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hard of hearing may experience improved self-esteem and a sense of independence and empowerment by becoming an independent equestrian. People with hearing impairments will develop unique ways to communicate with |
their instructor and equine partner while learning riding or driving.” (2012) Britton (1991) identified additional benefits of horse therapy to balance and coordination; Communication with a horse, which responds to |
actions, is often easier than communicating with another person, who responds to words. For example, when a rider pulls on the right rein, the horse turns to the right. If |
they pull both reins, the horse stops. If they don’t do anything at all, the horse usually will not do deaf person will need to be taught how to interpret |
the language of the horse, the horse can still compensate for sensory deficits of the rider. For example, if a horse hears something, like a loud noise, dog barking, or |
people laughing, they are able to alert the rider by responding with different body signals; Such as, raising of the head, tensing of the body, turning towards of the sound. |
As a deaf rider becomes more astute at recognizing these types of signals, it will contribute to developing an increased sensory awareness. There are also unique challenges to teaching the |
deaf to ride. Robin Hulsey writes, “Since effective communication is the key in teaching riding to anyone, regardless of disability, it is especially important in the case of a deaf |
child”. (1979). The author offers person can’t see the instructor, they can’t "hear" the instructor. An instructor will need to place themselves in the arena such that the person can |
see them as they ride. Anything that can be done to promote more effective communication with deaf students will make learning to ride easier and more enjoyable. persons may have |
a diminished sense of rhythm, teaching them concepts, such as posting to a trot, should be taught at a walk before moving to the next level. Demonstration is one of |
the most effective techniques to introduce and reiterate riding concepts. It’s important for the instructor to establish new techniques by direct communication with the deaf rider before they then try |
it on their own. I had the privilege of meeting and observing a session with a local individual who provides horse therapy to the disabled. Deb Amidon, owner of EdgeCort |
farms has been providing therapeutic services with horses since 1996. The service is offered to several different organizations in the Cortland County, New York area. There are two thirty-minute sessions |
conducted a day, twice a week. The students range widely including those who are severely autistic, mentally disabled, blind, hard of hearing, and deaf. Several of her students have gone |
to the Special Olympics with horses from her stable. In speaking with Ms. Amidon about her experiences with deaf persons she reiterated positively all of the areas identified by Vanessa |
Britton above. Students who are deaf achieve a sense of well-being, independence, and freedom through interacting with her horses. She also agreed that as an instructor teaching a deaf student |
to ride, it’s important that they see you and that you develop a language you both understand. One of the things she strives to do with all her students is |
to have them “be as independent as they can be.” (Amidon, A riding instructor does not need to be someone well-versed in American Sign Language, but they should be well-versed |
in the knowledge and techniques of teaching riding. It will be important for the instructor to establish a means of communication with a deaf or hard of hearing person, learning |
the basics of sign language and additional signs unique to riding instruction. When an instructor is able to develop a connection between the student and the therapy horse, the benefits |
of teaching the deaf to ride far outweigh the challenges. Adams, K. & Rice, S. (2011, Sept. 19). A Brief Information Resource on Assistance Animals for the Disabled. Animal Welfare |
Riding for the Disabled. London: B.T. Hulsey, R. (1979). Horseback Riding for the Hearing Impaired. Chesterfield, Missouri: Riding High, Inc. Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship (PATH) International. (2012). Benefits-Deafness. Resources, |
Industry Links, Equine Welfare. Retrieved July 5, 2012: The Guide Horse Foundation. (2005). Main web page and Frequently asked Miniature Horse Questions. Retrieved July 1, U.S. Department of Justice. (2008, |
Jan. 14). Commonly Asked Questions about Service Animals in Places of Business. Civil Rights Division, Disability Rights Section. Retrieved July 4, Websites of additional articles on Therapy horses & Service |
Rochester, NY 14623. Retrieved June 28, 2012: Dogs for the Deaf, Inc. An organization dedicated to rescuing and professional dogs to assist with hearing loss, autism, panic/anxiety, and other challenges. |
of Have you ever had a deaf or hearing impaired person? If yes, what are the unique challenges of these individuals? What has been the positive to teaching these individuals |
Can I meet them? Anything else you would like to share? Notes: Observed 4 different riders, some who had to be assisted, one who was able to ride by himself |
and understood direction and could guide the horse independently. You can learn American Sign Language (ASL) online at American Sign Language University ™ ASL resources by Lifeprint.com © Dr. William |
Akkadian is a cover term for the Semitic languages of ancient Mesopotamia, constituting the eastern branch of the Semitic family. Akkadian, the most ancient Semitic linguistic continuum attested, was written in the cuneiform script, mainly on clay tablets. It is attested from the third millennium BCE to the third centu... |
grammatical descriptions of any of the attested languages and dialects were intended primarily for didactic purposes. Research has concentrated on phonology, and, especially, on morphology, which is typically Semitic. Syntactic structures have remained The grammatical description offered in LW/M is based on the languag... |
Considering the state of the art and the frame and goals of this series, the authors have confined themselves to a brief model of the language and to defining the basic linguistic strategies of Akkadian. As such, it may also serve as a guide to Semitic grammatical All levels of the grammar of this language are treated ... |
first time: phonology, morphology, micro- and macro-syntax. Some attention is given to linguistic variation, acknowledging the (relatively small) diversity within the time-space continuum of the texts which constitute this corpus. A short description of the cuneiform script will aim at giving some idea of the problems ... |
is written with a systemic, structural conception of language in mind. It is intended first and foremost for linguists for whom the language is inaccessible for various reasons, and for Semitists whose expertise is not in Akkadian. However, Assyriologists will benefit from it as well, as this description is unique in i... |
Izre'el is professor of Semitic linguistics at Tel-Aviv University. Eran Cohen is lecturer in linguistics at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. A provisional list of corrections to Literary Old Babylonian by Shlomo Izre'el and Eran Cohen (Languages of the World/Materials, 81, München: LINCOM, 2004) can be found at |
By Jeannine Stein for TakePart.com A new study discovered just how much stress in the workplace increases your risk of a heart attack. Having a job that’s high in stress but low in power could be bad for your heart. A study released this week in the Lancet found that people who experience job strain have a 23 percent i... |
heart attack compared to their peers who have it easier at work. Researchers analyzed 13 studies that included 197,473 people who were followed for an average 7.5 years. Even after controlling for age, gender, lifestyle and other factors, the increased risk remained. The study didn’t find a cause and effect between str... |
workplace stress, the authors said, heart attacks would come down in number too. What we already know: Stress is a factor in heart disease, along with usual suspects such as smoking, diet and lack of activity. How does stress affect the heart? Stress prompts the production of adrenaline and cortisol, which can boost bl... |
if that surge surges stays elevated, over time it can result in damage to the body’s systems and organs. A 2010 study in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism linked high cortisol levels to a substantial increase in death rates from heart attack and stroke. How stressed are we? A 2010Galluppoll found that ... |
environments, they were least happy about workplace stress. A 2011 Stress in the Workplace report from the American Psychological Association found that 36 percent of people surveyed said they usually feel stressed out or tense during the workday, and 49 percent said their low pay has a pretty strong influence on that ... |
of health problems, many health experts argue that it’s become a public health issue. What this means for you: Although factors like smoking and being a couch potato may have a bigger impact on heart disease than stress, stress shouldn’t be ignored. The Mayo Clinic recommends being proactive about stressors such as lac... |
five or 10-minute break to clear your head and shake off some anxiety can go a long way in easing tension. Environmental News from Living Green Magazine – Where Green Is Read |
How a microwave oven works Ever wondered exactly how a microwave oven heats your food? EngineerGuy Bill Hammack has you covered. A professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at |
the University of Illinois, US, Hammack goes by the moniker "EngineerGuy" online, demystifying complicated mechanical concepts. His explanation of the microwave oven, below, is fascinating, breaking down the components that |
|U.S. Naval Observatory||Earth Orientation Department| In 1956, following several years of work, two astronomers at the U. S. Naval Observatory (USNO) and two astronomers at the National Physical Laboratory (Teddington, England) determined the relationship between the frequency of the Cesium |
atom (the standard of time) and the rotation of the Earth at a particular epoch. As a result, they defined the second of atomic time as the length of time required for 9 192 631 770 cycles of the Cesium |
atom at zero magnetic field. The second thus defined was equivalent to the second defined by the fraction 1 / 31 556 925.9747 of the year 1900. The atomic second was set equal, then, to an average second of Earth |
rotation time near the end of the 19th century. The Rapid Service/Prediction Center of the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS), located at the U.S. Naval Observatory, monitors the Earth's rotation. Part of its mission involves the determination of a time |
scale based on the current rate of the rotation of the Earth. UT1 is the non-uniform time based on the Earth's rotation. The Earth is constantly undergoing a deceleration caused by the braking action of the ocean tides. Through the |
use of ancient observations of eclipses, it is possible to determine the deceleration of the Earth to be roughly 2 milliseconds per day per century. This is an effect which causes the Earth's rotational time to slow with respect to |
the atomic clock time. Since it has been about 1 century since the defining epoch (i.e., the duration since 1900), the difference has accumulated to roughly 2 milliseconds per day. Other factors also affect the Earth's dynamics, some in unpredictable |
ways, so that it is necessary to monitor the Earth's rotation continuously. In order to keep the cumulative difference in UT1-UTC less than 0.9 seconds, a leap second is inserted periodically in the atomic UTC time scale to decrease the |
difference between the two. This leap second can be either positive or negative depending on the Earth's rotation. Since the first leap second in 1972, all leap seconds have been positive (click here for a list of all announced leap |
seconds). This reflects the general slowing trend of the Earth due to tidal braking. Confusion sometimes arises over the misconception that the occasional insertion of leap seconds every few years indicates that the Earth should stop rotating within a few |
millennia. The confusion arises because some mistake leap seconds as a measure of the rate at which the Earth is slowing. The one-second increments are, however, indications of the accumulated difference in time between the two systems. As an example, |
the situation is similar to what would happen if a person owned a watch that lost two seconds per day. If it were set to a perfect clock today, the watch would be found to be slow by two seconds |
tomorrow. At the end of a month, the watch will be roughly a minute in error (thirty days of the two second error accumulated each day). The person would then find it convenient to reset the watch by one minute |
to have the correct time again. This scenario is analogous to that encountered with the leap second. The difference is that instead of resetting the clock that is running slow, we choose to adjust the clock that is keeping a |
uniform, precise time. The reason for this is that we can change the time of an atomic clock while it is not possible to alter the Earth's rotational speed to match the atomic clocks. Currently the Earth runs slow at |
roughly 2 milliseconds per day. After 500 days, the difference between the Earth rotation time and the atomic time would be one second. Instead of allowing this to happen a leap second is inserted to bring the two times closer |
together. The decision of when to introduce a leap second in UTC is the responsibility of the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS). According to international agreements, first preference is given to the opportunities at the end of December and June, |
and second preference to those at the end of March and September. Since the system was introduced in 1972, only dates in June and December have been used. The official United States time is determined by the Master Clock at |
the U. S. Naval Observatory (USNO). The Observatory is charged with the responsibility for precise time determination and management of time dissemination. Modern electronic systems, such as electronic navigation or communication systems, depend increasingly on precise time and time interval |
(PTTI). Examples are the ground-based LORAN-C navigation system and the satellite-based Global Positioning System (GPS). Navigation systems are the most critical application for precise time. GPS, in particular, is widely used for navigating ships, planes, missiles, trucks, and cars anywhere |
on Earth. These systems are all based on the travel time of electromagnetic signals: an accuracy of 10 nanoseconds (10 one-billionths of a second) corresponds to a position accuracy of about 3 meters (or 10 feet). Precise time measurements are |
needed for the synchronization of clocks at two or more sites. Such synchronization is necessary, for example, for high-speed communications systems. Power companies use precise time to control power distribution grids and reduce power loss. Radio and television stations require |
precise time (the time of day) and precise frequencies in order to broadcast their transmissions. Many programs are transmitted from coast to coast to affiliate stations around the country. Without precise timing the stations would not be able to synchronize |
the transmission of these programs to local audiences. All of these systems are referenced to the USNO Master Clock. Very precise time is kept by using atomic clocks. The principle of operation of the atomic clock is based on measuring |
the microwave resonance frequency (9,192,631,770 cycles per seconds) of the cesium atom. At the Observatory, the atomic time scale (AT) is determined by averaging 60 to 70 atomic clocks placed in separate, environmentally controlled vaults. Atomic Time is a very |
uniform measure of time (one tenth of one billionth of a second per day). The USNO must maintain and continually improve its clock system so that it can stay one step ahead of the demands made on its accuracy, stability |
and reliability. The present Master Clock of the USNO is based on a system of some 60 independently operating cesium atomic clocks and 7 to 10 hydrogen maser atomic clocks. These clocks are distributed over 20 environmentally controlled clock vaults, |
to ensure their stability. By automatic inter-comparison of all clocks every 100 seconds, a time scale is computed which is not only reliable but also extremely stable. Its rate does not change by more than about 100 picoseconds (.0000000001 seconds) |
per day from day to day. On the basis of this computed time scale, a clock reference system is steered to produce clock signals which serve as the USNO Master Clock. The clock reference system is driven by a hydrogen |
maser atomic clock. Hydrogen masers are extremely stable clocks over short time periods (less than one week). They provide the stability and reliability needed to maintain the accuracy of the Master Clock System. Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) is used |
to determine Universal Time (UT1) based on the rotation of the Earth about its axis. VLBI is an advanced astronomical technique of observing extra-galactic sources (typically quasars) with radio telescopes. The information gained using VLBI can be used to generate |
images of the distant radio sources, measure the rotation rate of the Earth, the motions of the Earth in space, or even measure how the tectonic plates where the telescopes are located are moving on the surface of the Earth. |
Measuring the Earth's rotational motion is critical for navigation. The most accurate navigation systems rely on measurements using satellite systems which are not tied to the Earth's surface. These systems can provide a position accurate to a about a meter |
(few feet), but the position of the Earth relative to the satellites must also be known to avoid potentially far larger errors. The U.S. Naval Observatory has been in the forefront of timekeeping since the early 1800s. In 1845, the |
Observatory offered its first time service to the public: a time ball was dropped at noon. Beginning in 1865 time signals were sent daily by telegraph to Western Union and others. In 1904, a U.S. Navy station broadcast the first |
worldwide radio time signals based on a clock provided and controlled by the Observatory. A time of day announcement can be obtained by calling 202-762-1401 locally in the Washington area. For long distance callers the number is 900-410-TIME. The latter |
number is a commercial service for which the telephone company charges 50 cents for the first minute and 45 cents for each additional minute. Australia, Hong Kong, and Bermuda can also access this service at international direct dialing rates. You |
Map-making has often adapted technologies designed for purposes other than making maps. I recall Scitex hardware as the state-of-the-art in large format color computer mapping in the early 1980s when |
I was first learning cartography. Cartography applications were developed when Scitex, its origins in designing and printing textiles, noticed “the similarity between printing large fabric surfaces and coloring topographic surfaces.” |
(PDF source). Step back a few generations and we find the then ubiquitous typewriter adapted to making maps by DIY cartographers. It is not difficult to find old DIY maps |
that used a typewriter to create type, like this 1950s map (below) of Camp Tonkawa in east Texas (source). This is a sketch map that was run through a typewriter |
for typographic annotations: A more sophisticated DIY approach to typing maps was detailed by R. A. Daly in the March 1905 issue of the American Journal of Science. Daly describes |
a typewriter with special characters – examples shown in the graphic which heads this posting – for creating area patterns on maps: It is safe to say that the majority |
of persons are seriously hampered in the preparation of text illustrations by the difficulty and expense entailed in the tedious drawing of map, section or diagram. Yet the desirability of |
greatly increasing the proportion of such illustrations in the thousands of scientific articles published each year is manifest. That clearness, precision and conciseness in the exposition of a theme are |
generally enhanced by the use of abundant, appropriate diagrams and maps is as evident as that the blackboard is the constant friend of the teacher. Ideally, the author should himself |
be able to make the original drawing quickly, neatly and artistically. The usual execution of drawing with the pen is, to the average author, discouragingly slow and expensive, not always |
neat, and still less often artistic. The following note relates to some experiments made to increase rapidity and neatness in the production of line drawings by the use of a |
machine. Enough success has been attained to warrant the recommendation of the machine method to geologists, geographers, and others. Recently the Hammond Typewriter Company of New York has constructed, for |
the Geological Survey Department of Canada, a typewriter provided with a carbon ribbon and with ninety special characters designed for the preparation of line drawings to accompany geological and geographical |
papers. It is to be understood, of course, in the preparation of a diagram that an outline drawing is first prepared, and that the spaces thus formed are filled with |
the symbols shown in the legends, by means of the machine. The earliest printed computer maps, such as the map below created with SYMAP software in the mid-1960s, used a |
line printer. Line printers were, more or less, a typewriter adapted to printing from a computer. Computer output, on monitors and printers, was limited to typical typewriter characters – letters, |
numbers, and symbols such as + or = or %. These limited symbols could be used to create area patterns on maps. A modification of the line printer hardware allowed |
the overprinting of characters, the darkest being overprinted OXAV ranging down to a “-” for the lightest area pattern. The table below provides the overprint line printer symbols for a |
nine step range of grey tones: The output was actually less sophisticated than the output from the 1905 map typewriter given the limited symbology of the line printer: A recent |
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