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water over the burn (do not use ice). Call your doctor immediately. Fireworks are meant to be enjoyed, but you'll enjoy them much more knowing your family is safe. Take extra precautions this Fourth of July and your holiday will |
Kawasaki disease is an illness that involves the skin, mouth, and lymph nodes, and most often affects kids under age 5. The cause is unknown, but if the symptoms are |
recognized early, kids with Kawasaki disease can fully recover within a few days. Untreated, it can lead to serious complications that can affect the heart. Kawasaki disease occurs in 19 |
out of every 100,000 kids in the United States. It is most common among children of Japanese and Korean descent, but can affect all ethnic groups. Signs and Symptoms Kawasaki |
disease can't be prevented, but usually has telltale symptoms and signs that appear in phases. The first phase, which can last for up to 2 weeks, usually involves a persistent |
fever higher than 104°F (39°C) and lasts for at least 5 days. Other symptoms that typically develop include: severe redness in the eyes a rash on the stomach, chest, and |
genitals red, dry, cracked lips swollen tongue with a white coating and big red bumps sore, irritated throat swollen palms of the hands and soles of the feet with a |
purple-red color swollen lymph nodes During the second phase, which usually begins within 2 weeks of when the fever started, the skin on the hands and feet may begin to |
peel in large pieces. The child also may experience joint pain, diarrhea, vomiting, or abdominal pain. If your child shows any of these symptoms, call your doctor. Doctors can manage |
the symptoms of Kawasaki disease if they catch it early. Symptoms often disappear within just 2 days of the start of treatment. If Kawasaki disease is treated within 10 days |
of the onset of symptoms, heart problems usually do not develop. Cases that go untreated can lead to more serious complications, such as vasculitis, an inflammation of the blood vessels. |
This can be particularly dangerous because it can affect the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart. In addition to the coronary arteries, the heart muscle, lining, valves, and |
the outer membrane that surrounds the heart can become inflamed. Arrhythmias (changes in the normal pattern of the heartbeat) or abnormal functioning of some heart valves also can occur. No |
single test can detect Kawasaki disease, so doctors usually diagnose it by evaluating the symptoms and ruling out other conditions. Most kids diagnosed with Kawasaki disease will have a fever |
lasting 5 or more days and at least four of these symptoms: redness in both eyes changes around the lips, tongue, or mouth changes in the fingers and toes, such |
as swelling, discoloration, or peeling Treatment should begin as soon as possible, ideally within 10 days of when the fever begins. Usually, a child is treated with intravenous doses of |
gamma globulin (purified antibodies), an ingredient of blood that helps the body fight infection. The child also might be given a high dose of aspirin to reduce the risk of |
Sickle cell disease. It's a strange sounding name — and, no, the word "sickle" isn't related to "sick." The disease got this name because it causes blood cells to be curved or C-shaped, like the shape of an old-fashioned farm tool called a sickle. Normally, blood cells are round and |
look a bit like donuts. In people with sickle cell disease, some of the red blood cells harden and curve. They also break down faster than healthy red blood cells and can clog a person's small blood vessels. Sickle cell disease is inherited. You can't catch it from someone. It's |
most common among people of African or Hispanic descent, but it can occur in many different ethnic groups. There's no easy cure for sickle cell disease. In rare cases, it is possible to get sick enough to die, but most teens and kids are able to manage sickle cell disease |
by eating carefully and taking vitamins (especially folic acid), getting enough rest, and scheduling regular visits to the doctor — and by having supportive friends like you who let them just be themselves! What's My Friend Going Through? Your friend may be tired more often than you are or have |
trouble fighting infections. People with sickle cell disease can develop . They also may have some . Your friend also might have bouts of severe pain, caused by the red blood cells restricting blood flow. These are called "pain crises" and they can happen anywhere in the body. Pain crises |
can last anywhere from a few moments to several days or even longer. Right now, there's no cure, but doctors can give a person medications to help lessen the pain. If you want to know what it's like to have sickle cell disease, ask your friend: Your gentle curiosity may |
help your friend feel less self-conscious or less embarrassed (after all, we all can feel awkward about the things that make us feel different from our friends). If your friend doesn't feel like talking, though, don't press. Doing a little research online can help you get a sense of what |
it's like to live with sickle cell disease. Most teens with sickle cell disease have to pay extra attention to diet, exercise, and watching how their bodies respond to common infections. Some may take antibiotics to help fight off common bacteria. They might need to have frequent doctor's appointments to |
stay well. First, be there for your friend. OK, so this is obvious. But sometimes a friend may not realize how important it can be. People with chronic illnesses often feel isolated and alone, especially if their symptoms keep them out of school for stretches of time. Visit your friend |
as often as you can. Even if you aren't sure what to say, just being there to listen to music, share some quiet time together, and show your support will mean a lot. If you can't be there in person, take a moment to text, call, or IM. Set up |
a social network group so your friend can stay connected to a bunch of people. Or surprise your friend by sending a card or note through the mail. Talk about it — and listen. Most of us like to talk with people we love and trust when we're going through |
tough times. Listen, ask questions, and do some basic research on your own so you can understand more about the condition and what your friend might be feeling. Don't be afraid to ask questions of your friend's family, the doctors, and other people with sickle cell disease. Your friend might |
have to limit some of activities, especially sports, and may feel self-conscious about having sickle cell disease. Try to be understanding and remind your friend of the skills that make him or her shine — like a great singing voice or debating skills. Having a chronic illness is only a |
part of who your friend is. Encourage healthy habits. Eating well and staying hydrated is important for all of us, but it's especially important for someone with sickle cell disease. Help your friend avoid alcohol and smoking, both of which can aggravate the condition. It's a huge help to a |
friend (not to mention your own health!) when you don't drink or smoke, since people who feel like they're "different" may think they have to drink or smoke in order to fit in. Know the warning signs. Talk to your friend if you notice any of these symptoms. They may |
be signs of a serious problem: severe chest pain shortness of breath (difficulty breathing) abdominal swelling or pain any sudden weakness or loss of feeling, slurring of speech sudden changes in vision Sickle cell disease carries a (small) risk of , so it's a good idea to know the signs |
so your friend can get medical attention if he or she needs it. But don't panic, and don't let watching for danger signs get in the way of having fun together. Most problems won't be serious. Be the go-to person. Managing a chronic disease takes a lot of energy and |
your friend may tire more easily than you do. If your friend has to miss school or starts to fall behind, nominate yourself to be the point person in charge of bringing books and assignments, and keeping him or her up to date on what classmates and friends are doing. |
Take care of yourself. When a close friend has a disease like sickle cell, it can take a toll on you, too. So try to be aware of your own emotional needs. It's particularly hard to watch someone you care about endure a pain crisis — it can feel helpless |
and scary. Think about how you want to respond and talk to your friend about what's most helpful. Talk with a trusted adult about the impact this has on you, or keep a journal or write poetry or songs to get your feelings out. It can feel good to be |
You have probably seen people who have Down syndrome. They have certain physical features, such as a flatter face and upward slanting eyes. They may have medical problems, too, such as heart defects. Kids with Down syndrome usually have trouble learning and are slower to learn how to talk and |
take care of themselves. But despite their challenges, kids with Down syndrome can go to regular schools, make friends, enjoy life, and get jobs when they're older. Getting special help early — often when they are just babies and toddlers — can be the key to healthier, happier, more independent |
lives. Chromosomes Are the Cause To understand why Down syndrome happens, you need to understand a little about chromosomes. What are chromosomes? They're thread-like structures within each cell and are made up of genes. Genes provide the information that determines everything about people, from hair color to whether t... |
girls or boys. Most people have 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46. But a baby with Down syndrome has an extra chromosome (47 instead of 46) or one chromosome has an extra part. This extra genetic material causes problems with the way their bodies develop. Health Problems |
Are Common About half of babies with Down syndrome are born with heart defects, which means their hearts developed differently and don't work as they should. Usually, these problems can be corrected by surgery. Some babies may have intestinal problems that also require surgery to fix. Kids with Down syndrome |
are more likely to get infections that affect their lungs and breathing. When they do get infections, they often last longer. They may have eye or ear problems or digestion problems like constipation. Some may develop leukemia, a type of cancer. Each person with Down syndrome is different and may |
have one, several, or all of these problems. Kids with Down syndrome tend to grow and develop more slowly than other children do. They may start walking or talking later than other babies. Special help, such as physical therapy and speech therapy, can give kids a boost with their walking |
and talking skills. About 1 out of every 800 babies born in the United States has Down syndrome, no matter what race or nationality the parents are. It is not contagious, so you can't catch it from someone else. You are born with it. No one gets Down syndrome later |
in life. Now you know that Down syndrome is caused by a problem with a chromosome. You might already know that we get our chromosomes from our mother and father. Remember the 23 pairs of chromosomes — half are from your mom and half are from your dad. But doctors |
aren't sure why this chromosome problem happens to some babies. It's nothing the mom or dad did before the child was born. Anyone can have a baby with Down syndrome. But the older the mother, the greater the risk. Times Have Changed At one time, most kids with Down syndrome |
did not live past childhood. Many would often become sick from infections. Others would die from their heart problems or other problems they had at birth. Today, most of these health problems can be treated and most kids who have it will grow into adulthood. Medicines can help with infections |
and surgery can correct heart, intestinal, and other problems. If the person gets leukemia, medical treatments can be very successful. Down syndrome is something a person will have all of his or her life. But scientists continue to do research in the hope of finding ways to prevent Down syndrome |
or at least improve the health and lives of people who have it. What's Life Like for Kids With Down Syndrome? Many kids with Down syndrome go to regular schools and may attend regular classes. Some need special classes to help them in areas where they have more trouble learning. |
Their parents work with teachers and others to come up with a plan for the best way for each child to learn. Kids with Down syndrome like their playtime, too. They play sports and participate in activities, such as music lessons or dance classes. Kids with Down syndrome may look |
The complete solution for ant control. 1. Search - The queens of most species remain in the nest producing eggs and only venture out when moving to set up a new nest. The queens of Argentine ants are an exception in that they will also forage for food with the workers. This makes Argentines more invasive, as the queens... |
transported on vehicles, plants, boxes and goods of all sorts. A single queen can set up a new colony with as few as 20 workers. In most cases the nest(s) will be in warm, dry sandy soil, often under a rock, paving stone, driveway etc. The position of the nest might be given away by a stream of worker ants going back a... |
into a hole in the ground. Do not spray this entrance with insecticide yet. Spraying might serve only to induce the colony to leave and set up a nest or nests elsewhere and spread the problem. 2. 'Kill the queen/s' - First use NO ANTS GEL BAIT. Workers feed on the bait and take it back to the nest to feed the queen(s),... |
workers and larvae. Use many small amounts of bait where you see ants or have seen them in the past. Ants change their feeding habits depending on the requirements of the nest. NO ANTS GEL BAIT contains a high level of protein and carbohydrate to attract a wide range of pest species and to satisfy their needs for both ... |
small (pea sized) amount of NO ANTS GEL BAIT into the base of each of the 3 BAIT STATIONS. Fold over lid and insert the 4 nibs into the corresponding holes with a pen or pencil. Place the bait stations containing bait where ants are seen or have been seen in the past. Additional baits can be placed on dishes, clean foi... |
containers if there are many trails of ants. Ants are very sensitive to strong chemicals. All dishes or containers used to hold bait should be rinsed well with clean water and dried before use (this should not be necessary with the included bait stations). Replenish the bait regularly until you see no more (or very few... |
insecticide to eradicate the nests and to act as a barrier to further infestation. Note: White Footed Ants are less susceptible to baits as they do not feed it directly to rest of the colony. They process food and produce a sweet secretion which they feed queens and larvae with. Thus they may have filtered out the toxi... |
chance to pass it on. However, it is still worthwhile baiting first when treating for White Footed Ants. 3. Stop them with barriers – Make up NO ANTS SUPER spray. Mix 20 ml of NO ANTS SUPER CONCENTRATE into 1 Litre of clean water or total contents into 5 litres of water (once diluted use the entire preparation). It is ... |
ants getting into your home, other building or onto your deck that are usually the nuisance caused by ants. NO ANTS SUPER spray concentrate can be used to spray the nest sites after baiting and to spray around your house to prevent ants pestering you. NO ANTS SUPER surface spray will kill ants that cross the treated su... |
barrier. Many trailing ant species will detect the insecticide and avoid it. ANTS INSIDE: Cover or remove food, food utensils and food preparation surfaces. Spray or paint skirtings, cupboards bases, inlet and outlet water pipes, and anywhere ants are moving or where you have seen them in the past. Wash down food prepa... |
paths, vents, gaps around pipes and cables and other points of entry to buildings. We recommend using KIWICARE NO ANTS BAIT before spraying nest sites to prevent spreading ant problems by nest budding (colonies splitting and forming multiple new nests). Note: Some ant species, particularly White Footed ants climb trees... |
ANTS SUPER around the trunks of trees and plants close to the building and walls. Note: Some ants such as Argentine Ants 'farm' aphids and scale insects for sweet secretions and it worth treating your plants with NO INSECTS OR DISEASE SPECTRUM to control these sap sucking plant pests and deny the ants their food supply... |
NO ANTS SUPER should be sprayed at the entrance to previously identified nest sites, even if there is now no activity. Also spray all the cracks and crevices around paving, driveways, stones, and the bases of walls to prevent new ant nest being set up. Note: KIWICARE NO ANTS OUTDOORS or NO INSECTS LAWNGARD PRILLS can b... |
are a nuisance and as an additional barrier around a house or other building. The prills (granules) are sprinkled onto soil and gravel surfaces where ants are travelling and then watered in to take the insecticide deep into the soil, forming a curtain barrier. NO ANTS SUPER concentrate - 100g/L permethrin NO ANTS GEL B... |
endeavor—the eighteenth-century quest to observe the transit of Venus and measure the solar system. On June 6, 1761, the world paused to observe a momentous occasion: the first transit of Venus between the earth and the sun in more than a century. Through that observation, astronomers could calculate the size of the so... |
of the globe, all recorded during the short period of the transit. Overcoming incredible odds and political strife, astronomers from Britain, France, Russia, Germany, Sweden, and the American colonies set up observatories in remote corners of the world, only to have their efforts thwarted by unpredictable weather and w... |
another opportunity to succeed. Chasing Venus brings to life the personalities of the eighteenth-century astronomers who embarked upon this complex and essential scientific venture, painting a vivid portrait of the collaborations, the rivalries, and the volatile international politics that hindered them at every turn. ... |
scientific research. Andrea Wulf was born in India and moved to Germany as a child. She trained as a design historian at the Royal College of Art and is the author of Founding Gardeners, The Brother Gardeners and, most recently, Chasing Venus, as well as the coauthor (with Emma Gieben-Gamal) of This Other Eden: Seven G... |
has written for The Sunday Times, Financial Times, The Wall Street Journal and the Los Angeles Times, and she regularly reviews for several newspapers, including The New York Times, The Guardian and The Times Literary Supplement. |
If you click on any of the resources listed in this window, a new browser window will open to display an Internet site located "beyond" The Knowledge Loom. To return |
to the Knowledge Loom, simply close the new window that opened. Resources for Redesigning High Schools to Personalize Learning Redesign Network at Stanford University Internet Resources on Starting Small Schools |
A Starting Point: Top 5 websites with links to research on small schools Why Small Schools? Articles and studies showing the importance of small schools The Research in Brief ERIC |
digests and other research summaries Small Schools as a Systemic Reform How school districts are adopting small schools strategies The Bottom Line Research on cost-effectiveness and facilities Regional small schools |
organization Resources for High School Reform This compilation lists a variety of government, public and private groups that have demonstrated an interest in high school reform. Those organizations in boldface |
co-sponsored the New American High School Conference held in Washington, D.C., May 22-24, 1996. The Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory Serving Small Learning Communities Web-based resources that give a good introduction |
|"If I Only Had A Brain!"| The brain is usually referred to as if it were a single organ. However, the brain is a system with multiple and distinct components |
performing certain tasks for the body and mind. One such component, the Amygdala (amygdaloid nucleus), plays an important part in our emotional processes. It can jolt our bodies in fear, |
form emotional memories, helps us feel our dreams and can shape the effects of certain stress disorders and phobias. Indeed, the amygdala is where the excitement is at in our |
bodies. Amygdala is the Latin word for almond. Anatomically, it is part of our limbic system including the hippocampus and basal ganglia. This group of structures deals with motivation, learning |
and memory. The amygdala is a mass of gray matter reaching into each hemisphere of the brain. The two amygdale sit on the horn-like tips of the hippocampus. They work |
with our sympathetic nervous system to put the body in a state of “fight-or-flight”. This means the body puts all its resources towards surviving a threat. The amygdala assesses stimuli |
extremely fast and that is how we get excited – information on a potential threat is sent directly from the thalamus and our body reacts with increased heart rate and |
better vision among other effects, such as processes of the bowels being stopped. While this is occuring, the thalamus sends information about the stimulus to the cortex which, to put |
it loosely, takes a while to think about it. This dual appraisal system gets us on our feet to aid in survival. However, the cortex could determine the stimulus was |
only a harmless spooking thus signaling the amygdala an all-clear so our body can relax. The amygdala has an important role in memory. It reminds us, for better or worse, |
of past situations. Since it is so emotional, the amygdala is responsible for those persistent thoughts we wish we would forget (Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner 6.5.7). It nags us with recollections |
of painful or shocking events. Flash bulb memories are vivid in our minds where we can remember where we were and what we were doing at the moment bad news |
came. Now when I hear someone say, “I still get worked up over that old situation”, I know it is the amygdala causing physiological reactions. We need not fret too |
much however, as we can deal with persistence in memory and reframe things to help cope with lingering emotional pain (16.3.1). It’s about looking at the past in a new |
way that can facilitate emotional healing. The amygdala is central in fear conditioning. Rats who were conditioned to associate a tone with pain reacted with freezing, which is a natural |
response to a threat where they crouch down motionless. The animal’s appraisal of the tone caused its amygdala to activate the sympathetic nervous system’s physiological effects. Rats were conditioned in |
a lab experiment to get physically stressed out by a tone. But some people get stressed at the mere thought of rats! A quick trip to the Phobia List site |
tells us this is referred to as zemmiphobia. While this is a pseudo-medical term, the real fear could be based in preparedness theory, which means there is a natural reason |
to be afraid of rats who can bite and spread disease. As a result of adaptation, humans could be predisposed to fear rats. I have seen a person shriek at |
the sight of a rat – an example of the amygdala in action! Phobias are also linked to high levels of activity in the amygdala (14.2.2). A phobic disorder is |
persistent and excessive fear of specific objects. For example, this means some people can be really afraid of rats in a way that is irrational. The size of the amygdala |
can also affect our behavior. Japanese researchers have evidence produced by brain scans that a smaller amygdala is associated with anxiety in patients with panic disorder (Hayano, et al., 2009). |
The researchers first diagnosed the patients using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Anxiety disorders are number 7 on the DSM-IV list. The research states, “The basic |
conception of PD [panic disorder] is fear of panic attack and anticipatory anxiety, ‘Panic attack may happen to me’. Fear and anxiety are inseparably connected the function of the amygdala, |
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