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military joint chiefs and the civilians to whom they reported. Describing the relationship of the Kennedy administration and the military establishment, author Walter S. Poole says: “During 1961-1962, relations between the JCS and their civilian superiors were often awkward and even confrontational” particularly betwee... |
policy being espoused by the Kennedy administration, and tensions grew. According to the author: “What most concerned the JCS was an apparent erosion of US credibility that emboldened communist leaders to pursue more adventurous policies. President John F. Kennedy and Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara pursued wha... |
Missile Crisis In 1962, the Soviet Union was losing the arms race with the United States. In late April 1962, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev conceived the idea of placing intermediate-range missiles in Cuba to double the Soviet strategic arsenal and provide a real deterrent to a potential U.S. attack against the Sovi... |
Ever since the failed Bay of Pigs invasion the previous year, Fidel Castro felt a second attack by the U.S. on Cuba was inevitable, so he agreed to host the missiles as protection. Image: Initial U.S. intelligence estimates of possible U.S. targets within range of the nuclear-capable Soviet SS-4 medium-range ballistic ... |
plane surveillance photographs if they were launched from Cuba. Credit: Bettmann/CORBIS On October 15, 1962, the National Photographic Intelligence Center confirmed that secret reconnaissance photographs from an American U-2 spy plane flight the day before were finally able to definitively prove the suspicion that Sovi... |
were indeed in place and in the process of being installed and ready in Cuba within days. In response, President Kennedy and Secretary McNamara assembled the Executive Committee of the National Security Council call “ExComm” as a task force that, together with the Joint Chiefs of Staff and experts from the State Depart... |
deter the Soviets from nuclear escalation. To Blockade, Strike or Invade? Earlier in September 1962, after cloud-obscured U-2 photos had hinted at Soviet build-up in Cuba, the Joint Strategic Survey Council had submitted a recommendation for blockading rather than invading Cuba, on grounds that a blockade would be less... |
Monroe Doctrine. In his 1823 annual message to Congress, President James Monroe had established this doctrine followed by the U.S. ever since that warned European countries not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere, stating “that the American continents… are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colon... |
commanders of the Joint Chiefs was over whether to carry out an all-inclusive attack against Soviet and Cuban forces on the island or a surgical strike confined to just attacking the missiles themselves, the nuclear storage sites, and Soviet MiG planes. Both President Kennedy and McNamara thought that an all-inclusive ... |
United States and Puerto Rico to air attack and could cause unnecessary casualties among the garrison at Guantanamo and the forces assembling for invasion. Instead, the JCS initially recommended “also hitting tactical missiles, aircraft, ships, tanks, and other appropriate targets, as well as imposing a ‘complete’ bloc... |
the Cuban Missile Crisis, October 29, 1962, 10:10-10:58am. Clockwise from left: Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy (standing); Assistant Sec. Defense Paul Nitze; Dep. USIA Dir. Donald Wilson; Special Counsel Theodore Sorensen; Exec. Sec. NSC Bromley Smith; Special Assistant McGeorge Bundy; Sec. Treasury Douglas Dillon;... |
George Ball (hidden); President John F. Kennedy; Sec. State Dean Rusk; Sec. Defense Robert McNamara; Dep. Sec. Defense Roswell Gilpatric; Chairman JCS Gen. Maxwell Taylor. Credit: Photo by Cecil Stoughton, JFK Library ST-A26-18-62 The Blues vs. the Reds Even more fascinating was the story of the war gaming techniques u... |
force split into two groups that constantly exchanged position papers and critiqued each other’s work. The “Blues,” who were to prepare the scenario for a surprise air strike, included General Maxwell Taylor, Robert Kennedy, Treasury Secretary Douglas Dillon, Director McCone, Dean Acheson, and McGeorge Bundy. The “Reds... |
who favored a blockade of Cuba (in the left column). Note that the “Chiefs” meaning the Joint Chiefs of Staff along with General Taylor are shown on the “Hawks” Strike side of his list on the right. Source: The National Security Archive In less than two days, two complete scenarios were prepared and presented to Presid... |
from the Pentagon and the State Department. From this insider accounting of events, we learn that the Chairman thought that the probable sequence of events to be green-lighted would be: a political approach; a warning; air attack on the missile sites; blockade; and, if necessary, invasion, with the earliest air strike ... |
on October 28. However, to find out exactly what happened and how the drama played out behind the scenes, pick up a copy of this fascinating book. HOW DO I OBTAIN “The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy, Vol. 8, 1961-1964”? - Buy it online 24/7 at GPO’s Online Bookstore. - Buy it at GPO’s retail bookstore at 710... |
the reagents themselves are readily available, safe, and inexpensive to both buy and dispose of. This experiment uses shredded carrots to enantioselectively reduce benzofuran-2-yl methyl ketone, yielding the optically pure alcohol. This lab illustrates the topics of green chemistry, biocatalysis, biotransformations, re... |
liquid-liquid extractions, and column chromatography. The authors also suggest that students perform the sodium borohydride reduction of the ketone to compare and contrast the ease, safety, "greenness" and stereoselectivity of the two reactions. The supplemental materials include lab procedures, lab report outline, lab... |
lab equipment, and CAS numbers. Summary prepared October 2008 by Douglas M. Young at the University of Oregon. Ravía, S.; Gamenara, D.; Schapiro, V.; Bellomo, A.; Adum, J.; Seoane, G.; Gonzalez, D. J. Chem. Educ., Print 2006, 83, pp 1049-1051. |
Aging is something that we all have to go through, and thinking about this makes all of us sad and a little scared. Aging is linked to many complex and various biological mechanisms in human body, which are irreversible and destructive. Despite numerous scientific breakthroughs and discoveries to help people look, feel... |
now, unfortunately, it is completely impossible to stop aging. At the same time, a lot has been found out about the opportunities to slow aging and help people remain in their excellent physical and mental health. A great deal of people around the world are wondering how to prevent aging and how to effectively slow dow... |
body. Below, check out 5 most important tips and rules on how to slow down aging and maintain our good health and vitality. 1. Protect your cells from free radical damage and oxidative stress. The process known as oxidative stress occurs when free radicals are in plenty in our cells, so they can not be neutralized by t... |
of antioxidants. As a result of this, free radicals go on multiplying and creating more and more of volatile free radicals which very soon start damaging cell membranes, fats, proteins, vessel walls, and sometimes even DNA molecules in cells. It was found out that oxidative stress causes over 70 chronic generative dise... |
disease, macular degeneration, and so on. In order to slow aging processes in the body, one should use plenty of natural antioxidant sources, like green tea, broccoli, tomatoes, spinach, carrots, and so on. Remember that vitamins A, E and C have clear antioxidant properties, so using natural sources of this vitamins li... |
cells in preventing cardiovascular diseases, colon cancer, cataract and Alzheimer’s disease. 2. Always monitor your heart health. Staying active is considered one of the best ways to support the function of cardiovascular system and slow aging. In addition to the known benefits of a healthy lifestyle, it was recently f... |
This substance plays a key role in preventing cardiovascular diseases and free radical damage. Make sure that your daily diet is high in healthy fats (add oily fish, seeds, whole grains, olive oil, as well as plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables) that can assist you in reducing cholesterol levels and maintaining a heal... |
cholesterol level and blood sugar level at least once per every 6 months. 3. Maintain high energy levels. To slow aging, it is very important to remain energetic and keep positive attitude all the time. Learn to reduce stresses and learn effective stress management techniques. Try to achieve balance in your life, avoid... |
of sleep and make a habit of going to sleep early. Take good time to rest, have a number of hobbies to relax your mind, and many good friends to talk to about life. Focuse on positive and take a good care about yourself. For the diet, you can use a combination of carnitine and alpha-lipoic acid as a very |
effective energy boosting mixture working on cellular level and supporting the function of cells to produce proper amounts of energy. 4. Support your vision and take a good care about your eye health. If you are wondering how to prevent aging and stay healthy for many years, you should keep in mind the importance of vi... |
part of your program to slow aging. Usually, following a healthy diet and healthy lifestyle is quite eonugh to reduce your risks to suffer from serious eye problems. It is necessary to have periodic eye exams and observe the rules of daily eye care. To support you vision, you can use such herbal remedies as common chic... |
flower (Nigella sativa), as well as enrich your diet with carotene high foods like carrots, bell peppers, spinach, sweet potatoes, and so on. 5. Do everything you can to support your memory. It is very important to stay focused, organized, and mentally active. Solve puzzles, memorize new things, develop your problem-so... |
remedies for memory support can be one of the smartest ideas to slow aging. Many herbalists recommend using ginkgo biloba as a great support for memory function. This natural remedy can stimulate blood circulation and boosts blood flow to the brain, prevents blood clots formation, and has excellent antioxidant effects.... |
disease or other dementia-like diseases.Author Info: Hi! My name is Carla and I am a 5th year medical student at HYMS. I am interested in alternative medicine and I have done months researching the topic of herbal medicine. Besides, I like interviewing people and learning more about their experiences with one or anothe... |
to contribute to this site with my knowledge, and I would be happy to help you out to the best of my ability with any specific questions or problems related to alternative medicine. |
[Viacheslav] built a keypad that uses human capacitance to detect key presses. Unlike normal keys which close a physical connection, his project detects touch through the PCB substrate. He uses the analog comparator of an AVR ATmega8 to detect the moment of zero crossing and then measures the time it takes to discharge... |
use analog comparator to detect the moment of zero crossing and the charge is evaluated by measuring time. Builtin AVR ADC probably wouldn’t be very useful here because the charge that can be built up is very small. Update: [Viacheslav] left a comment to let us know we had it wrong. Instead of using the ADC, the analog... |
As the Crossroads of the Pacific, Hawaii played a vital role in the development of both commercial and military air travel. The first flight in Hawaii occurred on December 31, |
1910. It captured the imagination and hearts of residents who dreamed of traveling by air between islands and the Mainland, Asia and Australia.On this site you'll find the incredible story |
of the first trans-Pacific flight by Navy Commander John Rodgers in 1925. Inter-Island Airways made its first commercial interisland flight in 1929, and Pan American Airways entered the trans-Pacific market |
in 1935. You'll find hundreds of historical documents and publications, and the complete book Above the Pacific written by the late William J. Horvat and originally published in 1966. This |
Tomorrow is World AIDS Day. This is an important day to recognize, not just for those of us that love to talk about sex and sexual health, but for everyone. |
But does having one day a year set aside for such an important issue really address the significance of AIDS? Claire Keeton, the senior HIV reporter at the Sunday Times |
newspaper, recently had a blog post about World AIDS Day and what this day means: “ Some people with HIV/AIDS and activists object to World AIDS Day – essentially saying |
it allows people to ignore the epidemic the rest of the year, as long as they remember it for a single day. Paying lip service. Window dressing… From my side, |
World AIDS Day does have advantages. It’s the one time of the year that all media make space for HIV/AIDS stories.” Many people still don’t know the facts about HIV/AIDS- |
like how it’s transmitted, how to get tested and how protect yourself, or that it’s not curable, though it is treatable. The goal of having a day about AIDS that |
is advertised and supported all over the world is so that more people will learn important information for their own sexual health. World AIDS Day is important and necessary. As |
Keeton says, having a day set aside ensures that AIDS is not forgotten and not ignored. But having one day a year is not enough. Hopefully tomorrow will encourage people |
to get tested and get information. But more importantly, it will hopefully encourage people to take action and educate themselves and others all year long. If this day exists to |
make sure people don’t forget about AIDS, then we can’t stop there. What happens on December 2 and for the next 364 days until World AIDS Day 2010? Let’s make |
every day a day to talk about HIV/AIDS and sexual health, to support those living with HIV/AIDS, and to make sure that in the future, we won’t need one day |
a year to tackle this enormous issue because we are always thinking about it. Don’t forget that Head & Hands is hosting a free anonymous HIV screening clinic for youth |
Obesity is a condition in which you have a high body mass index (BMI), or too much body fat for your height. Obesity is the not the same as being overweight, which is when your weight is higher than what |
is healthy for your height. In people who are overweight, the excess weight may be caused by high bone density, body structure, or excess body fat. Morbid obesity occurs when the excess body fat becomes a danger to your overall |
health. When you eat, your body stores the calories you consume for energy in your muscles and tissues. If those calories are not used, the body stores them as fat. If you continue to eat more calories than your body |
can use during daily activities and exercise, your body will build up fat stores. Obesity and morbid obesity are the result of too much fat being stored in your body. Many behavioral factors play a role in obesity, including your |
eating habits and daily activity level. Many people develop their eating habits as children and have trouble refining them to maintain proper body weight as they age. As an adult, you may be inactive at your job and have less |
time for exercise, meal planning, and physical activity. Other factors, such as stress, anxiety, and lack of sleep, can lead to weight gain. People who quit smoking often experience temporary weight gain. Women may also have trouble losing the weight |
they gain during pregnancy or gain additional weight during menopause. These rarely lead to morbid obesity by themselves, but can be a contributing factor. Genetic factors can play a role in how your body stores energy, but this relationship has |
not been fully researched. Current research is investigating the relationship between genetics and body weight. Anyone can gain weight and become obese if they eat more calories than their bodies can use. The symptoms of obesity are weight gain and |
a body mass index (BMI) above 30. BMI is an estimate of your body fat content and is calculated using your height and weight measurements. Without proper treatment, obesity can lead to other serious health problems, such as: - heart |
disease - sleep apnea (when you periodically stop breathing during sleep) Your doctor will measure your weight and height in order to calculate your BMI. Your BMI is an estimate of your body fat and is used as a primary |
screening tool for obesity. Your provider may also take a measurement of your waist circumference. These combined measurements will help estimate how much body fat you have and determine your risk of diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, and type |
2 diabetes. The acceptable percentage of body fat can vary by age, sex, and ethnicity, but typically ranges between 10 and 22 percent for men and 20 to 32 percent for women. Your doctor will provide more specific information about |
your BMI and what it means for you. BMI Ranges are as follows (CDC): 18.5 to 24.9 25.0 to 29.9 30.0 and above Calculating Body Fat Percentage A skinfold test may also be done to check your body fat percentage. |
In this test, a doctor measures the thickness of a fold of skin from the arm, abdomen, or thigh with a caliper. Your healthcare provider may also ask questions about your lifestyle to find out more about your eating and |
exercise habits. Your doctor may order additional blood tests to look for hormonal or other medical problems that could be causing your weight gain. Diet & Exercise The most effective way to lose weight is to adopt healthy eating habits, |
exercise routines, and stress management techniques. Regular exercise and healthy eating are important, and even modest weight loss will improve your health. It is also important to learn stress management tools that can be used in place of overeating or |
snacking during stressful times. You should work with your doctor and a dietician to set realistic goals that will help you lose weight slowly through diet and exercise. It may be helpful to find support from friends, family, or your |
community in order to make lifestyle changes that will lead to long-term weight loss. Weight Loss Drugs Sometimes, weight loss drugs may be prescribed. While these medications may cause weight loss, most people regain the weight once they stop taking |
the medication. There are many herbal and over-the-counter supplements that claim to help you lose weight, but many of these claims have not been verified. Surgery may also be an option to treat obesity if you have tried other methods |
for losing weight but have not been successful in maintaining long-term weight loss. It can often help reduce the risk of other diseases (e.g. diabetes, heart disease, sleep apnea) that are associated with severe obesity. Surgery may cause complications, and |
you should talk with your doctor to determine if this is an option for you. There are two common types of weight-loss (bariatric) surgeries: Laparoscopic gastric bypass: In this procedure, the surgeon will place a band around the upper part |
of your stomach. This limits the amount of food you can eat at one time by making you feel full after eating small amounts of food. Gastric bypass surgery: This surgery will change how the food you eat travels through |
your digestive tract by bypassing a portion of your stomach and small bowel. It will make you feel full when you’ve eaten less food. Obesity and morbid obesity are serious and potentially life-threatening conditions. A healthy lifestyle that includes a |
healthy diet and regular exercise are important for preventing obesity. Diet and Exercise People who are morbidly obese should avoid “fad” diets and focus instead on changing eating behaviors. Recommendations include: - adding more fruits and vegetables to your diet |
- eating smaller meals - count calories - avoid saturated fats, trans fats, and refined sugars Physical activity is good for overall health and is especially important if you’re trying to lose weight. To begin losing weight, you will need |
to do moderate to vigorous exercise for more than three hours per week. Vigorous activity raises your heart rate significantly. Examples include: - running or jogging - jumping rope Moderate exercises include brisk walking or biking, and can also include |
An episiotomy is an incision through the vaginal wall and the perineum (the area between the thighs, extending from the vaginal opening to the anus) to enlarge the vaginal opening and facilitate childbirth. During a vaginal birth, the physician/midwife will assist the fetus' head and chin out of the vagina when it beco... |
the vagina, the physician/midwife usually rotates the fetus to the side and eases the shoulders out, followed by the rest of the body. In some cases, the vaginal opening does not stretch enough to accommodate the fetus. The physician/midwife may perform an episiotomy to help enlarge the opening and deliver the fetus. T... |
head has stretched the vaginal opening to several centimeters during a contraction. Although episiotomy was a very common procedure in the past, more recent studies have found that routine or preventive use of episiotomy does not benefit the health of mother or baby. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologi... |
basis. Discuss with your physician the best treatment option for you and your baby. An episiotomy may be classified into two types: Midline or median - refers to a vertical incision that is made from the lower opening of the vagina toward the rectum. This type of episiotomy usually heals well but may be more likely to ... |
into the rectal area, called a third or fourth degree laceration. Mediolateral - refers to an incision that is made at a 45-degree angle from the lower opening of the vagina to either side. This type of episiotomy does not tend to tear or extend, but is associated with greater blood loss and may not heal as well. After... |
delivery of the baby, the mother is asked to continue to push during the next few uterine contractions to deliver the placenta. Once the placenta is delivered, the episiotomy incision is sutured. If a mother does not have regional anesthesia such as an epidural, a local anesthesia may be injected in the perineum to num... |
a tear or episiotomy after delivery. Other related procedures that may be used during labor and birth include caesarean delivery and external and internal fetal monitoring. Please see these procedures for additional information. Not all women will require an episiotomy, and assisting the tissues to stretch naturally ma... |
performed, tearing of the perineal tissues may or may not occur. An episiotomy may be used to assist in the treatment of the following conditions: Complicated birth such as a breech presentation (bottom or feet first) or shoulder dystocia (when the fetal head has been delivered but the shoulders are trapped) Prolonged ... |
vacuum delivery There may be other reasons for your physician to recommend an episiotomy. As with any surgical procedure, complications may occur. Some possible complications of an episiotomy may include, but are not limited to, the following: Tearing past the incision into the rectal tissues and anal sphincter Perinea... |
intercourse Patients who are allergic to or sensitive to medications or latex should notify their physician/midwife. If the birth of the baby occurs too rapidly, an episiotomy may not be performed. There may be other risks depending upon your specific medical condition. Be sure to discuss any concerns with your physici... |
procedure to you and offer you the opportunity to ask any questions that you might have about the procedure. You will be asked to sign a consent form that gives your permission to do the procedure. Read the form carefully and ask questions if something is not clear. The consent form for an episiotomy may be included as... |
the general consent for your delivery. Notify your physician/midwife if you are sensitive to or are allergic to any medications, iodine, latex, tape, and anesthetic agents (local and general). Notify your physician/midwife of all medications (prescribed and over-the-counter) and herbal supplements that you are taking. ... |
taking any anticoagulant (blood-thinning) medications, aspirin, or other medications that affect blood clotting. It may be necessary for you to stop these medications prior to the procedure. Based upon your medical condition, your physician/midwife may request other specific preparation. An episiotomy may be performed ... |
on your condition and your physician/midwife’s practices. Generally, an episiotomy follows this process: You will be positioned on a labor bed, with your feet and legs supported for the birth. If you have not been given any labor or delivery anesthesia, a local anesthetic may be injected into the perineal skin and musc... |
If epidural anesthesia is used, you will have no feeling from your waist down and no additional anesthesia will be needed for the episiotomy. During the second stage of labor (pushing stage), as the fetal head stretches the vaginal opening, the physician/midwife will use special scissors or a scalpel to make the episio... |
placenta will be delivered. The episiotomy incision will be examined for any further tearing. A local anesthetic may be injected into the perineal skin and muscle to numb the tissues. The perineal tissues and muscle will be repaired using sutures, which will dissolve over time. After an episiotomy, you may experience i... |
after birth to help reduce swelling and pain. During your stay in the hospital and at home after your baby’s birth, sitz baths (warm or cold shallow baths) may relieve soreness and speed healing. Medicated creams or local anesthetic sprays applied to your perineum may also be helpful. You may take a pain reliever for s... |
physician. Aspirin or certain other pain medications may increase the chance of bleeding. Be sure to take only recommended medications. You should keep the incision clean and dry, using the cleansing method recommended by your physician after urination and bowel movements. If bowel movements are painful, stool softener... |
tampons, or have intercourse until the time instructed by your physician/midwife. You may also have other restrictions on your activity, including no strenuous activity or heavy lifting. You may resume your normal diet unless your physician/midwife advises you differently. Your physician/midwife will advise you when to... |
the following: Bleeding from the episiotomy site Foul-smelling drainage from the vagina Fever and/or chills Severe perineal pain Your physician/midwife may give you additional or alternate instructions after the procedure, depending on your particular situation. The content provided here is for informational purposes o... |
professional medical advice you receive from your physician. Please consult your physician with any questions or concerns you may have regarding your condition. This page contains links to other Web sites with information about this procedure and related health conditions. We hope you find these sites helpful, but plea... |
You may have heard that there are several kinds of fats. But how do we know which to avoid, and which are okay to eat? We need some fat in our diets. Fats provide energy. They help build hormones and cells. While all fats are high in calories, some fats are better choices than others. Choose unsaturated fats. They can ... |
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