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Test-Retest Reliability (also called stability reliability) - Interrater Reliability - Parallel Forms Reliability - Internal Consistency Reliability To judge for reliability in this case, the test is administered two different times to the exact same or similar subjects. This judges for consistency of results across ti... |
the results were not affected by context of the time. Reliability is higher if the retest is close in chronological proximity to the original test. Research psychologists tend to replicate older studies to generate theories or to amend findings to account for reliability. In attention for example, Treisman consistently... |
findings to amend the attention models. Two or more judges score the test. The scores are then compared to determine how much the two raters agree on the consistency on a rating system. An example of interrater reliability would be that of teachers grading essays for an AP or IB |
exam. If a scale from 1 to 5 was used (where 1 is the worst and 5 is the best), and one teacher gave an essay a score of 2 and another gave a score of 5, then the reliability would be inconsistent. Through training, practice, and discussion, the individual |
raters can reach a consistent level of assessing an experiment, test, or result. Often, the raters are moderated by a higher rater who will assist in reaching consistency. Parallel Forms Reliability A large set of questions that are related to the same construct are generated and then divided into two |
sets. The two different sets are given to the same sample of people at the same time. Therefore, the two tests that study the same content are judged against each other for consistency. An example would be a pretest-posttest, where the two groups would either receive form 1 or form |
2, and in the posttest situation, the groups would be switched. Internal Consistency Reliability In this case, the tool is used as the tool to determine reliability. Thus would be a test situation in which the items on the test measure the same content. Often, questions can be strikingly similar, |
which shows that the test is also a measure for internal consistency reliability. Therefore, the similar questions should be answered in the same way. There are different ways to measure internal consistency reliability: - Average Inter-item Correlation - Average Itemtotal Correlation - Split-Half Reliability - Cronbac... |
Qualitative Measures Coolican, H. (2004). Research methods and statistics in Psychology. Cambridge University Press. 1. In what ways has new technology changed the science of psychology? Provide three examples. 2. How does the importance of validity and reliability change depending on the type of study? 3. In what ways... |
Anatolian Weights and Measures The use of metal in Anatolia increased significantly towards the end of the Chalcolithic period, reflecting the development of trade relations in the region, and from |
commercial documents that have been deciphered, we know that units of weight originating in Mesopotamia were used in Anatolia. Although there is no firm evidence about the use of weights |
and measures in Anatolia prior to the Assyrian Colonies period, finds made of valuable metals with graduated markings are thought to have been used for measuring or for exchange in |
trade. For example, at Troy small gold bars and in particular graduated rods seem beyond doubt to show the existence of trade based on measurement. The Hittites, like the other |
tribes of the Near East, used silver as a medium of exchange, in the form of rings or rods of specific size and weight. As in earlier times, hematite weights |
continued to be used to measure shekels and manas, units of weight that originated in Babylon. Anatolian Weights and Measures in the Hellenic Period The laws of Solon implemented around |
Athens in the Greek period are also thought to have been used in Anatolia. Solon ruled that the talent of weight (Greek talanton) should be 3 manas heavier than the |
monetary talent, distributing the difference between the constituent parts of the weight talent. This unit was the stater (873.2 g), equivalent to the old currency unit, the didrachmon. Fractions of |
this unit were also used. The main Greek units of weight were the talent and mana, but these were not identical everywhere. For example, in Athens after the introduction of |
the Solonian standard this was equivalent to 36.39 kg when weighing commodities. As a monetary unit it was equivalent to metal weighing 25.92 kg. One sixtieth of a talent was |
a mna or mana. The principal liquid measures were the katule (0.27 litres) and the amphora (1.27 litres), while dry measures were the khonix (1.08 litres) and medimnos (51.84 litres). |
In the famous History by Herodotus of Halicarnassus we find almost all the measurements of length used in Anatolia during the ancient Greek period: foot: 0.296 cm (the modern foot |
is 30.48 cm) finger: one sixteenth of a foot, 0.0185 metres cubit: 1.5 feet, 0.444 metres fathom: 6 feet, 4 cubits, 1.776 metres plethron: 100 feet stadium: 600 Greek feet. |
The Athens stadium was equivalent to 177.6 metres. palm: one quarter of a foot, 6 palms equalled one cubit skenes: Egyptian unit equivalent to 60 stadiums, 10.656 km parasang: Iranian |
Octet: Selected Works from the School of Visual Arts, New York Relational Aesthetics, a term coined in 2002 by Nicolas Bourriaud refers to a kind of art that interacts with its onlookers. Not based on formal concerns of aesthetic experience, audience participation is a necessary and required aspect of this type of work... |
this field aim towards developing collective social experiences, and endeavors to fuse art with life. Word As Image To conceive of words as flesh, or breath or abstract signs, integrating words with the visual arts has had a cross-cultural history. From the Rosetta Stone to oracle bones, from bark cloth paintings, to i... |
script. Simple lines and dots, dabs and flows, arabesques and undulating rhythms displace the articulating voice in the external world. Identity and Identity Politics What does it mean to be human? What does it mean to be part of a marginalized social group? How do race, religion, and/or gender, constitute an identity?... |
is expressed through physical attributes, shared social values or political persuasions. In heterogeneous societies, such as America, a melting pot of citizens from Italian, Irish, Jewish, Arab, African, Chinese, Hispanic and Turkish descent among others, form distinct communities. Assimilating variegated cultural iden... |
Chronicles of Narnia/Introduction/Beginner Included Content The Beginner reader is not expected to have fully explored the Chronicles of Narnia storyline. A Beginner reader is assumed to have read perhaps one or two of the books (maybe even none at all). Pages marked for Beginners include some short synopses of the boo... |
in the series, and overviews of several important locations where many important events happen in the series. Excluded Content Much of the Chronicles of Narnia series has yet to be explored. A great majority of the character list as well as all of the chapter summaries are beyond the Beginner level. What's Next Once th... |
the Narnia series, the next step is the Intermediate level. The Intermediate level details much more of the storyline and is suited for a reader who has nearly completed reading the series. |
1918 |Formation||First Republic of Austria 10 November 1920 |This article is part of the series: Politics and government of The Federal Chancellor (German: Bundeskanzler, sometimes shortened to Kanzler) is the |
head of government of Austria. In his capacity as chairman of the Austrian Federal Government, the chancellor represents the supreme federal authority of the executive branch. Though formally an equal |
member of the cabinet, the Chancellor is considered to be the most powerful position in Austrian politics, and as such is the nation's de facto chief executive. His official seat |
is in the Federal Chancellery. The use of the term Chancellor (Kanzler, derived from Latin: cancellarius) as head of the chancery writing office can be traced back as far as |
the ninth century, when under King Louis the German the office of the Archchancellor (Erzkanzler), later Imperial Chancellor (Reichserzkanzler), was created as a high office on the service of the |
Holy Roman Emperor. The task was usually fulfilled by the Prince-Archbishops of Mainz as Archchancellors of the German lands. In the course of the Imperial reform, the Habsburg Emperor Maximilian |
I in 1498 attempted to counter the spiritual power of the Reichserzkanzler with a more secular position of an Imperial Court Chancellor (Hofkanzler), but the two became merged. These were |
also the times when attempts were made to balance Imperial absolutism by the creation of Imperial Governments (Reichsregiment), ultimately a failure. Habsburg Monarchy Nevertheless, when Maximilian's grandson Ferdinand I succeeded |
him as Archduke of Austria in 1521, his elder brother Emperor Emperor Charles V (1519–1556) appointed Mercurino Gattinara as "Grand Chancellor of all the realms and kingdoms of the king" |
(Großkanzler aller Länder und Königreiche). The separate position of an Austrian Court Chancellor appeared as a Österreichische Hofkanzlei around 1526, when the Habsburg Monarchy arose with the Bohemian and Hungarian |
inheritance; it was however once again merged with the equivalent Reichshofkanzlei office of the Holy Roman Empire in 1559. Upon the 1620 Battle of White Mountain and the suppression of |
the Bohemian revolt, Emperor Ferdinand II had separate Court Chancelleries established in order to strengthen the unity of the Habsburg hereditary lands. Beside a Bohemian and Hungarian chancellery, he created |
the office of an Austrian chancellor in Vienna, responsible for the Archduchy of Austria proper (i.e. Upper and Lower Austria) with the Inner Austrian territories and Tyrol. Under Emperor Leopold |
I (1658–1705) the term again became Hofkanzler with Johann Paul Freiherr von Hocher (1667–1683), and Theodor von Strattman (1683–1693). The eighteenth century was dominated by Prince Wenzel Anton of Kaunitz-Rietberg |
(1753-1792), who was Chancellor to four Habsburg emperors from Maria Theresa to Francis II, with the titles of both Hofkanzler and Staatskanzler. He was succeeded by Johann Philipp von Cobenzl |
(1792–1793), who was dismissed by Emperor Francis II over the Partition of Poland and was succeeded by Johann Amadeus Francis de Paula (Baron Thugot) (1793–1800). Thugot's chancellorship did not survive |
the Austrian defeats by the French at the battles of Marengo and Hohenlinden in 1800 and he was replaced by Johan Ludwig Joseph Cobenzl (1800–1805), his predecessor's cousin, but who |
in turn was dismissed following the Austrian defeat at Austerlitz in 1805. Austrian Empire With the consequent dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and founding of the Austrian Empire, Francis |
II abdicated the former Imperial Throne, but remained Emperor Francis I of Austria in 1806. He had replaced Cobenzl with Johan Philip Charles Stadion (1805–1809) the previous year, but his |
career was in turn cut short in 1809 following yet another Austrian defeat by Napoleon at the Battle of Wagram and subsequent humiliation at the Treaty of Schönbrunn. Prince Klemens |
von Metternich was appointed by Francis I to the positions of Hofkanzler and Staatskanzler (1821-1848). However there is some opinion that the Chancellor title was not used between Prince Kaunitz-Rietberg's |
resignation in 1792 and 1821. As the Metternich system had become a synonym for his reactionary politics, the title of a State Chancellor was abolished upon the 1848 revolutions. The |
position became that of a Minister-President of Austria, equivalent to Prime Minister, with the exception of Count Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust (1867–1871) the title only re-emerging at the birth of |
German Austria after World War I in 1918, when Karl Renner was appointed Staatskanzler. With the enactment of the Constitution of Austria on 10 November 1920, the actual term Bundeskanzler |
was implemented as head of the executive branch of the First Austrian Republic. Since a 1929 constitutional reform, the Chancellor is appointed by the President of Austria. In theory, the |
President can select anyone he wishes to be Chancellor. De facto however, the National Council parliament has the right to pass a motion of no confidence in the government as |
a whole or individual cabinet members at any time. Also, it would be all but impossible for a cabinet to govern without adequate support in parliament. The Chancellor assumes his |
office immediately and nominates the federal ministers for appointment by the President. Appointments and dismissals are made by the President at the Chancellor's recommendation. However, it has become strong constitutional |
convention for the President to act on the Chancellor's advice. Once sworn in, the government is capable of acting, without further confirmation by the National Council. The Chancellor's term of |
office is not limited and in no way affiliated with the legislative session, though he usually declares the resignation of his government to the Presient upon a parliamentary election. If |
not, he would have to cope with the authority of the President to dismiss the cabinet or with the possibility of a vote of no confidence by the newly elected |
National Council. The Chancellor is normally entrusted by the President with the continuation of his offical duties until a new government is sworn in. Role and powers As primus inter |
pares ("first among equals") in the Austrian government, the Chancellor chairs the weekly cabinet meetings (Ministerrat) coordinating the government's policies, but—unlike the Chancellor of Germany—does not possess the power to |
direct the federal ministers; nor could he appoint or dismiss the cabinet members, though the President would normally act at his suggestion. Thus, although considered as the most powerful political |
position by the public opinion in Austria, he has a considerably weaker standing than the US President or the UK Prime Minister. Bills adopted by the National Council and certified |
by the President need the countersignature by the Chancellor to obtain legal force. As a result of government formation process, the Chancellor could also conduct affairs of a federal ministry |
in his own responsibility. According to the protocol, the Chancellor ranks 3rd after the Austrian President and the President of the National Council. The Chancellor normally chairs the largest political |
party in the Austrian parliament. His political power is devolved from within the party, and can vary depending on his personality and whether there is a coalition government. Especially his |
relationship with the Federal Minister of Finance has proven vital in the last decades. The long-lasting Proporz constellation of two approxiamtely equipollent coalition parties has led to some incrustations in |
Austrian politics.The Chancellor's authority is much stronger in a single-party cabinet, which only Josef Klaus and Bruno Kreisky have achieved so far. On the other hand, in 2000 Wolfgang Schüssel |
was appointed Chancellor of a highly controversial coalition government with the far-right Freedom Party (FPÖ), although his Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) then had only been third in the previous parliamentary |
election. List of Chancellors of Austria See also - Politics of Austria - Constitution of Austria - Austrian Federal Government - Vice-Chancellor of Austria - Federal Chancellery of Austria - |
President of Austria - Interdisziplinärer Arbeitskreis Kurmainz und der Erzkanzler des Reiches - Cambridge Modern History vol xiii 1911. Books.google.ca. Retrieved 2012-09-20. - Kaisergruft: Metternich - Österreich Lexikon 1966, Band |
with tahini, olive oil, lemon juice, salt and garlic. Today, it is popular throughout the Middle East, Turkey, North Africa, Morocco, and in Middle Eastern cuisine around the globe. Hummus |
is an Arabic word (حمّص ḥummuṣ) meaning "chickpeas," and the complete name of the prepared spread in Arabic is حمّص بطحينة ḥummuṣ bi ṭaḥīna, which means "chickpeas with tahini". Spellings |
of the word in English can be inconsistent. "Houmous" is the standard spelling in British English. Among other spellings are hummus, hummous, hommos, humos, hommus and hoummos. Many cuisine-related sources |
describe hummus as an ancient food, or connect it to famous historical figures such as Saladin. Indeed, its basic ingredients—chickpeas, sesame, lemon, and garlic—have been eaten in the region for |
millennia. But in fact, there is no specific evidence for this purported ancient history of hummus bi tahini. Though chickpeas were widely eaten in the region, and they were often |
cooked in stews and other hot dishes, puréed chickpeas eaten cold with tahini do not appear before the Abbasid period in Egypt and the Levant. The earliest known recipes for |
a dish similar to hummus bi tahini are recorded in cookbooks published in Cairo in the 13th century. A cold purée of chickpeas with vinegar and pickled lemons with herbs, |
spices, and oil, but no tahini or garlic, appears in the Kitāb al-Wusla ilā l-habīb fī wasf al-tayyibāt wa-l-tīb; and a purée of chickpeas and tahini called hummus kasa appears |
in the Kitab Wasf al-Atima al-Mutada: it is based on puréed chickpeas and tahini, and acidulated with vinegar (though not lemon), but it also contains many spices, herbs, and nuts, |
and no garlic. It is also served by rolling it out and letting it sit overnight, which presumably gives it a very different texture from hummus bi tahini. |Nutritional value |
also has significant amounts of folate and vitamin B6. The chickpeas are a good source of protein and dietary fiber; the tahini consists mostly of sesame seeds, which are an |
excellent source of the amino acid methionine, complementing the proteins in the chickpeas. Depending on the recipe, hummus carries varying amounts of monounsaturated fat. Hummus is useful in vegetarian and |
vegan diets; like other combinations of grains and pulses, it serves as a complete protein when eaten with bread. As an appetizer and dip, hummus is scooped with flatbread, such |
as pita. It is also served as part of a meze or as an accompaniment to falafel, grilled chicken, fish or eggplant. Garnishes include chopped tomato, cucumber, coriander, parsley, caramelized |
onions, sautéed mushrooms, whole chickpeas, olive oil, hard-boiled eggs, paprika, sumac, ful, olives, pickles and pine nuts (as photographed in the "History" section). Outside the Middle East, it is sometimes |
served with tortilla chips or crackers. In Vegetarian Dishes from the Middle East, Arto der Haroutunian calls hummus, "One of the most popular and best-known of all Syrian dishes" and |
a "must on any mezzeh table." Syrians in Canada's Arab diaspora prepare and consume hummus along with other dishes like falafel, kibbe and tabouleh, even among the third and fourth-generation |
offspring of the original immigrants. Hummus is a common part of everyday meals in Israel. A significant reason for the popularity of hummus in Israel is the fact that it |
is made from ingredients that, following Kashrut (Jewish dietary laws), can be combined with both meat and dairy meals. Few other foods can be combined with a wide variety of |
meals consistently with the dietary laws. It is seen as almost equally popular amongst Israeli Jews and Israeli Arabs. As a result of its popularity, Israelis elevated hummus to become |
a "national food symbol" and consume more than twice as much hummus as neighbouring Arab countries, according to figures by Tsabar Salads, a hummus manufacturer in Israel. Commenting on its |
popularity, Gil Hovav, an Israeli food editor interviewed on the BBC program Cooking in the Danger Zone, stated that "even during the intifada years Jews would sneak [...] into the |
Muslim quarter just to have a vital, really genuine good humous [sic]," and noted that like many dishes considered to be Israeli national foods, hummus is actually Arab. However, he |
also said, commenting on Iraqi, Egyptian, Syrian or Yemeni food in Israel, that "Jews came from these countries to Israel and they brought their food with them". Many restaurants run |
by Mizrahi Jews and Arab citizens of Israel are dedicated to hot hummus, which may be served as chick peas softened with baking soda along with garlic, olive oil, cumin |
and tahini. One of the fancier hummus versions available is hummus masabacha, made with lemon-spiked tahini garnished with whole chick peas, a sprinkling of paprika and a drizzle of olive |
oil. Hummus is sold in restaurants, supermarkets and hummus-only shops (known in Hebrew as humusiot). For Palestinians, hummus has long been a staple food, often served warm, with bread, for |
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