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some extra care might go a long way in preventing a flu bug’s spread within a home. And when the illness is stopped in its tracks there, it stands to |
reason fewer cases will make their way into the surrounding population. Treating flu-like symptoms is not rocket science, and curtailing their spread is mostly common sense. The reality is, people |
EMDRHow was EMDR developed? In 1987, psychologist Dr. Francine Shapiro made the chance observation that eye movements can reduce the ntensity of disturbing thoughts, under certain itions. Dr. Shapiro studied this effect scientifically, in a 1989 issue of the Journal of Traumatic Stress, reported success using EMDR to treat victims of trauma. Since then, EMDR has developed and evolved with |
the contributions of therapists and researchers all overer the world. Today, EMDR is a set of standardized protocols that incorporates elements from many different treatment approaches. How does EMDR work? No one knows how any form of psychotherapy works biologically or in the brain. However, we do know that when a person is very upset, their brain can't process information |
as it does ordinarily. One moment becomes “frozen in time,” and remembering the trauma may feel as bad as going through it the first time because the images, sounds, smells, and feelings havn’t changed. Such memories have a lasting negativetive effect that interferes with the way a person interacts with the world and the way they relate to other people. |
EMDR seems to have a direct effect on the way that the brain processes information. Normal information processing is resumed, so following a successful EMDR sessionon, a person no longer relives the images, sounds, feelings when the event is brought to mind. You emember what happened, but it is less upsetting. Many types of therapy have similar goals. However, EMDR |
appears to be similar to what occurs naturally durg dreaming or REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Therefore, EMDR can be thought of as a physiologically based therapy that helps a person see disturbing matrial in a new and less distressing way. What is the actual EMDR session like? During EMDR, the therapist works with the client to identify a specific |
problem as the focus of the treatment session. The client calls to mind the disturbing issue or event, what was seen, felt, heard, thought, etc., and what thoughts and beliefs are currently held about that event. The therapist facilitates the directional movement of the eyes or other dual attention stimulation of the brain, while the client focuses on the disturbing |
material, and the client just notices whatever comes to mind without making any effort to control direction or content. Each person will process information uniquely, based on personal experiences and values. Sets of eye movements are continued until the memory becomes less disturbing and is associated with positive thoughts and beliefs about one’s self; for example, “I did the best |
I could.” During EMDR, the client may experience intense emotions, but by the end of the session, most people report a great reduction in the level of disturbance. How long does EMDR take? One or more sessions are required for the therapist to understand the nature of the problem and to decide whether EMDR is an appropriate treatment. The therapist |
will also discuss EMDR more fully and provide an opportunity to answer questions about the method. Once therapist and client have agreed that EMDR is appropriate for a specific problem, the actual EMDR therapy may begin. A typical EMDR session lasts from 60 to 90 minutes. The type of problem, life circumstances, and the amount of previous trauma will determine |
how many treatment sessions are necessary. EMDR may be used within a standard “talking” therapy, as an adjunctive therapy with a separate therapist, or as a treatment all by itself. But does EMDR really work? Approximately 20 controlled studies have investigated the effects of EMDR. These studies have consistly found that EMDR effectively decreases/eliminate symptoms of post traumatic stress for |
the majority of clients. Clients often report improvement in associated symptoms such as anxiety. The current treatment guidelines of the American Psychi Association and the International Society for Trauma Stress Studies designate EMDR as an effective treat for post traumatic stress. EMDR was also foud effective by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and the Department of Defense, the United |
of Depression Many people may feel sad or overwhelmed by major or stressful events in their life. It is normal to feel that way. However, when you find yourself unable to cope with the demands of everyday life, you may be suffering from clinical depression. How is clinical depression different from just feeling sad or down? The main difference between |
sadness and clinical depression is how you are able to carry out day-to-day activities. If your depressed mood has a negative effect on your social, professional, or academic life, you may have clinical depression. Your depressed mood, as well as other symptoms, may cause you additional distress. One common form of clinical depression is major depressive disorder (MDD, or just |
major depression). An episode of major depression involves feeling extremely sad or empty for at least two weeks. Sometimes, you may be sad enough to have frequent or prolonged bouts of crying. Did you know? Losing interest in daily activities Another important symptom is losing interest in your normal activities. You may also find no pleasure in doing things you |
usually enjoy, such as hobbies or spending time with friends. Many people with depression find it difficult to even do basic activities such as bathing or grooming. You may not bother with taking care of your appearance or dress. Disruption of work and social life Depression also disrupts your work and social life because many clinically depressed people find it |
difficult to concentrate. If you have depression, you may find it hard to focus on specific tasks. You may have difficulty processing information. You may also find yourself becoming indecisive. Aside from feeling sad, many people with clinical depression also suffer from feelings of worthlessness or guilt. You may blame yourself for things that are not your fault. Some people |
with depression report feeling that their lives are pointless, or that they feel excessively guilty about their perceived lack of meaningful contribution to society or other people. You may also feel hopeless, and that regardless of your situation, things will never get better. Family and friends are there to help, but you may find yourself isolating yourself from your loved |
ones. You may be unwilling to go out of your house or even your bedroom for days or weeks at a time. You may lose interest in talking to and socializing with other people. In addition to changes in mood and thinking, clinical depression also has physical symptoms. If you have clinical depression, your regular sleeping patterns may be disrupted. |
You may find yourself sleeping more than usual—it is not uncommon for people with clinical depression to spend most of the day asleep. Other people go the opposite extreme. You may have difficulty falling asleep, or find yourself only sleeping a few hours a night. You may also wake up repeatedly during the night and having trouble going back to |
sleep. Some people with clinical depression report waking up very early in the morning and being unable to go back to sleep again. Clinical depression also affects the quality, not just the quantity, of your sleep. Studies have shown that people with depression have sleep that is generally less deep and restful. So no matter how much or little you |
sleep, you may find yourself waking up tired and irritable. The lack of energy you feel upon waking up may last the rest of the day. You may feel very fatigued or drained of energy, further adding to your inability to carry out daily tasks. You may also be lethargic. Family and friends may comment on your lack of activity |
and energy. However, some people with clinical depression may act agitated instead. Even though you do not accomplish any meaningful tasks, you may find yourself acting restless and twitchy. Clinical depression also has an impact on your appetite. You may find yourself eating much more than usual. You may resort to eating comfort food, such as high-carbohydrate junk food and |
sweets, in order to feel better. However, it is much more common for people with depression to have a severe lack of appetite. Even if you are not dieting or actively trying to lose weight, you may end up losing 5% or more of your original body weight in a month. Other physical signs and symptoms have been linked to |
clinical depression. People with depression may experience actual aches and pains. You may have muscle or joint pains that have no apparent cause. You may have lower back pain that may be very severe. You may also suffer from headaches and dizziness. You may have a painful or upset stomach. Out of all the signs and symptoms of clinical depression, |
the most serious one by far is having thoughts of death or dying. You may feel depressed and hopeless enough to end your life. Some clinically depressed people go far enough to have a specific plan for committing suicide. Others attempt suicide, and some are successful. Asking for professional help If you find yourself constantly thinking about death or dying, |
or planning suicide, seek professional help. There is no shame in asking for help when it is needed. Tell someone close to you about your feelings. Remember, the symptoms of clinical depression may seem overwhelming and debilitating, but with proper help, they can be managed. |
What We Do: We can help you become an explanation specialist. Common Craft Membership Start your life as an explainer with Common Craft Membership. Prices start at just $49 per year. It provides: Make your presentation or video remarkable with 800+ digital images in Common Craft Style, plus Know-How resources for using them. We Wrote the Book on Explanation Need a Video for Your |
Product? You've probably seen encyclopedias. Whether you're settling an argument or researching a school project, these books can hold the answers. These days though, the world moves so fast, it's hard for books that were written months or years ago to keep up. Thankfully we have a new kind of encyclopedia that's online, free, built by thousands of people and changes every day. The |
idea that thousands of volunteers could create an online encyclopedia doesn't sound possible, but thanks to new technology and specific policies, Wikipedia has become one the top 5 sites on the Web. The site is run by a not-for-profit foundation with a goal to provide everyone on the planet access to the sum of all human knowledge. To see how it works, let's get |
started with the "wiki" in Wikipedia. A wiki is a kind of website that allows users to make changes to any page. They simply click edit, make the change and then save the page to share it with the world. This basic concept allows volunteers to contribute information on any subject in Wikipedia. And because Wikipedia is a website - there is no limit |
to the number of topics it can cover. Being a wiki means that Wikipedia is always changing. When someone notable passes away, Wikipedia is updated. When news breaks, Wikipedia grows. It all works because tens of thousands of volunteers contribute, and also enforce rules to ensure Wikipedia remains a reliable source for factual information. These users, like any member, can see changes as they |
happen on each article. For example, if someone posts an advertisement on Wikipedia, which is forbidden - volunteers can easily reverse the change to maintain the article's integrity. This means every change to Wikipedia is reviewed and must abide by two big rules: The first is verifiability, which is necessary to ensure high quality. For this reason, Wikipedia articles must rely on information from |
published sources like books or newspapers - resources known for fact-checking. Requiring contributors to cite these resources in articles and quotations ensures Wikipedia articles are factual and high quality. If it's not verified, it can't be in Wikipedia. For example, you can write that the US unemployment rate in 1935 was 20.1%, but you must also cite its source for it to remain in |
Wikipedia. In this case, numerous history books could be verifiable resources. The second rule requires a neutral point of view. All Wikipedia material must be presented fairly and without bias, just like any other encyclopedia. This means Wikipedia is not a place for contributors to share their own opinions. Let's say you're an advocate for vaccinations and you write “every parent should get their |
children vaccinated.” Unfortunately, this is biased and certain to cause disagreement. However, published opinions of experts can be included. For example, writing that: “vaccinating all U.S. children saves an estimated 33,000 lives,” and citing a reputable source is a statement of fact that can be verified. And if there is an opposing view, it should also be included to balance the article and keep |
it neutral. The article should present all the major opinions without endorsing one over the other. It's these two rules and the volunteers who uphold them that make Wikipedia a reliable resource that grows each day. And you can be involved. It's all part of the process of building a free encyclopedia - the largest encyclopedia in human history. What it teaches Wikipedia is |
an amazing resource, but it’s not always clear what helps to ensure that the articles are factual and high quality. This video discusses wiki technology and the policies that make Wikipedia work. We worked with the Wikimedia Foundation to ensure that it reflects Wikipedia's values and practices. It teaches: - Why an online encyclopedia is needed - The basics of editing a wiki website |
- How volunteers work to ensure quality - The two big rules that govern every article The Explainer Network Our network of custom video producers can create short, animated videos that make your product or service easier to understand. |
This website includes an explanation of impedance in AC circuits, along with an applet that draws graphs and phasor diagrams for some important variables in the circuit. The explanation of impedance gives formulas for reactance, impedance and resonance, and explains the importance of resonance. The applet allows the user to |
vary the frequency, resistance, capacitance, and inductance of the circuit, and the applet can then graph the current, the current-voltage phase difference, or the impedance. Please note that this resource requires This resource is part of a Physics Front Topical Unit. Topic: Electricity and Electrical Energy Unit Title: Moving Charges |
and Electric Circuits This interactive applet displays the phasor diagram for an AC circuit. Probably best used within a teacher-directed activity, it is intended to show current through a circuit as a function of frequency. By controlling the frequency, resistance, capacitance, and inductance of the circuit, students can conceptualize the |
Our dentist says you don't have to skip treats this Halloween -- but it always pays to know which ones cause the most cavities. By: Dr. Carolyn Taggart-Burns, spokeswoman for |
the Academy of General Dentistry When trick-or-treaters ring my doorbell on Halloween, I toss a toothbrush in their bag. But make no mistake -- our neighborhood might as well be |
Candy Land. My kids got a scary amount of sweets last year, and they only went to a couple of houses. And because they were both too young to eat |
much of their loot, guess who was tempted by it? Yep, hubby (who has a major sweet tooth) and me, the dentist. Luckily, trick-or-treating comes only once a year. But |
here’s what you should know about which sweets are the worst -- and best -- for your teeth before you let your kids go candy-crazy on those special (and not-so-special) |
occasions. The Trickiest Treats Sticky sweets. Gummy bears, fruit snacks (which aren’t real fruit, by the way), fruit leather and caramels adhere to teeth -- so much so that they’re |
practically impossible to get off without a good brushing and flossing. Until you can get to the sink, the sugar in these candies feeds the bacteria that cause tooth decay. |
Sour candies. These are troublemakers for a different reason: They are high in acid, which erodes tooth enamel. A recent study at the University of Alabama found that 24 popular |
sour candies have a pH level between 1.6 and 3 -- anything below 4 causes damage. Brushing right away actually makes matters worse because you’re scrubbing the acid onto your |
teeth. It’s better to neutralize it first by drinking water or plain milk. Follow up with your brush about a half-hour later. These aren’t as bad as you’d think because |
they stimulate saliva, which is your mouth’s natural cleanser. - Chocolate. My personal fave, chocolate provides antioxidants called tannins (especially if you eat the dark kind), which may help prevent |
tooth decay. Of course, it also contains sugar (and lots of calories too), so you should still limit how much you eat. - Sugar-free gum. This is the only sweet |
treat that’s actually good for your smile; it contains xylitol, a substance that prevents tooth decay. Our Family’s Strategy We enjoy a couple of pieces of our favorite candy on |
special occasions like Halloween, then we brush or rinse to clean up our teeth. My office and many other dental practices across the country have Candy Buyback programs, where kids |
give up their sweets in exchange for a small amount of money. If your dentist doesn’t have such a program, create your own. This way, the candy is out of |
Despite competition from twentieth century "life in the fast lane", the awesome spectacle repeated in the pattern of the changing seasons still touches our lives. In the ages when people worked more closely with nature just to survive, the numinous power of this pattern had supreme recognition. Rituals and festivals evolved to channel these transformations for the good of the community toward a good |
sowing and harvest and bountiful herds and hunting. One result of this process is our image of the "Wheel of the Year" with its eight spokes -- the four major agricultural and pastoral festivals and the four minor solar festivals of the solstices and equinoxes. In common with many ancient people, many Witches consider the day as beginning at sundown and ending at sundown |
the following day. So, for example, Samhain starts at dusk on the 31st, ending the evening of the 1st. October 31 -- November Eve -- Samhain The night lengthens and we work with the positive aspects of darkness in the increasing star- and moonlight. Many Craft traditions, following the ancient Celts, consider this the eve of the New Year (as day begins with sundown, |
so the year begins with the first day of Winter). It is one night when the barriers between the worlds of life and death are uncertain, allowing the ancestors to walk among the living, welcomed and feasted by their kin, bestowing the Otherworld's blessings. We may focus within ourselves to look "through the glass darkly", developing our divination and psychic skills. December 21 -- |
Winter Solstice -- Yule The sun is at its nadir, the year's longest night. We internalize and synthesize the outward-directed activities of the previous summer months. Some covens hold a Festival of Light to commemorate the Goddess as Mother giving birth to the Sun God. Others celebrate the victory of the Lord of Light over the Lord of Darkness as the turning point from |
which the days will lengthen. The name "Yule" derives from the Norse word for "wheel", and many of our customs (like those of the Christian holiday) derive from Norse and Celtic Pagan practices (the Yule log, the tree, the custom of Wassailing, January 31 -- February Eve -- Imbolc (Oimelc) or Brigid As the days' lengthening becomes perceptible, many candles are lit to hasten |
the warming of the earth and emphasize the reviving of life. "Imbolc" is from Old Irish, and may mean "in the belly", and Oimelc, "ewe's milk", as this is the lambing time. It is the holiday of the Celtic Fire Goddess Brigid, whose threefold nature rules smithcraft, poetry/inspiration, and healing. Brigid's fire is a symbolic transformation offering healing, visions, and tempering. Februum is a |
Latin word meaning purification -- naming the month of cleansing. The thaw releases waters (Brigid is also a goddess of holy wells) -- all that was hindered is let flow at this season. March 21 -- Vernal Equinox -- Ostara Day and night are equal as Spring begins to enliven the environment with new growth and more newborn animals. Many people feel "reborn" after |
the long nights and coldness of winter. The Germanic Goddess Ostara or Eostre (Goddess of the Dawn), after whom Easter is named, is the tutelary deity of this holiday. It is she, as herald of the sun, who announces the triumphal return of life to the earth. Witches in the Greek tradition celebrate the return from Hades of Demeter's daughter Persephone; Witches in the |
Celtic tradition see in the blossoms the passing of Olwen, in whose footprints flowers bloom. The enigmatic egg, laid by the regenerating snake or the heavenly bird, is a powerful symbol of the emergence of life out of apparent death or absence of life. April 30 -- May Eve -- Beltaine As the weather heats up and the plant world burgeons, an exuberant mood |
prevails. Folk dance around the Maypole, emblem of fertility (the name "May" comes from a Norse word meaning "to shoot out new growth"). May 1st was the midpoint of a five-day Roman festival to Flora, Goddess of Flowers. The name "Beltaine" means "Bel's Fires"; in Celtic lands, cattle were driven between bonfires to bless them, and people leaped the fires for luck. The association |
in Germany of May Eve with Witches' gatherings is a memory of pre-Christian tradition. "Wild" water (dew, flowing streams or ocean water) is collected as a basis for healing drinks and potions for the year June 21 -- Summer Solstice -- Litha or Midsummer On this day, the noon of the year and the longest day, light and life are abundant. We focus outward, |
experiencing the joys of plenty, tasting the first fruits of the season. In some traditions the sacred marriage of the Goddess and God is celebrated (in others, this is attributed to the springtime holidays). Rhea, the Mountain Mother of Crete, has breathed out all creation. It is also the festival of the Chinese Goddess of Light, Li. July 31 -- August Eve -- Lughnasadh |
or Lammas This festival has two aspects. First, it is one of the Celtic fire festivals, honoring the Celtic culture-bringer and Solar God Lugh (Lleu to the Welsh, Lugus to the Gauls). In Ireland, races and games were held in his name and that of his mother, Tailtiu (these may have been funeral games). The second aspect is Lammas, the Saxon Feast of Bread, |
at which the first of the grain harvest is consumed in riutal loaves. These aspects are not too dissimilar, as the shamanic death and transformation of Lleu can be compared to that of the Barley God, known from the folksong "John Barleycorn". This time is also sacred to the Greek Goddess of the Moon and the September 21 -- Autumnal Equinox -- Mabon or |
Harvest Home This day sees light and dark in balance again, before the descent to the dark times. A harvest festival is held, thanking the Goddess for giving us enough sustenance to feed us through the winter. Harvest festivals of many types still occur today in farming country, and Thanksgiving is an echo of these. In this way the Wheel turns, bringing us back |
to Samhain where we began our cycle. Many of the festival days coincide with holidays of the Jewish and Christian calendars. This is no accident; these points in the year were important community celebrations, and were kept largely intact although they were rededicated to the Christian God or a saint. The names may have changed, but the old Pagan practices still show through. From |
The Colorado River is one of the longest rivers in the United States, at about 1450 mi (2330 km) long, and flows from the Rocky Mountains of northern Colorado, just |
west of the Continental Divide, then primarily southwest through Colorado, Utah, and Arizona, then flows along the border between Nevada and Arizona, and Arizona and California; and continues through Mexico, |
emptying into the Gulf of California. It passes through several Lakes and dams, most notably Glen Canyon Dam and Hoover Dam, and also runs through the Grand Canyon. The Colorado |
River used to be called the "Grand River", until 1921, when it got its current name. Because it flowed through the Grand Canyon, it also gave the name "Grand" to |
Half-life is the time it takes for half of the original sample of a radioactive isotope to decay. Different isotopes have different half-lives, some being very short and difficult for |
scientists to study. If the exponential decay of a radioisotope is expressed as , then the half-life is equal to τ ln 2. Knowing these decay rates is important for |
dating, such as with carbon-14. It should be noted that the measurement of half-life is based on recent observations, and the numbers that follow from radioactive dating based on nuclear |
decay extrapolate from this assumption. For example, if a sample of biological material has 1/4 of the Carbon-14 relative to the rate a similar biological material has, constant half-life extrapolation |
dates this sample as two half-lifes old (in the order of 11,000 years). The creationist blog Answers in Genesis suggests that half-life varies over time. An analogy for this extrapolation |
would be taking the population growth of Germany today (a negative rate), extrapolating backwards, and concluding that there were 100 billion Germans during the time of the fall of the |
Roman Empire. - ↑ Wile, Dr. Jay L. Exploring Creation With Physical Science. Apologia Educational Ministries, Inc. 1999, 2000 - ↑ Avison J. The World of Physics; Thomas Nelson and |
Spica, also called Alpha Virginis, is a star located in the constellation Virgo, about 10 degrees south of the ecliptic. The star is the brightest star of the Virgo constellation and the 15th brightest star overall in the night sky. It is 260 light years distant from our Solar System. |
Like Regulus, Spica is regularly occulted by the Moon and less frequently so by the various planets of the Solar System. The next occultation of Spica by a planet will be September 2, 2197, by Venus. Spica in Culture and History The name Spica itself comes from the Latin phrase |
spica virginis, meaning "Virgo's ear of wheat (or grain)". The Greeks called the star Στάχυς, meaning "ear spike". In Medieval Europe, the star was referred to as Azimech, from the Arabic word السماك الأعزل al-simāk al-a‘zal, meaning "the defenseless", or as Alarph "the grape gatherer". Astrologers at that time viewed |
Spica as a Behenian fixed star, associated with sage and emeralds. For the Chinese, the star is Jiao Xiu 1 (角宿一), in the Chinese constellation Jiao Xiu (角宿), the latter translates as "Horn". Spica was no doubt known to man since before recorded history. The first known reference to the |
star is a temple in Thebes that was constructed for the Egyptian goddess Menat (later Hathor), was oriented towards Spica as it set in the sky, and was believed built around 3200 BC. Later, other temples around the Mediterranean were built with the same orientation, including one in 2000 BC |
at Tell al Amarna, as well as Olympia in 1445 BC, and Athens in 1130 BC, among others. Later, Timochares studied Spica and Regulus around 300 BC, and using the information from these observations some 150 years later, Hipparchus was able to discover the precession of the equinoxes. Later, during |
the Renaissance, Copernicus used Spica for his own observations while researching the Earth's precession. Spica is actually a binary star system, with a combined apparent magnitude of 1.04. The primary star is a blue-white giant or subgiant star of spectral type B1 III-IV, while its companion is a blue-white main |
sequence dwarf of spectral type B2 V. As the two stars are only 0.12 AU apart, they complete an orbit of each other every 4.0145 days. It was commonly believed the variation of the apparent brightness of the two stars was caused by one regularly eclipsing the other from our |
vantage point on Earth. The variation is actually caused by the tidal distortion the stars afflict on each other, altering the apparent diameters to an observer on Earth as they orbit, which varies the apparent magnitude by around 0.03. In addition, the primary star is a Beta Cephei variable star, |
and pulsates in brightness with a regular variation of 0.015 magnitudes every 4.2 hours. The brighter primary has 10.5 times to Sun's mass and 7 times its diameter, with a surface temperature at 22,400 K. Because of the star's large mass, it will most likely end its life as a |
supernova. The companion star 4 times the Sun's diameter and six times its mass, with a cooler surface temperature of 18,500 K. Combined, the two stars have 2200 times the Sun's visible luminosity. However, because most of the radiation from the two stars are in the ultraviolet, the primary alone |
Fleas are small, wingless insects that are flattened from side to side. These insects are usually found buried in the hair, next to the skin of mammals. When infestations are |
large, adult Fleas may be found in carpeting and around pet resting areas. Fleas are covered with many spines and bristles that project backwards. The spines are positioned to keep |
the Flea from being removed from its host during grooming. Adult Fleas have piercing-sucking mouthparts they use to feed on blood from their host. The most common Flea is the |
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