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In 1825 the Jewish deputation was officially suspended "until the need arises for a new deputation," and the institution was thereby abolished and not renewed. However, the government continued to |
make use of Jewish representatives. In 1840 consultative committees, chosen from among "enlightened" Jews, were created and attached to governors in Kiev and five other towns. In 1844 the function |
of "Learned Jew" (uchoni yevrei) was created, meaning an expertand consultant in Jewish religious affairs attached to the district governers and responsible for education and interior affairs. J.I. Hessen (Gessen), |
Judaic Treasures of the Jerusalem was and remains the holiest of cities in the Holy Land, but Jews also gave a measure of holiness to three other cities there: Hebron, Safed, and Tiberias. The holiness of Jerusalem arises in part |
from what remains there, but more from what took place there. So it is with its sister cities. Hebron is where the patriarchs and matriarchs lived and are buried, and it was the first capital of King David. Tiberias, on |
the shore of the Sea of Galilee, was chosen by the patriarch of the Jews in the second century as his seat. The Palestinian Talmud was largely composed in its great rabbinical academy. in the environs of Safed, high in |
the Galilean hills, are the graves of the leading rabbis of late antiquity. Its stature as a holy city was enhanced in the sixteenth century, when it was the greatest center of Jewish mysticism and seat of Jewish legal scholarship. |
To gain entree into the company of the three more ancient holy cities, it called itself Beth-El, suggesting identity with the biblical site which Jacob called "The Gate of Heaven." A striking pastel-colored manuscript "holy site map" links these four |
holy cities together. Drawn and painted in Palestine in the second half of the nineteenth century, it depicts those venues which indicate their holiness. There is a suggestion of their geographic positioning, but the "map" is far more a statement |
of the place these cities hold in Jewish veneration, than of the geographical site they occupy. To pious Jewish families, such wall plaques were more meaningful depictions of the Holy Land than the most aesthetically beautiful and topographically exact representations. |
A small illustrated guide book to the burial places of biblical figures and saintly rabbis in the Holy Land, Zikaron Birushalayim, appeared in Constantinople in 1743. It tells the pious pilgrim where graves may be found and what prayers are |
to be said. Prefaced by a panegyric to the land, it cites a midrashic statement that, in time to come, when Jerusalem shall be rebuilt, three walls-one of silver, one of gold, and the innermost of multicolored precious stones-will encompass |
the dazzling city. In Hebron the pilgrim is not only directed to the holy grave sites, but also regaled with wondrous tales. One tells of a sexton of the community sent down to search for a ring which had fallen |
to the depths of the patriarchs' burial cave, finding at the floor of the cave three ancient men seated on chairs, engaged in study. He greets them; they return his greetings, give him the ring, and instruct him not to |
disclose what he had learned. When he ascended and was asked what he had seen, he replied: "Three elders sitting on chairs. As for the rest, I am not permitted to tell." For actual pilgrims, the little volume provided factual |
information. For pilgrims in their own imagination, it offered edification through tales and quaint illustrations. The last page has a woodcut of Jericho, a seven-walled city, below which a man surrounded by a multitude is sounding a shofar. The most |
striking woodcut is of an imposing building, representing the Temple in Jerusalem. In the concentric circles of holiness cited in the Tanhuma, Jerusalem is at the center of the Holy Land; the Temple at the center of Jerusalem; and the |
Holy of Holies at the center of the Holy Temple. The Temple is prominently featured in illustrated books about the Holy Land. In A Pisgah-Sight of Palestine, three chapters describe and three engravings portray the Temple. Early Hebrew books are |
quite poor in illustrations, because relatively few deal with subjects that demand visual presentation. Among these are books dealing with laws concerning the Temple, and since its architecture and vessels are pertinent to the laws, they invite illustration. A case |
in point is Sefer Hanukat Ha-Bayit by Moses (Hefez) Gentili (1663-1711), published in Venice in 1696. A treatise on the building of the Second Temple, it abounds in engraved architectural illustrations, including a menorah, the seven-branched candlestick; most notable is |
a large pull-out map of the Temple, identifying fifty-eight components of the Temple's structure. The engravings were added after the printing, as was the map, and a copy containing both is rare. Moses Gentili, born in Trieste, lived in Venice |
where he taught Talmud and Midrash, and perhaps philosophy and science as well. His best-known work, Melekhet Mahashevet, Venice, 1710, a commentary on the Pentateuch, contains a picture of the author, a clean-shaven, ministerial-looking gentleman. There are many published descriptions |
and illustrations of the Temple's appearance in many languages. Some are based on careful study of the available sources, others are creations of the imagination, generally inspired by the grandest building the artist knew. A plan of the Temple to |
be is found at the end of the 1789 Grodno edition of Zurat Beit Ha-Mikdash (The Form of the Holy Temple) by Yom Tov Lipmann Heller (1579-1654), one of the major figures in Jewish scholarship in the first half of |
the seventeenth century. The book is one of Heller's earliest works and is a projection of the plan of the Temple as envisaged in the prophecy of Ezekiel. We have thus traversed the Holy Land and glimpsed its holy places, |
second rectangular prism with the length doubled but the height halved (and the width stays the same), which would be the relation of the second volume to the first volume? 740 mm Hg How would you calculate the concentration of an aqueous solution of Ca(OH2)that has a pH of 12.57. |
poetry, part 1 Which one of the following lines best illustrates personification? A. A narrow wind complains all day. B. The fog comes on little cat feet. C. She floated graceful as a dove. D. Spring is a dream unsung. Wilma's arm is broken when Paula knocks her down during |
an agrument. If Wilma sues Paula for battery, what damages is Wilma likely to receive? Well I saying both. I have describe two cultrals and their views on health. i shows african and caucaisians american. I know that african american An excessive impact on minority populations is chronic diseases. Chronic |
diseases that are consider in African American are AIDS, ... I need some help with what are some of the implications to health care providers in African American and Caucasian? Considering cultural views on the health as organic, health as harmony and disease as a curse or stigma I need |
some help with listing at two pros and cons for each of the given patient and caregiver roles as a -Mechanics and machines -Parents and children -Spiritualists and believers -Providers and consumers -Partners This is so I can right my paper For Further Reading |
Acrylic A synthetic fabric often used as a wool substitute. It is warm, soft, holds colors well and often is stain and wrinkle resistant. Angora Rabbit Hair A soft fiber knit from fur of the Angora rabbit. Angora wool is |
often combined with cashmere or another fiber to strengthen the delicate structure. Dry cleaning is recommended for Angora products. Bedford A strong material that is a raised corded fabric (similar to corduroy). Bedford fabric wears well and is usually washable. |
Boot Footwear which covers the entire foot and extends to the height of the anklebone or up to the thigh. Bootie A shoe that resembles a boot in style but is not as high. Brocade An all-over floral, raised pattern |
produced in a similar fashion to embroidery. Cable Knit Patterns, typically used in sweaters, where flat knit columns otherwise known as cables are overlapped vertically. Cashmere A soft, strong and silky, lightweight wool spun from the Kashmir goat. Cashmere is |
commonly used in sweaters, shawls, outerwear, gloves and scarves for its warmth and soft feel. Chiffon A common evening wear fabric made from silk, cotton, rayon or nylon. It's delicate in nature and sheer. Chintz A printed and glazed fabric |
made of cotton. Chintz is known for its bright colors and bold patterns. Circumference The measurement around the shaft of a boot taken at the widest part. Corduroy Cotton blend fibers twisted as they are woven to create long, parallel |
grooves, called wales, in the fabric. This is a very durable material and depending on the width of the wales, can be extremely soft. Cotton A natural fiber that grows in the seed pod of the cotton plant. It is |
an inelastic fiber. Crepe Used as a description of surfaces of fabrics. Usually designates a fabric that is crimped or crinkled. Crinoline A lightweight, plain weave, stiffened fabric with a low yarn count. Used to create volume beneath evening or |
wedding dresses. Crochet Looping threads with a hooked needle that creates a wide, open lace. Typically used on sweaters for warm seasons. Cushioning Padding on the sole of a shoe for added comfort and stabilization. DenimCotton blend fabric created with |
a twill weave to create a sturdy fabric. Used as the primary material of blue jeans. DobbyWoven fabric where the weave of the fabric actually produces the garment's design. Embroidery Detailed needlework, usually raised and created by yarn, thread or |
embroidery floss. Embossed Leather Leather imprinted with a design or exotic skin texture, such as snake, ostrich or croco. Eyelet A form of lace in a thicker material that consists of cut-outs that are integrated and repeated into a pattern. |
Usually applied to garments for warmer seasons. Faille A slightly ribbed, woven fabric of silk, cotton, or rayon. French Terry A knit cloth that contains loops and piles of yarn. The material is very soft, absorbent and has stretch. Georgette |
A crinkly crepe type material usually made out of silk that consists of tightly twisted threads. Georgette is sheer and flowing nature. Gingham It is a fabric made from dyed cotton year. It is most often know to be woven |
in a blue and white check or plaid pattern. It is made from corded, medium to fine yarns, with the color running in the warp yarns. There is no right or wrong side of this fabric. Glen PlaidA woolen fabric, |
with a woven twill design of large and small checks. A form of traditional plaid originating in Scotland. Heel Height It is the measurement of a vertical line from the point where the sole meets the heel down to the |
floor. Heel height is measured in increments of 1/8 of an inch. Herringbone A pattern originating from masonry, consists of short rows of slanted parallel lines. The rows are formatted opposing each other to create the pattern. Herringbone patterns are |
used in tweeds and twills. Hopsack A material created from cotton or wool that is loosely woven together to form a coarse fabric. Houndstooth A classic design containing two colors in jagged/slanted checks. Similar to Glen Plaid. Insole The inside |
lining of the shoe that is underneath the bottom of the foot. Another term for footbed. Instep The arched section of the foot between the toes and the ankle, or the part of the shoe which covers that area. Jacquard |
A fabric of intricate variegated weave or pattern. Typically shown on elegant and more expensive pieces. Jersey A type of knit material known to be flexible, stretchy, soft and very warm. It is created using tight stitches. Knit A knit |
fabric is made by interlocking loops of one or more yarns either by hand with knitting needles or by machine. LinenAn exquisite material created from the fibers of the flax plant. Some linen contain slubs or small knots on the |
fabric. The material is a light fabric perfect for warm weather. LiningThe leather, fabric or synthetic material used on the inside of a shoe. Lamé A metallic or plastic fiber woven into material to give the garment shine. Lycra ®TMSpandex |
fibers add stretch to fabric when the fibers are woven with other fiber blends. These materials are lightweight, comfortableTM and breathable, and the stretch will not wear away. Madras Originating from Madras, India, this fabric is a lightweight, cotton material |
used for summer clothing. Madras usually has a checked pattern but also comes in plaid or with stripes. Typically made from 100% cotton. Marled Typically found in sweaters, marled yarn occurs when two colored yards are twisted together. Matte A |
matte finish has a lusterless surface. Merino Wool Wool sheered from the merino sheep and spun into yarn that is fine but strong. Modal A type of rayon that is made from natural fibers but goes through a chemical treatment |
to ensure it has a high threshold of breakage. Modal is soft and breathable which is why it's used as a cotton replacement. Non-iron A treated cotton that allows our Easy Care Shirts to stay crisp throughout the day and |
does not need ironing after washing/drying. Nylon A synthetic fiber that is versatile, fast drying and strong. It has a high resistance to damage. Ombre A color technique that shades a color from light to dark. Paisley A pattern that |
consists of crooked teardrop designs in a repetitive manner. Patent Leather Leather made from cattle hide that has been varnished to give a hard and glossy finish. Placket The piece of fabric or cloth that is used as a concealing |
flap to cover buttons, fasteners or attachments. Most commonly seen in the front of button-down shirts. Also used to reinforce openings or slits in garments. Piping Binding a seam with decoration. Piping is similar to tipping or edging where a |
decorative material is sewn into the seams. Pointelle An open-work knitting pattern used on garments to add texture. Typically a cooler and general knit sweater. Polyester A fabric made from synthetic fibers. Polyester is quick drying, easy to wash and |
holds its shape well. Ponte A knit fabric where the fibers are looped in an interlock. The material is very strong and firm. Poplin A strong woven fabric, heavier in weight, with ribbing. Pump Classically a high, medium, or low |
heeled, totally enclosed shoe. Variations include an open toe or ornament. Rayon A manufactured fiber developed originally as an alternative for silk. Rayon drapes well and looks luxurious. Sateen A fabric woven with sheen that resembles satin. Seersucker Slack-tension weave |
where yarn is bunched together in certain areas and then pulled taught in others to create this summery mainstay. Shaft Height Measurement of the shaft of the boot, which is from the top of the boot to the inside seam |
where the instep and the sole meet. Shirring Similar to ruching, shirring gathers material to create folds. Silk One of the most luxurious fibers, silk is soft, warm and has shine. It is obtained from the cocoons of the silkworm's |
larvae. Sole The outsole, or bottom part of a shoe. Space dyed Technique of yarn dyeing to produce a multi-color effect on the yarn itself. Also known as dip dyed yarn. SpandexElastomeric fiber, this material is able to expand 600% |
and still snap back to its original shape and form. Spandex fibers are woven with cotton and other fibers to make fabrics stretch. Stacked Heel A heel made of leather or leawood covering that gives the appearance of wood. Synthetic |
Materials Man-made materials designed to look or function like leather. Tipping Similar to edging, tipping includes embellishing a garment at the edges of the piece, hems, collars etc. Tissue Linen A type of linen, which is specifically made for blouses |
or shirts due to its thinness and sheerness. Tweed A loose weave of heavy wool makes up tweed, which provides warmth and comfort. Twill A fabric woven in a diagonal weave. Commonly used for chinos and denim. Variegated Multi-colored fabrics |
where colors are splotched or in patches. Velour A stretchy knit fabric, typically made from cotton or polyester. It has a similar soft hand to velvet. VelvetA pile fabric in which the cut threads are very evenly distributed, with a |
short dense pile, giving it a distinct feel. Velveteen A more modern adaptation of velvet, velveteen is made from cotton and has a little give. Also known as imitation velvet. ViscoseA cellulosic man-made fibers, viscose is soft and supple but |
can wrinkle easily. Wale Only found in woven fabrics like corduroy, wale is the long grooves that give the garment its texture. Wedge Heel A heel that lies flat to the ground and extends from the shank to the back |
of the shoe. Windowpane Dark stripes run horizontal and vertical across a light background to mimic a window pane. Woven A woven fabric is formed by interlacing threads, yarns, strands, or strips of some material. |
Bootie A shoe that resembles a boot in style but is not as high. Brocade An all-over floral, raised pattern produced in a similar fashion to embroidery. Circumference The measurement around the shaft of a boot taken at the widest part. Cotton A natural fiber that grows in the seed pod of the cotton plant. It is an inel... |
sole of a shoe for added comfort and stabilization. DobbyWoven fabric where the weave of the fabric actually produces the garment's design. Embroidery Detailed needlework, usually raised and created by yarn, thread or embroidery floss. Faille A slightly ribbed, woven fabric of silk, cotton, or rayon. Houndstooth A clas... |
synthetic material used on the inside of a shoe. Lamé A metallic or plastic fiber woven into material to give the garment shine. Marled Typically found in sweaters, marled yarn occurs when two colored yards are twisted together. Matte A matte finish has a lusterless surface. Merino Wool Wool sheered from the merino she... |
A color technique that shades a color from light to dark. Paisley A pattern that consists of crooked teardrop designs in a repetitive manner. Poplin A strong woven fabric, heavier in weight, with ribbing. Sateen A fabric woven with sheen that resembles satin. Shirring Similar to ruching, shirring gathers material to cr... |
A heel made of leather or leawood covering that gives the appearance of wood. Synthetic Materials Man-made materials designed to look or function like leather. Tweed A loose weave of heavy wool makes up tweed, which provides warmth and comfort. Twill A fabric woven in a diagonal weave. Commonly used for chinos and deni... |
ViscoseA cellulosic man-made fibers, viscose is soft and supple but can wrinkle easily. Wedge Heel A heel that lies flat to the ground and extends from the shank to the back of the shoe. Woven A woven fabric is formed by interlacing threads, yarns, strands, or strips of some material. |
Unnatural Selection: Choosing Boys Over Girls, and the Consequences of a World Full of Men by Mara Hvistendahl One of history's more curious encounters occurred in early March 1766 at |
a country estate in southern England, near Dorking. The estate belonged to Daniel Malthus, a gentleman of independent means and wide intellectual interests. The philosophers David Hume and Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
were traveling in the neighborhood, seeking a house for Rousseau, who had just recently arrived in England under Hume's patronage after having been driven out of Switzerland. Daniel Malthus was |
known to both philosophers, at least by correspondence, so they paid him a brief visit, in the course of which they saw his son Thomas, then just three weeks old. |
So there, presumably in the same room, were Hume, Rousseau, and the infant Thomas Malthus. It was an odd grouping: the serene empiricist, the neurotic social optimist, and the future |
oracle of demographic doom. Hume had actually dabbled in demography himself some years earlier. He had been one of the first to argue against the belief, common until his time, |
that the ancient world was more populous than the modern world. Demography, along with its cousin discipline of economics, was "in the air" during the later eighteenth century, waiting for |
the grown-up Malthus to cast his cold eye upon it in his momentous Essay on the Principle of Population (1798). Of these two cousin disciplines, it is a nice point |
for argument which better deserves to be called "the dismal science." I would vote for demography. It must be hard to maintain a cheerful composure while scrutinizing the ceaseless, often |
inexplicable ebbs and flows of nativity and mortality. It is a strange thing, too — and a depressing one for anyone of an empirical temperament — that what ought to |
be the most exact of all the human sciences has such a sorry record of prediction. What, after all, could be more certain than that a nation with number N |
of five-year-olds today will have N fifteen-year-olds in a decade's time, give or take some small margin for attrition and migration? The human sciences don't come any more precise than |
that. Yet large-scale predictions by demographers have been confounded again and again, from those of Malthus himself to that of Paul Ehrlich, who told us in his 1968 bestseller The |
Population Bomb that "The battle to feed humanity is over … Billions will die in the 1980s." Ehrlich's book was very much of its time. The third quarter of the |
twentieth century was dogged by fears of a Malthusian catastrophe. Popular fiction echoed those fears in productions like John Brunner's novel Stand on Zanzibar (1968) and Richard Fleischer's movie Soylent |
Green (1973). It was assumed, reasonably enough, that populous poor countries were most at risk, being closest to the limits of food supply. Governments and international organizations therefore got to |
work promoting birth control in what we had just recently learned to call the Third World, with programs that were often brutally coercive. Birth rates soon fell; though how much |
of the drop was directly due to the programs, and how much was an inevitable consequence of modernization, is disputed. The evidence is strong that women liberated from pre-modern subordination |
to their husbands, and given easy access to contraception, will limit their pregnancies with or without official encouragement. There was, though, a distressing side effect of the dropping birthrates. Many |
countries have a strong traditional preference for male children. So long as women in those countries were resigned to a lifetime of child-bearing, the sheer number of offspring ensured that |
the sex ratio at birth (SRB) would be close to its natural level of 105 males to 100 females. The post-natal ratio might be skewed somewhat by local traditions of |
female infanticide and by the loss of young men in war, but a rough balance was kept. China in the 1930s had around 108 males per 100 females. Once the |
idea of limiting births settled in, however, people sought assurance that one of their babies be male. If a mother gives birth twice, there is a 24 percent chance neither |
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