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cholesterol. These healthier fats usually stay liquid at room temperature, and are found in most vegetable oils. Good fats are also found in avocados, some fish, and nuts. Saturated fats and trans fats are not good choices. They can clog up the arteries that carry blood to your heart. Most of these fats stay solid at r... |
meats, and baked goods. Just like there are several sources of fats, there are also several sources of carbohydrate. Carbohydrate is found in many foods. It provides fuel for our heart, brain and muscles. But, as with fats, some carbs are better than others. And if you have diabetes or pre-diabetes, controlling carbohy... |
sugar may rise too high. The best carbs provide fiber. Fiber can help lower cholesterol. We can get fiber from fruits, vegetables and beans, as well as whole grain products -- whole wheat pastas and breads, and brown rice. It’s best to eat at least three ounces of whole grains per day. Check the food’s packaging to mak... |
not-so-good carbohydrate, like white flour and white sugar, is usually higher in calories and has little nutritional value. For too many of us, these make up too large a part of what we eat and drink everyday. Choosing less white bread and fewer soft drinks and sweets is a move in the right direction. Fats and carbohyd... |
Vitamin B12, also called cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin. Water-soluble vitamins are stored in the body in very limited amounts and are excreted through the urine. Therefore, it is a good idea to have them in your daily diet. Vitamin B12, the most complex of the vitamins, contains the metal cobalt, in its structu... |
|Age Group (in years)|| Recommended Dietary Allowance Most diets provide adequate B12; deficiency is often a result of absorption problems. In the stomach's acidic environment and through the action of the enzyme pepsin, vitamin B12 is released from food. People who do not have enough stomach acid (such as those taking... |
B12 from food. People with this problem, however, absorb B12 supplements without difficulty. Two proteins are also important for the vitamin's absorption and transport: intrinsic factor (IF) and R proteins. A B12 deficiency can result if there are any problems with pepsin, IF, or R proteins. Reduced secretion may occur... |
to a condition called pernicious anemia. People with pernicious anemia have trouble absorbing B12 supplements and may need either very high doses or injections. Symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency include the following: Vitamin B12 has a very low potential for toxicity. The tolerable upper intake level (UL) for vitamin ... |
This does not mean that there is no potential for adverse effects resulting from high intakes. Because data is limited, caution should be used when supplementing. No symptoms of vitamin B12 toxicity have been reported. Vitamin B12 can be found in animal products, such as fish, meat, poultry, eggs, and milk. Some foods ... |
populations may be at risk for vitamin B12 deficiency and may require a supplement: Megaloblastic anemia can occur as a result of either a folate deficiency or a vitamin B12 deficiency. Supplementing with folate can correct this anemia. But, it will not correct the B12 deficiency. Permanent nerve damage can result if a... |
have megaloblastic anemia, talk with your doctor about assessing your B12 status as well as your folate status. Here are tips to help increase your intake of vitamin B12: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics American Society for Nutrition Centre for Science in the Public Interest Andres E, Federici L, Affenberger S, et a... |
Through the Hebrew Catholic Year, by Judy Bratten The most well-known and elaborate of the Jewish feasts, Pesach commemorates the miraculous exodus of the Jewish people from the land of Egypt under the leadership of Moses. It is also a springtime celebration, provoking a flurry of cleaning in the traditional |
Jewish home as the mother removes all trace of leaven and prepares for the Seder, the ritual Passover meal. Passover includes the weeklong Feast of Unleavened Bread when particular foods are prohibited while other symbolic foods are eaten. The Hagaddah, a collection of scripture readings, prayers, rabbinical commentari... |
poetry is the guide for the Seder and sets the tone for the entire eight days. The Feast of First Fruits, which occurs during Passover, was a feast of thanksgiving in biblical times for the first grain of the season. With its direct association with Easter, Passover is a very |
special holiday in our family. It is also a time of spring cleaning, a culmination of our Lenten purifications. We always invite guests to our seders so they can see for themselves the origins of the Mass. Our family prefers to use a traditional Jewish Hagaddah for the Seder, commenting |
frequently on the significance of many of the prayers and Messianic symbols and prophecies. We enjoy preparing the special foods: charoseth, bitter herbs, roasted eggs, etc. We made our own Matzoh Tash with three compartments for the three matzohs used during the Seder, a clear symbol of the Trinity. And |
we have plenty of matzoh, matzoh brei (fried matzoh), knoedlech (matzoh balls) and sponge cake (with matzoh flour). Recipes are available in any Jewish cookbook. (Ed. For the first two nights of Passover, we recommend the Hagaddahs available here or a traditional Jewish Hagaddah, available from regular book stores. The |
AHC has not yet produced a Hagaddah for Passover.) This abbreviated service may be used on the other nights of Passover. Mother lights candles and says: Blessed art Thou, O Lord our God, King of the Universe, Creator of the radiance of fire. Father: Blessed art Thou, O Lord our |
God, King of the Universe, who has sanctified these days and has sanctified thy people. All: Blessed art thou, O Lord our God, King of the Universe, who has preserved us alive, sustained us and brought us to enjoy this season. Amen. Child: We praise thee, O Lord, for as |
we eat this matzoh, the bread of affliction, we remember the Seder meal when Yeshua transformed the bread into His body. Father: Blessed art Thou, O Lord our God, King of the Universe, who gives us the fruits of the earth. All: Amen. (All eat some matzoh) Child: We praise |
thee, O Lord, for as we drink the cup of Passover deliverance, we remember that Seder meal when Yeshua transformed the cup of redemption into His blood. Father: (raising a cup of wine) Blessed art Thou, O Lord our God, King of the Universe, who createst the fruit of the |
vine. All: Amen (everyone sip from the cup) Father: The name of the Eternal be blessed from now unto eternity. All: Blessed be He of whose gifts we partake and by whose goodness we exist. Father: May He who is most merciful make us worthy to behold the day of |
the Messiah and eternal life. He gives great salvation through His Son, Yeshua His anointed. May He who maketh peace in high heavens grant peace to us and all Israel. We ask this in the name of Yeshua, Thy Son, who lives and reigns with Thee and Ruach haKodesh, one |
1. Tolkien's Usage of "Thou" and "Thee" I. Thou, Thee I grew up in a religiously conservative environment, of the Protestant sort. As this was some decades ago, the preferred |
Bible version was, of course, the King James. By reading and studying the Bible, and memorizing parts of it, I acquired an intuitive familiarity with the archaic language in use |
500 years ago, before I ever read The Lord of the Rings, or heard of Tolkien. I say "intuitive", because I absorbed the proper grammatical usage without understanding. As "Thou" |
and "Thee" were used mostly for God, and often capitalized, to boot, I associated them with formal usage, and "you, you" with ordinary usage. When I first read LOTR, and |
dived into the appendices, at about age thirteen, I was quite puzzled by Tolkien's reference to "thou, thee" as familiar as opposed to the formal "you, you". It was only |
when I took high school German, and later Spanish and French, that I realized "thou, thee" were cognates for "du, dich", "tu, ti", "tu, te", all of which are familiar. |
"You, you" in English were at one time plural or formal, but have gradually displaced "thou, thee". Why am I putting these pronouns in quoted pairs? Not only that, I |
have "you, you" as a pair, when they're the same word, right? Not really. At one time, English, like many other languages, had a case system for all its nouns—they |
would change form depending on usage in the sentence, whether nominative (subject) or accusative (object). The pronouns are the only ones left that retain cases—"I, me", "she, her", "they, them". |
"You" however, is used for both nominative and accusative. Here is where I believe some writers, in an effort to give a sense of intimate, familiar, or even derogatory speech, |
have misinterpreted Tolkien's commentary on usage. In LOTR, Appendix F, II On Translation, Tolkien wrote in a footnote: In one or two places an attempt has been made to hint |
at these distinctions by an inconsistent use of thou. Since this pronoun is now unusual and archaic it is employed mainly to represent the use of ceremonious language; but a |
change from you to thou, thee is sometimes meant to show, there being no other means of doing this, a significant change from the deferential, or between men and women |
normal, forms to the familiar. When I first read it, I was already familiar with the correct grammatical usage of "thou, thee", so I read the pertinent sentence thus: ...a |
change from you to [thou, thee] is sometimes meant to show ... a significant change from the deferential ... forms to the familiar. It seems some authors read the sentence |
like this: ...a change from [you to thou], [thee is sometimes meant to show ... a significant change from the deferential ... forms to the familiar]. apparently interpreting this sentence |
to mean "thou" is deferential or formal, and "thee" is familiar. From my understanding of archaic English, this is not what Tolkien intended. He surely, as a linguist, and expert |
on the various stages through which our language passed, was intimately familiar with the accurate, historical usage of pronouns in the English of the times when "thou" and "thee" were |
in use. I have pulled out a few quotes from LOTR using "thou" and / or "thee". TT, Book III - Chapter 5 The White Rider Lock-bearer, wherever thou goest |
my thought goes with thee. But have a care to lay thine axe to the right tree! TT, Book III - Chapter 6 The King of the Golden Hall The |
king now rose, and at once Éowyn came forward bearing wine. 'Ferthu Théoden hál!' she said. 'Receive now this cup and drink in happy hour. Health be with thee at |
thy going and coming!' ROTK, Book V - Chapter 2 The Passing of the Grey Company The days are short. If thou art in haste, remember the Paths of the |
Dead.' The days now are short. Either our hope cometh, or all hope's end. Therefore I send thee what I have made for thee. Fare well, Elfstone!' Then Isildur said |
to their king: "Thou shalt be the last king. And if the West prove mightier than thy Black Master, this curse I lay upon thee and thy folk: to rest |
never until your oath is fulfilled. For this war will last through years uncounted, and you shall be summoned once again ere the end." 'Nor would I,' he said. 'Therefore |
I say to you, lady: Stay! For you have no errand to the South.' 'Neither have those others who go with thee. They go only because they would not be |
parted from thee - because they love thee.' Then she turned and vanished into the night. But she said: 'Aragorn, wilt thou go?' 'I will,' he said. 'Then wilt thou |
not let me ride with this company, as I have asked?' 'I will not, lady,' he said. 'For that I could not grant without leave of the king and of |
your brother; and they will not return until tomorrow. But I count now every hour, indeed every minute. Farewell!' Then she fell on her knees, saying: 'I beg thee!' ROTK, |
Book V - Chapter 4 The Siege of Gondor 'What is this, my lord?' said the wizard. 'The houses of the dead are no places for the living. And why |
do men fight here in the Hallows when there is war enough before the Gate? Or has our Enemy come even to Rath Dínen?' 'Since when has the Lord of |
Gondor been answerable to thee?' said Denethor. 'Or may I not command my own servants?' 'You may,' said Gandalf. 'But others may contest your will, when it is turned to |
madness and evil. Where is your son, Faramir?' 'Pride and despair!' he cried. 'Didst thou think that the eyes of the White Tower were blind? Nay, I have seen more |
than thou knowest, Grey Fool. For thy hope is but ignorance. Go then and labour in healing! Go forth and fight! Vanity. For a little space you may triumph on |
the field, for a day. But against the Power that now arises there is no victory. To this City only the first finger of its hand has yet been stretched. |
All the East is moving. And even now the wind of thy hope cheats thee and wafts up Anduin a fleet with black sails. The West has failed. It is |
time for all to depart who would not be slaves.' 'Such counsels will make the Enemy's victory certain indeed,' said Gandalf. ROTK, Book V - Chapter 6 The Battle of |
the Pelennor Fields A cold voice answered: 'Come not between the Nazgûl and his prey! Or he will not slay thee in thy turn. He will bear thee away to |
the houses of lamentation, beyond all darkness, where thy flesh shall be devoured, and thy shrivelled mind be left naked to the Lidless Eye.' A sword rang as it was |
drawn. 'Do what you will; but I will hinder it, if I may.' 'Hinder me? Thou fool. No living man may hinder me!' Then Merry heard of all sounds in |
that hour the strangest. It seemed that Dernhelm laughed, and the clear voice was like the ring of steel. 'But no living man am I! You look upon a woman. |
Éowyn I am, Éomund's daughter. You stand between me and my lord and kin. Begone, if you be not deathless! For living or dark undead, I will smite you, if |
you touch him.' ROTK, Book V - Chapter 10 The Black Gate Opens 'So!' said the Messenger. 'Then thou art the spokesman, old greybeard? Have we not heard of thee |
at whiles, and of thy wanderings, ever hatching plots and mischief at a safe distance? But this time thou hast stuck out thy nose too far, Master Gandalf; and thou |
shalt see what comes to him who sets his foolish webs before the feet of Sauron the Great. I have tokens that I was bidden to show to thee - |
to thee in especial, if thou shouldst dare to come.' ROTK, Book VI - Chapter 6 Many Partings Then Éowyn looked in the eyes of Aragorn, and she said: 'Wish |
me joy, my liege-lord and healer!' And he answered: 'I have wished thee joy ever since first I saw thee. It heals my heart to see thee now in bliss.' |
In the above quotes, some use only one or the other. The shortest that uses both "thou" and "thee" is Galadriel's message to Gimli— Lock-bearer, wherever thou goest my thought |
goes with thee. But have a care to lay thine axe to the right tree! Note that "thou" is in the position of subject and "thee" in that of object |
(object of the preposition, rather than of the verb, but it would be the same). If you read through all the quotes, you'll find that this is absolutely consistent—"thou" is |
subject and "thee" is object. If you have difficulties figuring out which is which, recast the sentence using "he, him" or "she, her", which are "subject, object" as well. For |
example: wherever he goes my thought goes with him. Note also, in the conversations between Aragorn and Éowyn in The Passing of the Grey Company, he uses "you" or "your" |
in addressing her, that is, polite usage, while she uses the intimate "thou" and "thee". Aragorn keeps her linguistically at arm's length, and she's trying to get closer to him. |
Contrast this to Aragorn's usage at Éowyn and Faramir's trothplighting, in Many Partings, where he addresses her familiarly with "thee". Again, in the Gandalf / Denethor conversations, Gandalf consistently uses |
the polite, deferential "you" (both subject and object), while Denethor talks down to him, using "thou, thee" in a derogatory fashion, as to an inferior or servant. Ditto with Sauron's |
Messenger. Interestingly, in the bit about Isildur: Then Isildur said to their king: "Thou shalt be the last king. And if the West prove mightier than thy Black Master, this |
curse I lay upon thee and thy folk: to rest never until your oath is fulfilled. For this war will last through years uncounted, and you shall be summoned once |
again ere the end." Isildur switches from "thee" and "thou" when addressing the king, his vassal and inferior, to "you", not as a polite form, but as a plural form, |
including the king's folk in the curse. I also went and dug up some Shakespeare, who switches back and forth between "thou, thee" and "you, you", as well. From Shakespeare, |
here's Sonnet 18, which uses "thou, thee": Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of |
May, And summer's lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimmed, And every fair from fair |
sometime declines, By chance, or nature's changing course untrimmed: But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st, Nor shall death brag thou wand'rest |
in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st, So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to |
thee. In his plays, the different usage for familiar / derogatory and polite / plural is also quite evident. And, from the King James Version: 16 And Ruth said, Intreat |
me not to leave thee, or to return from following after thee: for whither thou goest, I will go; and where thou lodgest, I will lodge: thy people shall be |
my people, and thy God my God: 17 Where thou diest, will I die, and there will I be buried: the LORD do so to me, and more also, if |
ought but death part thee and me. Of course, throughout the Bible, you can find many instances of "thou, thee". A curious phenomenon is the "Quaker thee", in which "thee" |
is used as subject, as well as object, sometimes even as possessive! This was an artificial construct, promoted by a leader of the Quakers, to preserve "plain speaking", or humility |
and equality in language. They used third-person verb inflections, however—"Thee is" or "Thee has". II. Thy, Thine The possessives "thy" and "thine" are similar, and rather easier, once you have |
a grip on "thou, thee". They work almost like "my" and "mine". "Is this thy book?" "No, it is thine. The other book is mine." There is an exception, which |
shows up in the Galadriel quote—Lock-bearer, wherever thou goest my thought goes with thee. But have a care to lay thine axe to the right tree! Notice that instead of |
"thy axe", she uses "thine axe". This is because "axe" begins with a vowel; that is, it follows the same rule as "a, an"—"a book", "an apple". In archaic English, |
"my, mine" would have behaved the same way. If you are familiar with The Battle Hymn of the Republic, recall that it starts with "Mine eyes have seen...". III. Doth, |
Dost Here's just a bit on verb inflections, as the web resources are many. In general, "thou" requires the verb to take the "-st" or "est" ending (with a couple |
of exceptions), while "she", "he", "it" and all other third person singular nouns might lead to "-th" or "-eth". Notice that Tolkien doesn't typically go that far—he limits his archaicisms |
to the "thou", etc.: Lock-bearer, wherever thou goest my thought goes with thee. But have a care to lay thine axe to the right tree! Here, he uses the archaic |
"thou goest" alongside the more modern "my thought goes", instead of the archaic "my thought goeth". The LOTR quotes above use a number of verbs with "thou", most in the |
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