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farmers' associations generally make it possible for farmers to share the costs and rewards of services that they could not afford on their own. They can be an invaluable channel for obtaining technology, information, training and credit. They can also give smallholders a much louder voice in local and national decisio... |
exchange of goods and services and the access to national and regional markets. Participation in such organizations can be especially important to smallholders and poor farmers, both men and women. But women are frequently deterred from joining because membership is often restricted to recognized landowners or heads of... |
husbands or other male relatives are often considered the official heads. In many regions, women farmers' membership of these organizations is restricted by custom. Where they are able to belong to rural organizations, women often do not share equally in either the decision-making or the benefits, and are excluded from... |
attend meetings and devote the time that is necessary for full participation. Investment in labour-saving technologies to relieve the burden of women's unpaid productive and reproductive tasks is needed in order to given them more free time. In recent years there has been some success in reducing the obstacles to women... |
traditional and new women's groups to promote women's participation in rural development has grown rapidly. However, experience has shown that women's empowerment often requires a step-by-step process to remove the barriers to their membership in organizations that are traditionally dominated by men. Furthermore, it is... |
make choices and take greater control of their lives. In all regions of the developing world, women typically work far longer hours than men do. Studies in Asia and Africa show that women work as much as 13 extra hours a week. As a result, they may have little available time to seek out support services, and very diffe... |
support required. Overall, the agricultural research agenda has neglected the needs of smallholders, especially women farmers, and failed to take advantage of their invaluable knowledge about traditional farming methods, indigenous plant and animal varieties and coping techniques for local conditions. Such knowledge co... |
men and women farmers. Most research has focused on increasing the yields of commercial crops and staple grains on high-input farms, where high-yielding varieties can be cultivated under optimal conditions. Smallholders can rarely afford these technology «packages», which are also generally ill suited to the climatic a... |
areas rely on and the conditions that they face have not featured prominently in agricultural research. Sorghum and millet, for example, have received very little research attention and funding, despite their high nutritional value and ability to tolerate difficult conditions. Similarly, relatively little research has ... |
addition, agricultural tools and implements are also rarely designed to fit women's physical capabilities or work, so they do not meet women's needs. The impact of new technologies is seldom evaluated from a gender perspective. The introduction of harvesting, threshing and milling machinery, for example, has very littl... |
if all the farmers in Punjab, India, who cultivate more than 4 ha were to use combine harvesters, they would lose more than 40 million paid working days, without any increase in farm production or cropping intensity. Most of the lost labour and income would be women's. «Schools where men and women farmers learn how to ... |
by relying on natural predators.» Developing technology to meet women's specific needs can yield major gains in food production and food security. In Ghana, for example, technology was introduced to improve the irrigation of women's off-season crops. Larger and more reliable harvests increased both food and economic se... |
in agriculture, it is estimated that as many as 60 percent of households are headed by women. One of the major goals of this country's agriculture sector reform was to improve research and extension activities by focusing on the role of women smallholders. To address women farmers' needs, the project promoted women's p... |
farms. Farmer field schools in Cambodia In fields across Cambodia, men and women farmers gather every week to go to school. They are among the 30 000 Cambodian farmers - more than one-third of them women - who have taken part in FAO-supported farmer field schools (FFS). In the schools, farmers observe how crops develop... |
learn how natural predators, such as wasps and spiders, can help control pests and how the heavy use of pesticides often kills them off, leaving crops even more vulnerable. These schools emphasize the active participation and empowerment of both men and women farmers. In at least six provinces in Cambodia, farmers have... |
carrying out further field studies and experiments. More than 300 farmers have completed additional training and are now organizing farmer field schools in their own areas. «;I always knew pesticides were bad for my health,» one participant said, «but now I know for sure.» After completing the school, farmers rely more... |
of poisoning. Agricultural extension programmes provide farmers with a lifeline of information about new technologies, plant varieties and market opportunities. In almost all countries, however, the agricultural extension system fails to reach women farmers effectively. Among other reasons, this is because they are exc... |
and only 15 percent of agricultural extension agents are women. In Egypt, where women make up more than half of the agricultural labour force, only 1 percent of extension officers are female. «An FAO extension project in Honduras that focused on woman-to-woman training boosted both subsistence production and household ... |
by women. Extension services usually focus on commercial rather than subsistence crops, which are grown mainly by women and which are often the key to household food security. Available data rarely reflect women's responsibility for much of the day-to-day work and decision-making on the family farm. Nor do they recogni... |
such as home gardening, tending livestock, gathering fuel or carrying water. Extension programmes can be tailored to address women's priority needs only when men and women farmers are listened to at the village level and when such methods as participatory rural appraisal are employed. In recent years, a number of count... |
needs. In the Gambia, for example, the proportion of female agricultural extension workers has increased from 5 percent in 1989 to more than 60 percent today. Growth in the number of female extension workers has been matched by increased attention to women's involvement and priorities. A special effort has been made to... |
efforts to ensure that extension services match client needs - including giving more attention to the diverse needs of men and women farmers - led to increased use of those services, by 600 percent for women and 400 percent for men. Extension programmes that fail to take women into account also fail to address the impr... |
in productivity and food security. Furthermore, they often schedule training times and locations that make it impossible for women to participate, in addition to existing socio-cultural reasons. Recommended new approaches include the Strategic Extension Campaign (SEC), which was developed by FAO and introduced in Afric... |
small farmers to participate in the strategic planning, systematic management and field implementation of agricultural extension and training programmes. Its extension strategies and messages are specifically developed and tailored to the results of a participatory problem identification and needs assessment. Training ... |
their training, the liaisons worked with grassroots women's groups. They focused on impoverished rural areas where chronic malnutrition is widespread and 70 percent of all breastfeeding mothers suffer from vitamin A deficiency. Women involved with the project increased the subsistence production of nutritious foods. Cr... |
women's groups involved with the project sought credit through extension agencies or from the Rotating Fund for Peasant Women. The credit was used to initiate other social and productive projects, including purchasing a motorized maize mill and planting soybeans for milk. |
Resistant myzus persicae aphid threatens virus yellows control COLD weather and widespread use of neonicotinoid seed treatments combined to limit virus yellows infection in the sugar beet crop in 2011 to the extent that just 0.5 per cent of the crop was affected. Concern, however, is increasing over the developing |
risk of resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides used to control myzus persicae aphids, the virus yellows vector. Resistance has been identified in France, Italy and Spain, in myzus persicae populations associated mainly with peach and nectarine trees, where topical applications of neonicotinoids are used for aphid con... |
“If those aphids start moving north and adapt to colder climes then I worry because there is very little chemistry coming on stream to control them,” he said. Rothamsted Research work had shown these aphids were also carrying MACE and kdr resistance mechanisms, conferring resistance to pirimicarb and pyrethoids. “We |
have little in the can to actually control them,” said Dr Stevens. “There are no resistant varieties coming on stream in the immediate future and the problem we are faced with is we are not looking at one virus but a complex of up to four different viruses, making it |
a very difficult target to hit with a resistance gene,” he said. He told sugar beet growers at the conference the situation was ‘one we need to keep an eye on’. |
Food Safety for Moms to Be: Highlights - Entertaining All Year |A year-round food safety guide to help keep yourself and your guests safe while entertaining. Also available in Spanish |
> En español > Whether you're hosting or attending a shower, pot-luck dinner, birthday party, school fair, or other social event - they all involve food! Enjoy these events while |
keeping your unborn baby safe from foodborne bacteria. Use these tips to help you select, prepare, and handle food safely year-round! Preventing foodborne illness is easy as... |1. Clean||Wash hands |
Things First Always wash your hands thoroughly with soap and warm water before and after handling food. Safe Food Handling for Social Events Make food safety the center of your |
entertaining activities during your pregnancy and beyond! 4 Steps to Safe Food Shopping - Separate raw meat, poultry, and seafood from other foods in your grocery shopping cart and your |
grocery bags. Raw juices from these foods can contain harmful bacteria, which can spread to other foods. Consider placing these raw foods inside plastic bags to keep the juices contained. |
- Don't purchase foods if the "sell by" date has passed. - Transport food home right away and refrigerate perishables immediately to prevent any bacteria from rapidly growing in the |
food. - When the weather's hot, place groceries in the air-conditioned passenger compartment of your car rather than the hot trunk. Bacteria can multiply rapidly at high temperatures. |Take Note, |
Moms-to-Be! Don't include these foods on your shopping list. They're not safe for you or your unborn baby. |A Note About Listeria This bacterium that can be particularly harmful to |
you and your unborn baby and can be found in these foods: 3 Ways to Safely Defrost Frozen Foods - In the refrigerator. Cold temperatures keep most harmful bacteria from |
multiplying. - In cold water. Change the water every half-hour to keep the water cold. - Using the microwave, but cook the food immediately after it's defrosted. Note: Don't defrost |
foods at room temperature. Bacteria can grow in the "danger zone," the range of temperatures usually between 40° and 140°F (4° and 60°C). Be creative and tempt your party guests |
with an array of fun platters, but keep food selections safe. Here's how: - Heating foods to the right temperature for the proper amount of time kills harmful bacteria, so |
cook meat, poultry, fish, and eggs thoroughly. For the recommended cooking temperatures, see Cook. - Some raw eggs can contain harmful bacteria. Some of your favorite homemade recipes may call |
for raw or lightly-cooked eggs. These may include recipes for Caesar salad dressing, ice cream, custards, chocolate mousse, and some sauces. Here are safe ways to make your favorite egg-containing |
foods: - Add the eggs to the amount of liquid called for in the recipe, then heat the mixture thoroughly. - Use store-bought products of the foods listed above, which |
are often already cooked or pasteurized. - Purchase pasteurized eggs. These eggs can be found in some supermarkets and are labeled "pasteurized." Here are several types consumers can buy: - |
Fresh, pasteurized eggs in the shell (found in the refrigerator section). - Liquid, pasteurized egg products (found in the refrigerator section). - Frozen, pasteurized egg products (found in the frozen |
food section). - Powdered egg whites (found in the baking section). Refrigerate all perishables (foods that can spoil or become contaminated by bacteria if unrefrigerated) up until serving time. These |
foods include: - Finger sandwiches - Cheese chunks - Fruit salad - Foods that contain dairy products Plan a bacteria-free buffet with these helpful tips: If you're planning a buffet |
at home and are not sure how quickly the food will be eaten, keep buffet portions small. Prepare a number of small platters and dishes ahead of time. Store cold |
back-up dishes in the refrigerator or keep hot dishes in the oven set at 200° F to 250° F (-73° C to -23° C) prior to serving. This way, your |
late-arriving guests can enjoy the same appetizing arrangements as the early arrivals. Hot foods should be kept at an internal temperature of 140° F (60° C) or warmer. Use a |
food thermometer to check. Serve or keep food hot in chafing dishes, crock pots, and warming trays. Note: Some warmers only hold food at 110° F to 120° F (-163° |
C to -153° C), so check the product label to make sure your warmer has the capability to hold foods at 140° F or warmer. Cold foods should be kept |
at 40° F (4 ° C) or colder. Keep cold foods refrigerated until serving time. If food is going to stay out on the buffet table longer than two hours, |
place plates of cold food on ice to retain the chill. Keep It Fresh Don't add new food to an already-filled serving dish. Instead, replace nearly-empty serving dishes with freshly-filled |
ones. Bacteria from people's hands may have contaminated the food. Plus, bacteria may have started to multiply at room temperature. Watch the Clock Remember the 2-Hour Rule: Discard any perishables |
left out at room temperature for more than two hours, unless you're keeping it hot or cold. If the buffet is held in a place where the temperature is above |
London, July 27 (IANS) Personal computers are fast taking over the place of human beings’ long time best friend, the family dog, a British study has found. Researchers have found |
just six percent of us believe that “most people rely more on their dog than they do on their PC,” while 67 percent think the opposite to be true. Even |
38 percent of dog owners confessed to relying more on their PC than on their dog, although 36 percent disagreed. And 71 percent of 18 to 24-year-old dog owners said |
they relied more on their computer, Daily Mail reported. According to Paul Allen, editor of Computeractive magazine, which carried out the poll with the Royal Society For The Protection Of |
Cruelty to Animals, said: “These days you can even take your PC for a walk, provided you have a laptop or tablet. “It’s only a matter of time until the |
first PC that fetches your slippers.” Researchers talked to 2,000 British adults to find out about the change modern technology has brought to their home life. They found that male |
dog owners are almost twice as likely as female owners to rely on their computer than a canine companion. Allen said: “With broadband bringing them global news and newspaper sales |
falling, the family dog even misses out on the pleasure of taking the paper to his owner.” But it’s not all bad news for obedient dogs. “The family PC has |
given dog owners access to a wealth of resources and information that can help with the long-term care that a dog needs,” Allen said. “From finding the best vets to |
Due to the nature of the sport, concussions can occur in water polo. In the injury research study conducted in Athens during the Olympic Games comparing injury incidence in all team sports, it was found that water polo was one of the safest of the team sports with a relative |
low injury rate. Head injury was the most common injury suffered in water polo. As mentioned in the article by Dr. Drum, there are Guidelines available for the diagnosis and management of concussion (Prague Consensus on Concussion 2004). In answer to your question, any athlete who has symptoms of concussion |
Bali Climate conference has a message for rural community The world leaders recognised that 20% of the global emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) can be contained by forestation. The programme, Reducing Emissions From Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) aims to compensate the developing countries in the tropical regio... |
countries in return for not burning their tropical forests from 2013. REDD initiative is the need of the hour when largescale deforestation is taking place across the world for urbanisation, oil palm, soyabean and bio-fuel crop plantation. The Bali conference also stressed upon the urgent need to cut carbon and methane... |
fund to help poor nations to cope with damage from climate change impact like droughts, extreme weather conditions or rising seas. The Adaptation Fund now comprises only about $36 million but might rise to $1-$5 billion a year by 2030, if investments in green technology in developing nations surges. The fund distinguis... |
fund would have a 16-member board largely from developing countries and would start operating from 2008. Senior researchers of the United Nations Development Fund (UNDP) had urged the developed countries to urgently discuss adaptation funds as the key to solution of the problems. The Lead author of the recent UNDP repo... |
large, but actually it is only 0.2% of the rich countries GDP," he said and added that adaptation fund sourced from multilateral funding in the last two years was only $26 million—the amount spent by UK alone on flood control for a week. A group of small island communities led by Biotani Indonesia Foundation has urged ... |
corpus to cover their initiatives. The Bali conference succeeded in adopting a resolution on technology tranfer and also Its monitoring. It, however, failed address the vital issue of cut in GHG emissions and deferred it till 2009. It also postponed until next year any consideration of a plan to fund an untested techno... |
power plants that burn fossil fuels. It also failed to agree whether or not to allow companies to sell carbon offsets from destroying new production of powerful greenhouse gases called hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Benefiting factories have been the biggest winners under a UN scheme to reward companies which cut greenhous... |
India's rice output expected at 100 mn tons in 2012-13: FAO The global body on the farm sector had earlier forecast the rice output in India, the world's second largest |
producer, at 98.5 MT. This was due to late onset of monsoon rains leading to deficit in key northern and southern growing areas. FAO in its latest 'Food Outlook' report |
said that output prospects in India were marred until August by below-normal precipitation, but have since been bolstered by a revival of the monsoon rains. "As a result, the country |
is predicted to harvest 100 MT in 2012-13, 4 MT less than its outstanding 2011-12 season, but still the second best result in history," FAO said. The country had harvested |
a record 104.32 MT of rice in the 2011-12 crop year (JulyŅJune). "While the resulting replenishment of water reserves should foster an expansion of secondary rabi (winter) crop, the rains |
may have come too late for the main kharif (summer) crop to be unscathed," it added. The past few months of the 2012 season were dominated by concern over a |
possible recurrence of an El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) weather anomaly and slow progress of the monsoon rains in India, it said. "However, in August and September, India's fears were |
tempered by more generous pattern of the rainfall, and meteorological centre's predictions reverted back to a weak or neutral ENSO," it added. According to the Be the first to comment. |
Let’s start with the understanding that the Federal Trade Commission states that if scrap generated in the manufacturing process is reused for manufacturing new product, it can not be calculated |
as post-industrial recycled content, as this reuse of scrap is a part of the typical manufacturing process. So your first question when receiving post-industrial recycled content data should be, “How |
did you make this calculation, and where did the recycled waste come from?” Stakeholder demand for recycled content in building products has been largely driven by the LEED® rating system, |
and the points gained by contributing to the recycled content credit. Now, since scrap reused in the manufacturing process can not be calculated, many manufactures play a form of the |
“shell game”. If a manufacturer has multiple facilities making products that generate scrap which can be reused in all the manufacturing processes then, to calculate post-industrial recycled content, the scrap |
is just moved between facilities. Now the scrap is claimed to be diverted from landfill and calculated as recycled content. Please understand that for a recycling program to work, a |
manufacturer needs a continuous feedstock of waste material, so some of this moving around of scrap is legitimate. If the manufacturer is playing the shell game just “for the points,” |
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has warned computer users that e-mails from scam artists pretending to be FBI agents are spreading a computer virus. The e-mails tell recipients that the FBI's Internet Fraud Complaint Center has monitored their Internet use and found they have accessed illegal Web sites. The |
e-mails then direct recipients to open an attachment and complete a questionnaire. This is a bogus message. The attachment contains a computer virus. DO NOT OPEN OR LAUNCH THE ATTACHMENT. You should DELETE the e-mail immediately. As a general rule, if you receive an e-mail that you are not expecting, |
even if you know the sender, DO NOT OPEN IT OR LAUNCH the attachment and DO NOT FORWARD the message. If you are not sure, contact the sender to verify the e-mail. Otherwise, DELETE the e-mail. The Information and Network Security team has put in place appropriate protections to prevent |
Nearly half of about 67 million Americans with high blood pressure are not effectively treating their condition and face a high risk of a heart attack or stroke, a U.S. health official said on Tuesday. About 36 million people have uncontrolled high blood pressure, a condition caused when too much force is exerted by bl... |
the body and moves against vessel walls, according to a report from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released Tuesday. "The bottom line is ... most of those in this country who have (high blood pressure) don't have their numbers under control, and because of that we have a very high burden of disease... |
of the CDC. High blood pressure, a risk factor for heart disease and stroke, contributes to nearly 1,000 deaths a day and $131 billion in annual direct healthcare costs, Frieden said. The condition is the second most serious public health issue. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the country... |
with high blood pressure are either not receiving a correct combination or dosage of medication or are not keeping up with their medication. Some doctors are not warning patients who have had multiple readings of high-blood pressure, a problem Frieden said could be solved by better systems to track patients. Of the 36 ... |
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