Madagascar have been extensive, informs me he believes there are none. EAST COAST OF AFRICA.—Proceeding from the northern part, the coast appears, for a considerable space, without reefs.... |
from the survey by Capt. Owen, together with his Narrative; and that by Lieut. Boteler. At Mukdeesha (2° 1' N.) there is a coral-reef extending four or five miles along the shore, (Owen's Nar. vol. i. p. 357) which in the chart lies at the distance of a quarter of a mile from the shore, and has within it from |
six to ten feet water: this then is a fringing-reef, and is coloured red. From Juba a little S. of the equator, to Lamoo (in 2° 20' S.) "the coast and islands are formed of madrepore" (Owen's Narrative, vol. i. p. 363). The chart of this part (entitled Dundas Islds.) presents an extraordinary appearance; the coast of t... |
quite straight, and it is fronted at the average distance of two miles, by exceedingly narrow, straight islets, fringed with reefs. Within the chain of islets, there are extensive tidal flats and muddy bays, into which many rivers enter: the depth of these spaces varies from one to four fathoms—the latter depth not bei... |
average. Outside the chain of islets, the sea, at the distance of a mile, varies in depth from eight to fifteen fathoms. Lieut. Boteler (Nar. vol. i. p. 369) describes the muddy bay of Patta, which seems to resemble other parts of this coast, as fronted by small, narrow, level islets formed of decomposing coral, the ma... |
seldom of greater height than twelve feet, overhanging the rocky surface from which the islets rise. Knowing that the islets are formed of coral, it is I think scarcely possible to view the coast, and not at once conclude that we here see a fringing-reef, which has been upraised a few feet: the unusual depth of from tw... |
fathoms within some of these islets, is probably due to muddy rivers having prevented the growth of coral near the shore. There is, however, one difficulty on this view, namely, that before the elevation took place, which converted the reef into a chain of islets, the water must apparently have been still deeper; on th... |
supposed that the formation of a nearly perfect barrier in front of so large an extent of coast, would cause the currents (especially in front of the rivers,) to deepen their muddy beds. When describing, in the chapter on fringing reefs, those of Mauritius, I have given my reasons for believing that the shoal spaces wi... |
must, in many instances, have been deepened. However this may be, as several parts of this line of coast are undoubtedly fringed by living reefs, I have coloured it red.—Maleenda (3° 20' S.) In the plan of the harbour, the south headland appears fringed; and in Owen's chart on a larger scale, the reefs are seen to exte... |
miles southward; coloured red. Mombas (4° 5' S.) The island which forms the harbour, "is surrounded by cliffs of madrepore, capable of being rendered almost impregnable," (Owen's Nar. vol. i. p. 412). The shore of the main land, N. and S. of the harbour, is most regularly fringed by a coral-reef at a distance from half... |
mile and a quarter from the land; within the reef the depth is from nine to fifteen feet; outside the reef the depth at rather less than half a mile is thirty fathoms. From the charts it appears that a space about thirty-six miles in length, is here fringed; coloured red.—Pemba (5° S.) is an isld. of coral formation, l... |
and about 200 feet in height (Owen's Nar. vol. i. p. 425); it is 35 miles long, and is separated from the mainland by a deep sea. The outer coast is represented in the charts as regularly fringed; coloured red. The main land in front of Pemba is likewise fringed; but there also appear to be some outlying reefs with |
deep water between them and the shore. I do not understand their structure, either from the charts or the description, therefore have not coloured them.—Zanzibar resembles Pemba in most respects; its southern half on the western side and the neighbouring islets are fringed; coloured red. On the main land, a little S. o... |
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