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ability to remove toxins and waste from the body. Since detoxification is imperative for health and to delay aging, eating occurs mainly at night. Warrior Diet program The program involves a Fat Loss Program and exercise and nutrition regimes. Fat |
Loss Program The Fat Loss program is specifically designed to - Force the body to detoxify - Improve utilization of fat as fuel - Improve utilization of carb as fuel This process helps to boost overall metabolic rate, thereby enhancing |
the body’s capacity to maximize fat loss. Exercise and Nutrition Programs Exercise and nutrition programs provide short, intense strength and aerobic exercises, along with pre-workout and post-workout meals. This approach intends to reduce fat while maintaining or improving muscle tone. |
The emphasis of the Warrior Diet program is on having large evening meals on the one hand, and shedding the “calorie counting” common to most diets on the other. The Warrior Diet by Ori Hofmekler. |
Add comment December 10th, 2012 Headsman On this date in 1900, John Filip Nordlund was beheaded with Albert Dahlman‘s axe at Sweden’s Västerås County Jail. The second-last person executed in Sweden (English Wikipedia entry | Swedish) was the author of |
an infamously fiendish murder spree aboard a ferry steamer crossing Lake Mälaren for Stockholm on the evening of May 16, 1900: shortly after the Prins Carl‘s departure from Arboga, Nordlund, armed with two revolvers and two blades, went on a |
rampage through the boat (Swedish link), shooting or stabbing everyone he saw. The spree left five dead, including the ship’s captain, and several others wounded. Then Nordlund lowered a lifeboat into the water and rowed away with about 800 stolen |
kronor … and the opprobrium of the nation. Nordlund stalks the Prins Carl, from this verse pdf (Swedish). Police were able to track him from the descriptions of witnesses to a train station and arrest him the very next day. |
Their maniac would turn out to be a 25-year-old career thief, only released the month before from his latest prison stint. Although captured trying to flee, Nordlund from the first projected resignation — even relief, writing his parents that he |
would be well rid of a society he had never felt part of. Certainly the sentence was in little doubt given the infamy of the crime (Nordlund was almost lynched after arrest), and the man made no attempt to defend |
himself or mitigate his actions in court, nor to seek mercy after conviction. Nordlund was the third person executed in Sweden in 1900 alone, but there would be no more patients for Dahlman for a decade … until 1910, when |
Sweden conducted its first and only guillotining. The country has not carried out a death sentence since. Besides being the penultimate executee in Swedish history, John Filip Nordlund is also the last man in Europe beheaded manually (rather than with |
Dr. Guillotin’s device) other than in Germany. Also on this date - 1852: Jose Forni, the first legal hanging in California - 1718: Stede Bonnet, gentleman pirate - 1541: Thomas Culpeper and Francis Dereham, the Queen's lovers - 1796: Jose |
Rutledge, Edward, 1749–1800, political leader in the American Revolution, signer of the Declaration of Independence, b. Charleston, S.C.; brother of John Rutledge. He studied law at the Middle Temple, London, and was admitted (1772) to the English bar. He returned to America and was (1774–77) a member of the Continenta... |
Congress. He later held official posts at both the national and state level. He was captured (1780) by the British at the fall of Charleston. He was governor of South Carolina from 1798 to 1800. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. |
Second of two parts. In the previous column, we toured the present-day East Cemetery on the Old Post Road. But in looking at its origin in 1830 by a town |
body called the First Located School Society, we found ourselves wandering back to 17th-century England, when the king granted his Connecticut colony a hefty slice of North America. We then |
jumped ahead a century to see Connecticut give almost all of it away to cancel Revolutionary War debts and settle a shooting war with Pennsylvania. Connecticut's consolation prize was an |
isolated fragment of its former colonial real estate holdings, more than five hundred miles west of Hartford. You've probably heard of Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, but you probably |
didn't know that it's named after the above-noted remnant of Connecticut's legacy from Charles II, which became known as the Western Reserve. Three million acres all told, it extended south |
to the 41st parallel from the shores of Lake Erie and west from the newly drawn western border of Pennsylvania. You know it today as northern Ohio. Yep, Connecticut lost |
a bunch of land but still owned a big piece of Ohio. Impressive! But what about the First Located School Society and the East Cemetery? Bear with me. After the |
Revolutionary War, a few Connecticut settlers tried to make a go of it in the Western Reserve, but severe weather, lack of supply and agricultural routes, and less-than-welcoming Indians made |
things very difficult. Connecticut, perhaps for lack of a better idea for the Western Reserve, decided to sell it. In 1795, a group of private investors picked it up for |
$1.2 million, or about 40 cents an acre. The investors sent a guy named Moses Cleaveland to survey the area, and he got to have the city, with a slight |
spelling change, named after him. Connecticut relinquished its legal authority over the Western Reserve a few years later, and it was absorbed into the Northwest Territory. Hey, we could have |
owned Cleveland! This is where the First Located School Society comes in. But first, let me explain why there's one county and several townships in Ohio named after Fairfield. As |
the 19th century approached, the Indian threat passed, and supply routes improved. More and more Connecticut families emigrated to the Western Reserve to get cheap, fertile land and live alongside |
like-minded New Englanders. The settlers naturally named their new towns after their old ones, so Fairfield and other Connecticut towns are well represented in Ohio. The westernmost 500,000 acres of |
the Western Reserve, known as the Firelands, had long ago been set aside for residents of eight Connecticut towns, including Fairfield, who suffered the loss of their homes to the |
British in the Revolutionary War. Affected families were to receive individual land grants, but bureaucracy, Indians, and the War of 1812 killed the well-intentioned project. Finally, we can finish the |
story of the East Cemetery. What did Connecticut do with that $1.2 million windfall from the 1795 sale of the Western Reserve? The legislature nobly created a Perpetual School Fund, |
to be administered by the towns through civil authorities called school societies, now extinct as public education evolved. The inaugural meeting of the First Located School Society of Fairfield took |
place on Oct. 27, 1796, "In order to form and Organize themselves in a School Society according to one Statute Law of this State." The Society immediately laid out six |
school districts. Here is how the first district was described, exactly as recorded in the original record book: "Voted and Agreed that the first District for a School in this |
Society -- to begin at Black Rock a little Easterly of John Wheeler's house, and to run Northwardly of David Wheeler's house -- and from thence to run down to |
the River Eastward to Grovers hill point -- and from thence running up the Harbour as far as to the place first Set out, -- all the Inhabitants contained within |
said Limits to be one District for a School in said Society, and to be called by the name of the Black Rock District." Five more districts were similarly defined, |
with boundaries that worked well for 1796 Fairfielders, but might be a little shaky these days. In 1830, in concert with other Connecticut school societies, the First Located School Society |
took on the task of establishing a burial ground, for the "better accommodation of the Inhabitants ..." It seems that this was an obligation legislated by the state, but why |
cemeteries would fall to the school societies is a mystery. A committee identified a plot of land in the center of town owned by Mrs. Sarah Taylor, bought it for |
$600, dubbed it the East Cemetery, and launched itself into the cemetery business. Business must have been good. Within the year, the School Society opened the West Cemetery on the |
Post Road, complete with sections for "Strangers" and "Colored People." So, it all comes together: King Charles II made Connecticut a very big North American landholder. But then, Revolutionary War |
debt and the Yankee-Pennamite Wars took most of it away but begat the Western Reserve, which begat the Perpetual School Fund, which begat the First Located School Society of Fairfield, |
which begat the East Cemetery on the Old Post Road. Ron Blumenfeld is a Fairfield writer and retired pediatrician. His "Moving Forward, Looking Back" appears every other Wednesday. He can |
H5N1 in cats 8 March 2006 At the end of February 2006 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), caused by the H5N1 virus was detected in a domestic cat found dead |
on the northern island of Ruegen, Germany. Since mid-February, over 100 birds have died on this island and tests confirmed H5N1 infection. Also in Asia, cats and other felidae have |
been occasionally found to be infected with H5N1 since the start of the poultry epidemic in 2003. Experimental studies have shown that the domestic cat can become infected with the |
virus and that cat to cat transmission is possible in principle. The virus causes respiratory disease which can lead to death in all cat species. Serological studies in several Asian |
countries suggest that dogs may also contract the H5N1 infection. Countries in Europe have advised owners of pets living near H5N1 wild bird foci to keep cats indoors and dogs |
on a leash when taken for a walk. These recent events lead to many questions by the public and pet owners to which the veterinary profession has to respond. In |
addition, there may be exposure of pet owners and veterinarians. For example, when animals infected with H5N1 (eg birds, dogs and cats) are brought to the veterinary clinic. Important are |
also the contribution veterinary practitioners can make in the surveillance of the disease for the presence of the H5N1 infection. This section provides information for the general public and professionals |
about the risk of cats contracting H5N1 virus and the role of cats in the spread of avian influenza H5N1. During a H5N1 outbreak in poultry in 1997 in Hong |
Kong, the first clinical human cases of this sub-type were reported with several fatalities. From the end of 2003 to date (March 2006) 173 people have been confirmed infected with |
the H5N1 virus of which 93 have died. Except for 1 case, human-to-human transmission has probably not occurred. Although H5N1 is relatively common to wild birds and poultry, humans and |
other mammals are also at risk of HPAI infection. Highly pathogenic avian influenza in poultry is of growing concern due to the current geographic extent comprising Asia, Africa and Europe |
showing potential for pandemic spread. The virus is highly contagious and already over 200 million domestic birds have either been culled or died of the disease. Table 1 shows the |
timeline for avian influenza in cats and other felidae. |Timeline of (H5N1) avian influenza in cats and other felidae (and civets) |1970s & 1980s ||Research revealed that infection of domestic |
cats with influenza A subtypes H3N2 from humans, H7N3 from a turkey, and H7N7 from a harbor seal (Phoc vitulina) produces transient virus excretion and a temporary increase in body |
temperature but did not induce any other clinical signs of disease. ||Two leopards and two tigers died at a zoo in Thailand after feeding on chicken carcasses. Investigation confirmed H5N1 |
in tissue samples from all 4 animals. This was the first report of influenza causing disease and death in big cats. ||Research shows that domestic cats experimentally infected with H5N1 |
develop severe disease and can spread infection to other cats. ||A H5N1 outbreak in zoo tigers in Thailand reportedly fed on chicken carcasses. Eventually, 147 out of the population of |
441 tigers died or had to euthanized for animal welfare reasons. ||Tests on three civets that died late June 2005 in Viet Nam revealed H5N1, marking the first infection of |
this species with the virus. These endangered Owston’s palm civets were raised in captivity; source of infection is still unknown. October 05 February 06 ||FAO field veterinarians report unusual high |
cat mortality in Iraq and Indonesia in the vicinity of H5N1 outbreaks 28 February 2006 ||H5N1 confirmed in a cat on the Baltic Sea island of Ruegen (Germany). Over 100 |
wild birds had been found dead on the island during previous weeks. Role of cats in virus transmission Research has shown that domestic cats may die from H5N1 virus. Also |
horizontal transmission has been proven. However, it is unlikely that cats play a role in the natural transmission cycle of H5N1 viruses. Cat infections occasionally occur in association with H5N1 |
outbreaks in domestic or wild birds, e.g. when cats feed on infected birds. Experimental/infected cats shed the virus via the respiratory and intestinal tract, and may therefore transmit the virus |
to other cats. Naturally infected cats are thus in theory, able to spread the virus. In areas where H5N1 Infected wild birds are reported it can not be excluded that |
cats become infected. Although most wild birds infected are waterfowl, not normally the species cats interact with, H5N1 is potentially infectious to numerous other bird species and it can not |
be ruled out that passerines or pigeons which do interact with cats get infected. In areas where poultry is infected with H5N1 there is a risk that cats become infected |
with H5N1 through contact with infected poultry or their faeces. Anecdotal reports support the notion that contact with infected poultry (faeces and eating infected carcasses) forms a source of infection |
for cats. Cats probably have little or no contribution to the spread of the disease because the number of infected poultry is much higher than the number of infected cats; |
poultry shed much more virus than cats. Nevertheless, cats may play a role in the spread of the virus to other animals. Report to the local veterinary authority any evidence |
of significant animal mortality both wild and domestic. Theoretically there is a possibility that cats transmit infection to humans. However, given the risk that cats become infected with HPAI is |
low, the risk to human infection is therefore limited. The role of stray cats Due to their greater mobility, stray cats could spread the disease into new areas. If infected, |
stray cats may become a source of contamination to poultry and mammals, including humans. The role of other mammals The ability of catching the H5N1 virus is not restricted to |
cats. Reports show infection in tigers, leopards and civets. Also dogs and pigs may become infected with the virus. Given the broad host spectrum of the H5N1virus, the possibility that |
also other wild or domesticated mammals including seals, mustelidae or furbearing animals, become infected by contacting infected animals is present. All carnivores could become infected through eating infected poultry or |
infected wild birds. Areas where H5N1 HPAI has been diagnosed or is suspected in poultry or wild birds: - Report to the local veterinary authority any evidence of significant bird |
mortality both wild and domestic. - Be especially vigilant for any dead or sick cats and report such findings to the local veterinarian. - Make sure contact between cats and |
wild birds or poultry (or their faeces) is avoided and/or keep cats inside. - If cats bring a sick or dead bird inside the house, put on plastic gloves and |
dispense of the bird in plastic bags for collection by local veterinary animal handlers. - Keep stray cats outside the house and avoid contact with them. - If cats show |
breathing problems or nasal discharge, a veterinarian should be consulted. - Do not touch or handle any sick-looking or dead cat (or other animal) and report to the authorities. - |
Wash hands with water and soap regularly and especially after handling animals and cleaning their litter boxes or coming in contact with faeces or saliva. - Dogs can only be |
taken outside the premises if kept restraint. - Do not feed any water birds. - Disinfect (e.g. with bleach 2-3 %) cages or other hardware in which sick animals have |
If farmers are to increase food production and food security, they need better access to agricultural support systems, such as credit, technology, extension services and agricultural education, as well as to the rural organizations that often channel other services. Both men and women smallholders and poor farmers have... |
different responsibilities and needs of men and women farmers. In spite of their enormous potential and their crucial roles in agricultural production, women in particular have insufficient access to production inputs and support services. This trend underlines the need to implement measures aimed at enhancing the acce... |
has changed as a result of market liberalization and a reduced role for the state worldwide. National agricultural extension systems are no exception to this rule, and must respond by making internal and external adjustments. Great attention is required so that the adjustments do not become detrimental to women and men... |
to the need for extension programmes that are more strategically planned, needs-based, participatory and problem solving. Women's access to and use of agricultural support systems is also severely limited by the heavy burden on time and energy that results from their triple responsibilities - productive activities (suc... |
management. In order to improve production, farmers need access to financial capital. Buying seeds, fertilizer and other agricultural inputs often requires short-term loans, which are repaid when the crops are harvested. Installing major improvements, such as irrigation pumps, or acquiring new technology that increases... |
a direct consequence of their lacking access to land, participation in development projects and extension programmes and membership in rural organizations, all of which are important channels for obtaining loans and credit information. In several countries of sub-Saharan Africa, where women and men farmers are roughly ... |
smallholders and less than 1 percent of the total credit advanced to the agriculture sector. Credit delivery can be improved by setting up microfinance institutions in rural areas and reorienting the banking system to cater to the needs of small farmers, especially women. The Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, which first pio... |
it was founded, the bank has lent more than US$2.1 billion, most of it in the form of loans of a few hundred dollars for small agriculture, distribution, crafts and trading enterprises. Numerous studies have shown that women are generally more reliable and punctual in repaying their loans than men are. A programme prov... |
women's incomes and their children's nutritional status. This is the conclusion of a study that examined the impact of a credit and education programme run by the NGO Freedom from Hunger. Men and women smallholders also suffer financially from limited access to the marketing services that would allow them to turn surpl... |
organizations are rarely geared towards either small-scale producers or the crops that women grow. Although women all over the world are active as traders, hawkers and street and market vendors, little has been done to improve transport and market facilities to support this vital economic sector. Even where rural women... |
is still difficult because they may be illiterate or lack independent legal status. Planning for action The FAO Gender and Development Plan of Action includes commitments by different Divisions of FAO to increasing the equality of access to a wide range of agricultural support systems, including markets, credit, techno... |
technology Agricultural education and extension Microcredit and education boost incomes and nutrition Astudy examined the impact of a microcredit and educational programme implemented by the NGO Freedom from Hunger. In Ghanaian villages, women who participated in the programme used microcredit loans to launch income-ge... |
month, twice as much as the women who had not taken part in the programme. Through the programme's educational component, participating women also gained valuable knowledge about their children's nutrition and heath needs. Membership of cooperatives, farmers' organizations, trade unions and other organizations represen... |
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