text stringlengths 59 1.12k |
|---|
breakfast, lunch or dinner. All of the ingredients in hummus are easily found in Palestinian gardens, farms and markets, thus adding to the availability and popularity of the dish. In |
Palestinian areas, hummus is usually garnished, with olive oil, "nana" mint leaves, paprika, parsley or cumin. A related dish popular in the region of Palestine and Jordan is laban ma' |
hummus ("yogurt and chickpeas"), which uses yogurt in the place of tahini and butter in the place of olive oil and is topped with pieces of toasted bread. By the |
end of the 20th century, hummus had emerged as part of the American culinary fabric. In 2008, more than fifteen million Americans consumed hummus on a regular basis. Hummus became |
a popular staple in American restaurants with the Armenian migration from Lebanon to Southern California and the East Coast after the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990). It was further popularized in |
the United States by Jews returning from visits in Israel and by Israeli expatriates. According to a 2010 market research, hummus consumption in the United States has increased by 35% |
over a period of 21 months, with sales reaching nearly $300 million. In 2006, hummus was present in 12% of American households, rising to 17% by early 2009. One commentator |
attributed the growth of Hummus to America’s embrace of ethnic foods, and to experimentation with exotic foods. In November 2009, Gadi Lesin, President & CEO of the Israeli Strauss group |
food manufacturer said that market share of co-owned Sabra Dipping Company in the USA makes it the largest packaged hummus dip manufacturer in the world. In October 2008, the Association |
of Lebanese Industrialists petitioned to the Lebanese Ministry of Economy and Trade to request protected status from the European Commission for hummus as a uniquely Lebanese food, similar to the |
Protected Geographical Status rights held over regional food items by various European Union countries. Fadi Abboud, president of the Lebanese Industrialists Association, stated that "Israelis have usurped several Lebanese and |
oriental products". According to Abboud, Lebanon exported the first hummus dish in 1959. As a response, food critic Janna Gur wrote: "The success of certain brands of Israeli hummus abroad |
may have been what brought about Abboud's anger", leading him to claim that Israel has been "stealing" their country's national dishes, like hummus, falafel, tabbouleh, and baba ghanouj. Also in |
response to Abboud's statement, Shooky Galili, an Israeli journalist specialising in food and who writes a blog dedicated to hummus, said that "trying to make a copyright claim over hummus |
is like claiming for the rights to bread or wine. [...] Hummus is a centuries old Arab dish — nobody owns it, it belongs to the region". As of late |
2009, the Lebanese Industrialists Association was still "preparing documents and proof" to support its claim. In May 2010, the Guinness World Record for the largest dish of hummus in the |
world returned to Lebanon. The winning dish, cooked by 300 cooks in the village of al-Fanar, near Beirut, weighed approximately 10450 kg (roughly 23000 lb), more than double the previous |
record set by 50 Israeli Arabs and Jews who cooked approximately 4100 kg (roughly 9000 lb) in January 2010 in the Arab-Israeli village of Abu Ghosh. According to local media, |
the recipe included 8 tons of boiled chick peas, 2 tons of tahini, 2 tons of lemon juice and 70 kg (154 lb) of olive oil. - Sami Zubaida, "National, |
Communal and Global Dimensions in Middle Eastern Food Cultures" in Sami Zubaida and Richard Tapper, A Taste of Thyme: Culinary Cultures of the Middle East, London and New York, 1994 |
and 2000, ISBN 1-86064-603-4, p. 35. - Maan Z. Madina, Arabic-English Dictionary of the Modern Literary Language, 1973, s.v. ح م ص - Newman, Joni Marie (2007), Cozy Inside, Lulu.com, |
p. 67, ISBN 1604028955, 9781604028959 Check - Pam Peters (2007), The Cambridge Guide to Australian English Usage, Cambridge University Press, p. 370, ISBN 0-521-87821-7 - mideastfood.about.com, Hummus 101, retrieved 28 |
February 2008 - choice.com, More about hummus, "Hummus has existed for thousands of years." retrieved 5 May 2008 - insidehookah.com Food - Hummus, "...it is evident that it’s been a |
Middle Eastern/Mediterranean favorite, and sometimes staple, for thousands of years." retrieved 5 May 2008 - Percival, Jenny, Lebanon to sue Israel for marketing hummus as its own, guardian.co.uk, 7 October |
in too many forms, and the origin is lost in antiquity... There's no way of knowing where it started...", retrieved 5 May 2008 - e.g. a "simple dish" of meat, |
pulses and spices described by Muhammad bin Hasan al-Baghdadi in the 13th century, Tannahill p. 174 - Lilia Zaouali, Medieval Cuisine of the Islamic World, University of California Press, 2007, |
ISBN 978-0-520-26174-7, translation of L'Islam a tavola (2004), p. 65 - Encyclopedia of Jewish Food, John Wiley & Sons, 2010, By Gil Marks, page 270 - Perry et al., p. |
383 - Bricklin, 1994, p. 115. - Hummus NutritionData.com - Arto der Hartoiunian Vegetarian Dishes from the Middle East, London 1983, p.33. - Paul R. Magocsi (1999), Encyclopedia of Canada's |
Peoples, University of Toronto Press, p. 1244, ISBN 0-8020-2938-8 - Even mentioned by the Israel Defense Forces Cookbook, see Houston Chronicle "Diversity in the dining room helps ring in Israel's |
new year" - Middle East, 2006, Lonely Planet, page 282 - Hummus brings Israelis, Palestinians to the table, The Christian Science Monitor, by Joshua Mitnick, July 25, 2007 - BBC |
Cooking in the Danger Zone: Israel and Palestinian Territories, pp. 5-6: "Humous is Arabic. Falafel, our national dish, our national Israeli dish, is completely Arabic and this salad that we |
call an Israeli Salad, actually it's an Arab salad, Palestinian salad." - Cooking in the Danger Zone: Israel and Palestinian Territories, page 3 - Food & Wine, May 2008; On |
the Hummus Hunt in Israel by Jen Murphy, p. 66, - The perfect hummus debate - Salloum and Peters, 1996, p. 204. - Ibrahim, Lailie, Institute for Middle East Understanding, |
Hummus, a Palestinian staple, 31 March 2006, retrieved 9 March 2008. - Marks, Gil (2010), Encyclopedia of Jewish Food, John Wiley and Sons, pp. 269-271 - John Powell, "Encyclopedia of |
North American Immigration", Infobase Publishing, 2005, ISBN 1-4381-1012-X, 9781438110127, p. 176. - There’s Hummus Among Us By Elena Ferretti, Fox News, April 05, 2010 - Aviv Levy (25 November 2009), |
זינוק במכירות חומוס שטראוס בארה"ב: כבשה 40% מהשוק, Globes, retrieved 25 November 2009 Unknown parameter - Karam, Zeina, "Hummus war looms between Lebanon and Israel", Associated Press, 7 October 2008, |
retrieved 10 December 2008. - Carolynne Wheeler (11 October 2008), "Hummus food fight between Lebanon and Israel", The Daily Telegraph - "Whose hummus is it anyway?", The Times of South |
of a Wandering Chickpea", 21 October 2008, retrieved 11 December 2008 - Lebanon claims latest title in 'Hummus War' (CNN) - "Lebanese score in hummus war with Israel", Associated Press, |
24 October 2009 - "Lebanon breaks Israel's hummus world record". Yahoo. AP. 8 May 2010. - "Abu Gosh mashes up world's largest hummus". YNet. AFP. 8 January 2010. - "Abu |
Ghosh secures Guinness world record for largest dish of hummus". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 11 January 2010. Retrieved 31 March 2010. - Jack Brockbank (12 January 2010). "The largest |
serving of hummus". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 31 March 2010. - Edited by Fawzia Afzal-Khan and Kalpana Seshadri-Crooks, Fawzia; Seshadri-Crooks, Kalpana (2000), The Pre-occupation of Postcolonial Studies, Duke University Press, |
ISBN 0-8223-2521-7, 9780822325215 Check |isbn=value (help) More than one of - Edited by Linda Amster; introduction by Mimi Sheraton, Linda; Sheraton, Mimi (2003), The New York Times Jewish Cookbook: More |
Than 825 Traditional and Contemporary Recipes from Around the World, St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-29093-4, 9780312290931 Check |isbn=value (help) More than one of - Mark Bricklin,, Mark (1994), Prevention Magazine's |
Nutrition Advisor: The Ultimate Guide to the Health-Boosting and Health-Harming Factors in Your Diet, Rodale, ISBN 0-87596-225-4, 9780875962252 Check |isbn=value (help) More than one of - Don Brothwell and Patricia |
Brothwell, C. D.; Brothwell, B. (1998), Food in Antiquity: A survey of the Diet of Early Peoples, Expanded Edition, Johns Hopkins University, ISBN 0-8018-5740-6 More than one of - Marks, |
Gil (2010), Encyclopedia of Jewish Food, John Wiley and Sons, pp. 269–271 - Charles Perry, A. J. Arberry, Maxime Rodinson,, Maxime; Perry, Charles (1998), Medieval Arab Cookery, Prospect Books (UK), |
ISBN 0-907325-91-2, 978-0907325918 Check |isbn=value (help) More than one of - Habeeb Salloum and James Peters ; drawings by Lynn Peterfreund ; photographs by Neal Cassidy., Habeeb; Peters, James (1996), |
From the Lands of Figs and Olives: Over 300 Delicious and Unusual Recipes, I.B.Tauris, ISBN 1-86064-038-9 More than one of - Tannahill, Reay (1973), Food in History, Stein and Day, |
ISBN 0-517-57186-2 - McKenna, Alix. "Lebanon vs. Israel: A Delicious Culinary War", Moment, March/April 2011. |Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Cookbook:Hummus| |Wikimedia Commons has media related to: |
||This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2008) The October Manifesto (Russian: Октябрьский манифест, Манифест 17 октября), officially The Manifesto on the Improvement of the State Order (Манифест об усовершенствовании государственного порядка), is a document that served as a precursor to the... |
influence of Count Sergei Witte, on 30 October [O.S. 17 October] 1905 as a response to the Russian Revolution of 1905. The October Manifesto addressed the unrest application throughout the Russian Empire and pledged to grant basic civil liberties, including personal immunity; and freedom of assembly, association, press... |
the introduction of universal male suffrage, as well as a decree that no law should come into force without the consent of the Duma. The Manifesto was a precursor to the Empire's first constitution. Neither document, however, resulted in significant reform, and the Emperor continued to exercise absolute veto power over... |
Manifesto divided opposition to the Emperor. The Kadets were appeased by the idea of having freedom of speech and a truly representative government, and the Union of October 17 (informally known as the Octobrists, this party took its name from the October Manifesto). The Marxists, however, maintained that Nicholas had ... |
as it could not pass laws without the approval of the monarch, and that freedom of speech was heavily regulated. - The Memoirs Of Count Witte New York & Toronto (1921), Armonk, New York (1990). ISBN 0-87332-571-0. - Fiehn, Terry. (1996). Russia & The USSR 1905-1941. Hodder Headline Group, London. ISBN 0-7195-5255-9. Th... |
often used. Function in the body Pyridoxine assists in the balancing of sodium and potassium as well as promoting red blood cell production. It is linked to cardiovascular health by decreasing the formation of homocysteine. Pyridoxine may help balance hormonal changes in women and aid the immune system. Lack of pyridox... |
It is required for the production of the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine, as it is the precursor to pyridoxal phosphate: cofactor for the enzyme aromatic amino acid decarboxylase. This enzyme is responsible for converting the precursors 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) into se... |
Very good sources of pyridoxine are grains and nuts. Medicinal uses Pyridoxine is given to patients taking isoniazid to combat the toxic side effects of the drug. It is given 10–50 mg/day to patients on to prevent peripheral neuropathy and CNS effects that are associated with the use of INH. In one form of homocystinur... |
the administration of large doses of pyridoxine (100-1000 mg/day). Vitamin B6 can be compounded into a variety of different dosage forms. It can be used orally as a tablet, capsule, or solution. It can also be used as a nasal spray or for injection when in its solution form. Vitamin B6 is usually safe, at regular intak... |
adults. However, vitamin B6 can cause neurological disorders, such as loss of sensation in legs and imbalance, when taken in high doses (200 mg or more per day - 10,000% of US RDA) over a long period of time. Vitamin B6 toxicity can damage sensory nerves, leading to numbness in the hands and feet as well as difficulty ... |
may include poor coordination, staggering, numbness, decreased sensation to touch, temperature, and vibration, and tiredness for up to six months. One study reported that over a 6 month period or longer, 21% of women taking doses greater than 50 mg daily experienced neurological toxicity. The effect of doses below 50 m... |
Dalton, K.; Dalton, M. J. T. (1987). "Characteristics of pyridoxine overdose neuropathy syndrome". Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 76 (1): 8–11. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1987.tb03536.x. PMID 3630649. - Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk, 8th edit... |
|Minimalism in Art| |Minimalism in Music| Postmodern music is both a musical style and a musical condition. As a musical style, postmodern music contain characteristics of postmodern art—that is, art after modernism (see Modernism in Music). It favors eclecticism in form and musical genre, and often combines characteri... |
and ironic, and it blurs the boundaries between "high art" and kitsch. Daniel Albright (2004) summarizes the traits of the postmodern style as bricolage, polystylism, and randomness. As a musical condition, postmodern music is simply the state of music in postmodernity. In this sense, postmodern music does not have any... |
in style. However, the music of postmodernity is thought to differ from that of modernity in that whereas modern music was valued for its fundamentals and expression, postmodern music is valued as both a commodity and a symbolic indicator of identity. For example, one significant role of music in postmodern society is ... |
can signify their identity as a member of a particular subculture. Table of contents The postmodern musical style Modernist influences and postmodern philosophy In the modern period, recording of music was seen as a way of transcribing an external event, as a photograph is supposed to record an moment in time. However,... |
1930's the ability to directly edit a recording, and create a result which did not actually occur, made it possible for a recording to be viewed as the end product of artistic work itself. Through the 1950's, most music, even popular music, presented itself as the capturing of a performance, even if that performance wa... |
different parts. Antecedents to this process, including the electronic music of Edgar Varèse, can be found dating back for several decades, and in 1948 Pierre Schaeffer would use tape to "compose" pieces, however it is with the advent of Rock 'n' Roll and particularly producer Phil Spector and Glenn Gould in classical ... |
of using tape to create a stand alone artistic work became more and more prevalent. However, it was with the studio recordings of the Beatles where the full use of multi-track recording and layering became common to popular music. The creation of this recording process transformed pop music. Rock and Hip Hop both exten... |
and more sophisticated techniques to layer and mix individual tracks. The rise of popular music created another pressure on music, which would lead to another strand of post-modernity, namely the ability to create a sufficiently large audience for works. In the Modernist view, such a connection was unnecessary – people... |
ideas could be presented in musical form, rather than "popular" music, which was seen, as the Victorians had seen it, as subsidiary to the more "weighty" genres. As with Post-modern philosophy, post-modern music questioned whether this hierarchy of "high" and "low" culture was correct or appropriate. A third strand of ... |
what music is supposed to be "about". As the period wore on, the idea that "music is mainly about itself", became more and more firmly entrenched. Reference was not merely a technique, but the substance of music. Musical works reference other musical works, not because they can, but because they must. This is part of t... |
which saw the basic subject of art being the most pure elements of musical technique – whether intervals, motivic fragments or rhythms – to Postmodernism which sees the basic subject of art being the stream of media, manufactured objects, and genre materials. In otherwords, post-modernity views the role of art to be co... |
where as modernism sought to convey the "reality" of the universe in its most fundamental form. Postmodern techniques and their application The ability to record and mix, and later sample, would feed into this idea, with the inclusion of "found sounds", snippets of other recordings, spoken voices, noises, and sampled t... |
experiment with the possibilities of new electronic instruments, using synthesizers and tape loops. John Cage used tapes, radios, and record players to reproduce prerecorded sounds in a wide variety of ways in works such as the series "Imaginary Landscape" and "Europera." Early examples in popular music include Abbey R... |
'Scratch' Perry. As digital technology has made sampling easy, it has become very common in hip hop, and is taken to its extreme in Bastard pop. As composers became interested in incorporating pre-existing sounds, they also looked to emulate the effect using only conventional instruments, by extensive quotation from pr... |
not new, as composers such as Richard Strauss and Charles Ives are famous for its use in their tone poems and symphonies nearly a century before, and it is essentially the basis behind organum, parody mass, and other early musical genres. However, the completeness of the collage or thorough use of a pre-existing piece ... |
quotations or use of a cantus firmus. George Rochberg has used pieces from the classical repertoire as the basis for many of his compositions, essentially composing a frequently ironic commentary on an earlier work. Olivier Messiaen's "Oiseaux Exotiques" and "Catalogue d'Oiseaux" are collages of bird songs, precisely n... |
tour-de-force of post-modern musical collage is the third movement of Luciano Berio's "Sinfonia," which uses the scherzo of Gustav Mahler's "Resurrection Symphony" as a musical foundation, and text from Samuel Beckett's "The Unnameable," but adds quotations spanning classical repertory, as though they were sampled or f... |
an interest in reducing the role of a composer in musical composition, not by the use of pre-composed material, but instead by the use of random procedures in composition and performance. This began as a reaction to elements of late modernism, in particular, the modernist project of atonality, begun by Arnold Schoenber... |
total serialism, by such late modernist composers as Pierre Boulez, Karlheinz Stockhausen, and others. A group of composers, including Boulez, Stockhousen, and especially John Cage began introducing elements of 'chance' in their music to create aleatory music. Cage is famous for using the I Ching to direct his composit... |
his piece 4'33" is performed by a silent pianist, and is said to consist entirely of environmental noise. Aleatory music began to blur the boundaries between the composer and the audience, and between the musician and the environment, which was a postmodern trend. At the same time, there was also a new interest in non-... |
pre-Baroque), and popular music. This attention to all musical traditions is a general post-modern feature; for them the division between "high" and "low art" is illusory. György Ligeti found rhythmic elements of Pygmy song that fit his own sensibilities, and they influenced his later compositions. Olivier Messiaen stu... |
reference to Indian tala or plainchant. Tan Dun, born in China, has sought ways in his compositions to unite the Chinese and Western strands of music. Steve Reich studied West African drumming, Indonesian gamelan, and Hebrew cantillation, and his works are sometimes compared to Perotin or rock music. Further eroding th... |
of DJs have remixed his work on the album "Reich Remixed." Glenn Branca and Rhys Chatham have worked with rock musicians and combined the techniques of classical and popular music. The approach of post-modern composers with regard to foreign, obsolete or popular musical idioms differs substantially from the "exotic" re... |
the study. Mozart's "Rondo alla Turca" is supposedly influenced by Turkish music, but it is a superficial and stereotypical reference imposed in a pure classical form. Post-modern composers have generally sought in earnest to understand the underlying principles of exotic music by years of study or performance in the i... |
vocabulary, so much that one may not imagine the source of the foreign elements until they are pointed out. The emergence of postmodern styles In the late 1950s and 1960s a series of styles, influenced by pop and post-modern conditions began to form, and existing styles began to incorporate post-modern elements. In pop... |
rock and roll are all begin to become shaped by not only new technology, but a fundamentally different way of producing recordings. Instead of trying to achieve a rounded three dimensional sound in imitation of the concert experience, recordings increasingly foregrounded the vocals and made the rest of the sounds a sin... |
1960s this "wall of sound" style was the standard of most commercial radio. The full incorporation of the studio mixing techniques, electronics and use of layering would lead to the establishment of rock. "Pop" music, as a specific sub-genre, would eschew the electric guitar driven sound of rock in favor of synthesizer... |
the same time, dance music, particularly the "disc jockeys" at urban parties were creating a different road into post-modernity in music. Their approach was to take records on turntables, and by hand control the speed of the turntable, and using the mixing board as an instrument, add reverb and other sound effects. At ... |
the microphone, using the dance tracks as a background for their own speech, which would lead, eventual to eventually evolving into the DJing and MCing of hip hop music. Further evolution in the 1990s turntablism movement focused on the DJing aspect of hip hop, with music made almost entirely of samples. DJ Shadow is t... |
but Q-Bert and Mixmaster Mike of the Invisibl Skratch Piklz, DJ Spooky and Cut Chemist were also highly influential. In classical music, minimalism is usually regarded as the first "post-modern" style. Minimalism was in part a reaction to the perceived inaccessibility and sterility of modernist classical music of such ... |
John Cage, and others among the avant-garde. The earliest minimalist composers included LaMonte Young, who had studied under Schoenberg and incorporated elements of serialism in his early minimalist works, and Terry Riley, who was largely influenced in his composition by the repetitiveness of Indian music and rock musi... |
and 'highbrow' music, which had been separated since the rise of modernism. By the 1970s, avant-garde rock and pop musicians (such as Suicide and Throbbing Gristle) had become interested in electronic instrumentation, the use of Eastern rhythms and unconventional instruments (for example the use of the sitar by the Bea... |
as the music of The Velvet Underground, Tangerine Dream, and Kraftwerk). Tape loops also prefigured the use of 'sampling' in techno music and house music, and the 'scratching' of hip-hop. Moreover the 'ironic' 'cut and paste' approach of Stockhausen's later work (which used elements from both 'high' and 'low' art) was ... |
the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s: see, for example, Frank Zappa or The Residents. (See contemporary music). It should also be noted that postmodern jazz has also been highly influential on contemporary pop/rock music. This has developed from two main sources, the innovations of Charlie Parker in the immediate post-war perio... |
his serial work as his pre-WWI 'atonal' style, where all forms of tonality were abandoned. The merging of these two traditions led to the development of free Jazz in the 1950s by Ornette Coleman who went onto inspire a new generation of musicians in the 1960s and 1970s: for example, John Coltrane, Albert Ayler and Sun ... |
hugely influential on many avant-garde rock musicians: for example Captain Beefheart, and, in a completely different way The Stooges and Lou Reed (who eventually worked with Coleman in 2003 on the Raven album). These artists themselves were influential on a generation of punk musicians in the 1970s and 1980s (see for e... |
the 1970s Miles Davis repaid the compliment by incorporating elements of funk and rock into his sound, most notably on his Bitches Brew album. Again, this has been hugely influential on contemporary rock and jazz. The postmodern musical condition: the condition of music in postmodernity As a musical condition, postmode... |
present period, where music has become valued primarily a commodity and a culture, rather than a form of idealized modernist expression for its own sake. Some authors have suggested that the transition in music from modern to postmodern occurred in the late 1960s, influenced in part by psychedelic music and the late Be... |
the postmodern condition continued with the advent of disco, punk rock, heavy metal, hip-hop, and a newly-commodified country music. The difference between modern music and postmodern music then is that modernist music was characterized by a focus on musical fundamentals and expression. In postmodern music, however, th... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.