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Britain alienated French businessmen, and political liberalization led to increased opposition to the government. In 1870 a new constitution establishing a quasi-parliamentary regime was widely approved, but France’s defeat at |
the Battle of Sedan in the Franco-Prussian War was followed by an uprising in Paris on Sept. 4, 1870. This resulted in the overthrow of the government, the abdication of |
Simply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article. Once you are finished and click submit, your modifications will be sent to our editors for review. Kazakhstan’s distinct regional patterns of settlement depend in part on its varied ethnic makeup. Slavs—Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians—largely populate |
the northern plains, where they congregate in large villages that originally served as the centres of collective and state farms. These populated oases are separated by wheat fields or, in the more arid plains to the south, by... ...rural areas. Two-fifths of the population of Uzbekistan lives in urban areas; |
the urban population has a disproportionately high number of non-Uzbeks. Slavic peoples—Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians—held a large proportion of administrative positions. In the late 1980s and early ’90s, many Russians and smaller numbers of Jews emigrated from Uzbekistan and other Central Asian... ...Poles and Russians was made impossible by their |
competing claims for the borderlands, which had belonged to the former grand duchy of Lithuania. The majority of the population of this region was Belarusian, Ukrainian, or Lithuanian; its commercial class was Jewish; and its upper classes and culture were Polish. Neither Russians nor Poles considered Belarusians, Ukrainians, or Lithuanians |
to... practice of Slavic religion In a series of Belorussian songs a divine figure enters the homes of the peasants in four forms in order to bring them abundance. These forms are: bog (“god”); sporysh, anciently an edible herb, today a stalk of grain with two ears, a symbol of |
valence electronArticle Free Pass valence electron, any of the fundamental negatively charged particles in the outermost region of atoms that enters into the formation of chemical bonds. Whatever the type of chemical bond (ionic, covalent, metallic) between atoms, changes in |
the atomic structure are restricted to the outermost, or valence, electrons. They are more weakly attracted to the positive atomic nucleus than are the inner electrons and thus can be shared or transferred in the process of bonding with adjacent |
atoms. Valence electrons are also involved in the conduction of electric current in metals and semiconductors. What made you want to look up "valence electron"? Please share what surprised you most... |
the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia. Approximately 55 million Europeans speak German as a foreign language. German is the third most taught foreign language around the world and, after English, the second most popular in Europe and Japan. Germany has the world's fourth-largest national economy and has been less affected than most by the recent economic downturn. It is second only to China |
as the world's largest exporter. Studying German provides students access not only to a rich literary, philosophical, and artistic tradition, but also to a wide range of cultural, economic, political, and scientific developments. After completing a Minor in German at Brock, students should be able to read and write competently in the target language, as well as have confidence in speaking the language correctly. |
The program includes language courses, as well as courses in literature, culture, and cinema. Students in other disciplines may obtain a Minor in German within their degree program by completing the following courses with a minimum 60 percent overall average: |
The Humble Sea Urchin Could Hold Key To Tackling Climate Change At the moment, pilot studies for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) systems propose the removal of CO2 by pumping it into holes deep underground, but it is both costly and has a long term risk of the gas leaking |
back out - possibly many miles away from the original downward source. But now scientists have discovered that sea urchins use nickel ions to harness carbon dioxide from the sea to grow their exoskeleton - or shell. It could be a way to capture tonnes of CO2. Using the nickel |
nanoparticles suspended in water vats at factories, power stations would capture the CO2 as it is pumped through, converting the gas into the chalk. The nickel catalyst can be recycled and the by-product - the carbonate - is useful and not damaging to the environment. Physicist Dr Lidija Siller, a |
PHD student at Newcastle University, discoverd the nickel enzyme by chance. "We had set out to understand in detail the carbonic acid reaction - which is what happens when CO2 reacts with water - and needed a catalyst to speed up the process. "At the same time, I was looking |
at how organisms absorb CO2 into their skeletons and in particular the sea urchin which converts the CO2 to calcium carbonate. "When we analysed the surface of the urchin larvae we found a high concentration of nickel on their exoskeleton. Taking nickel nanoparticles which have a large surface area, we |
added them to our carbonic acid test and the result was the complete removal of CO2." Each year, humans emit on average 33.4 billion metric tons of CO2 - around 45% of which remains in the atmosphere. Typically, a petrol-driven car will produce a ton of CO2 every 4,000 miles. |
Chalk, found in the shells of marine organisms, snails, pearls, and eggshells, is a completely stable mineral, widely used in the building industry to make cement and other materials and also in hospitals to make plaster casts. The process developed by the Newcastle team involves passing the waste gas directly |
from the chimney top, through a water column rich in nickel nano-particles and recovering the solid calcium carbonate from the bottom. Dr Siller adds: "The capture and removal of CO2 from our atmosphere is one of the most pressing dilemmas of our time. "Our process would not work in every |
situation - it couldn't be fitted to the back of a car, for example - but it is an effective, cheap solution that could be available world-wide to some of our most polluting industries and have a significant impact on the reduction of atmospheric CO2." The team have patented the |
Download the full summary (pdf) The American Clean Energy Leadership Act (ACELA), sponsored by Senator Bingaman, was passed out of the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee on June 17, 2009 on a bipartisan vote of 15 to 8. It was passed as an energy bill with provisions related to |
increased energy production, energy efficiency, renewable energy standards, technology research and development, energy market stabilization, and transmission network improvements, among others. The American Clean Energy Security Act (ACES Act), sponsored by Representative Waxman and Representative Markey, passed the House of Representatives on June 26, 2009 on a vote of 219 |
to 212. It contains many provisions related to those in ACELA as well as others designed to tackle the issue of climate change. Pew's brief summary and detailed summary of the ACES Act can be found here. |
A civil rights leader for people with disabilities, Ed Roberts is recognized as the father of the independent living movement. After contracting polio at age 14 that left him paralyzed from the neck down and dependent on a ventilator to breathe, he embarked on a path that changed the world. Although Roberts excelled in his high school classes, the school refused to graduate him |
because he had not taken physical education or driver’s education classes. Roberts won that battle, as he would many more throughout his life. Next, he decided to pursue a public policy degree at UC Berkeley. Told that education would be wasted on him, he persevered and became the first student with severe disabilities ever admitted. Before long, others joined him there, and, taking inspiration |
from the feminist and civil rights movements, they organized to gain better accessibility on campus and in the community. Roberts knew all too well the barriers that prevented people with disabilities from exercising their rights to be integrated into society, and dedicated his life to dismantling them. Ramps and curb cuts – the first one in the nation was at Telegraph and Bancroft – |
were early successes. Eventually, Roberts would help shape access regulations that became the basis of a worldwide revolution in civic architecture. Roberts also targeted paternalistic policies that discouraged people with disabilities from controlling their own lives and segregated them in separate schools and housing. While completing his BA and MA, Roberts helped launch the Physically Disabled Students Program, America’s first student-led disability services program. |
He also helped create the first Center for Independent Living, which served as a model for hundreds of similar organizations nationwide. In 1976, Governor Edmund G. Brown, Jr. appointed Roberts Director of the California Department of Vocational Rehabilitation – the same agency that had once labeled him too severely disabled to work at all. There, Roberts changed policy to provide resources to people with |
severe disabilities, which became federal rehabilitation policy. In 1983 he co-founded the World Institute on Disability (WID) and, using the funds from his MacArthur Foundation fellowship, began spreading the concept of independent living all over the world. He served as president of WID until his death in 1995. |
Book Description: In the spring of 1994 the tiny African nation of Rwanda exploded onto the international media stage, as internal strife reached genocidal proportions. But the horror that unfolded before our eyes had been building steadily for years before |
it captured the attention of the world. In The Rwanda Crisis, journalist and Africa scholar Gérard Prunier provides a historical perspective that Western readers need to understand how and why the brutal massacres of 800,000 Rwandese came to pass. Prunier |
shows how the events in Rwanda were part of a deadly logic, a plan that served central political and economic interests, rather than a result of ancient tribal hatreds -- a notion often invoked by the media to dramatize the |
fighting. The Rwanda Crisis makes great strides in dispelling the racist cultural myths surrounding the people of Rwanda, views propogated by European colonialists in the nineteenth century and carved into "history" by Western influence. Prunier demonstrates how the struggle for |
cultural dominance and subjugation among the Hutu and Tutsi -- the central players in the recent massacres -- was exploited by racially obsessed Europeans. He shows how Western colonialists helped to construct a Tutsi identity as a superior racial type |
because of their distinctly "non-Negro" features in order to facilitate greater control over the Rwandese.Expertly leading readers on a journey through the troubled history of the country and its surroundings, Prunier moves from the pre-colonial Kingdom of Rwanda, though German |
and Belgian colonial regimes, to the 1973 coup. The book chronicles the developing refugee crisis in Rwanda and neighboring Uganda in the 1970s and 1980s and offers the most comprehensive account available of the manipulations of popular sentiment that led |
to the genocide and the events that have followed.In the aftermath of this devastating tragedy, The Rwanda Crisis is the first clear-eyed analysis available to American readers. From the massacres to the subsequent cholera epidemic and emerging refugee crisis, Prunier |
Managing the Animal Allergen The protein contained in the dander, or skin, from animals is often a trigger for people with asthma. Cats and dogs are most common, but any furry animal can affect a person who is allergic. In some situations, if you are highly allergic, it may be necessary to remove your pet from your house. In many cases, however, your reaction |
to a pet can be controlled with a combination of allergy medication and these common sense tips. Prevent the pet from entering your bedroom by keeping the door closed and install air filters in the air vents of that room. It may be difficult, but try to keep the pet from climbing on furniture in areas of the house that you use frequently and |
change the linen if the pet has been on the bed. Pet dander particles are extremely fine, and over time can land on most surfaces of your home. So be sure to dust often. Wear a mask to prevent inhaling any of the dander or chemical fumes. Those, too, can trigger an asthma attack. Vacuum carpets and upholstered furniture often, preferably using a HEPA |
filter, which is a special filter that can trap very small particles. Wash your pet often, and wash your hands thoroughly after handling your pet. If you are a pet owner and have asthma, talk to your healthcare provider for more tips on managing the animal allergen. Animation Copyright © Milner-Fenwick |
Guidelines for Mental Health Screening during the Domestic Medical Examination for Newly Arrived Refugees Background and Goal Long-distance journeys and resettlement entail a set of engulfing life events (losses, changes, conflicts, and demands) that, although varying widely in kind and degree, may severely test a refugee's emotional resilience. Resettlement in a new country can produce profound psychological distress, even among the best prepared and |
most motivated. Given the nature of life-threatening experiences prior to and during flight from their home countries or (country of asylum/host country), as well as the difficult circumstances of existence in exile, refugees may be at particularly high risk for psychiatric symptoms. Risk factors that may predispose refugees and asylum seekers to psychiatric symptoms and disorders include: exposure to war, state-sponsored violence and oppression, |
including torture, internment in refugee camps, human trafficking, physical displacement outside one's home country, loss of family members and prolonged separation, the stress of adapting to a new culture, low socioeconomic status, and unemployment.1,2 Studies have shown a high prevalence of depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic attacks, somatization, and traumatic brain injuries in refugees.1-10 Depression and PTSD are prevalent in refugees who are |
not in clinical care for mental health, in addition to those identified for mental health interventions.5,7-14 Significant psychiatric symptoms may be present during the first few months following arrival to the United States.8,15 Various factors, including language, culture, religion, stigma, lack of transportation, work conflicts, and lack of child care, may constitute barriers for refugees accepting mental health diagnosis and/or treatment. However, reports suggest |
that early intervention may be helpful, despite cultural and other barriers to mental health treatment for refugees.15,16 For most refugees, the domestic medical screening evaluation is the first interaction with the U.S. health-care system. As such, it presents an opportunity to educate them about mental health issues, discuss expected stress responses, and also acts as an opportunity to provide mental health resources. The goal |
of mental health screening during the domestic medical examination is to identify and triage refugees in need of mental health treatment. In the extreme, these mental health issues may be life-threatening. However, even when the problem is not an immediate threat, when identified and treated, improved mental health hygiene may assist refugees to integrate and live more productive lives in their new homeland. Addressing |
mental health issues in newly arrived refugees presents tremendous challenges to the care provider and the U.S. health-care system. Although this document cannot provide solutions to these challenges, it provides suggestions and resources for primary clinicians for mental health screening during the initial domestic medical examination. The recommendations provided must be tailored to a specific clinic's abilities and time, community referral resources, and the |
health system's ability to address issues identified. General Points About Refugee Mental Health Screening - Health clinics providing screening should have a good working relationship with refugee resettlement agencies. These agencies often provide transportation to and from health screening appointments and may facilitate ongoing primary care and consultation. Additionally, refugee resettlement case workers may have important observations or information that may be informative to |
clinicians regarding individual refugees. - Acute psychiatric emergencies (e.g., suicidal/homicidal ideation) are seen infrequently during the domestic refugee examination, but do occasionally occur. In such cases, patients may not be able to wait for outpatient referral and formal psychiatric evaluation and hospitalization may be necessary. Clinical facilities conducting the domestic medical examination should have a mechanism in place for expedited referral for psychiatric evaluation |
interpreters are preferred. If an interpreter is not available in person, telephone interpreter services can be utilized. In addition, medical staff should be trained in how to use interpreter services. - Mental health screening may be different in each resettlement location, depending on both staffing of the particular health screening clinic and availability of local mental health services for referral. - Refugees may not |
volunteer or admit symptoms at initial screening, but symptoms may emerge several months or years after resettlement. Therefore, follow-up primary care referral for on-going health care is imperative. Ideally, primary care clinicians should be familiar with refugee care, including diagnosis and treatment (and/or referral) of commonly encountered mental health conditions. - Clinicians should be aware that many refugees, particularly those from cultures with stigmas |
against acknowledging psychiatric symptoms, may present with stress-related somatic symptoms. Refugees with unexplained somatic symptoms such as headaches, stomachaches, or back pain may benefit from referral to a mental health professional. Impairment-related Action Plans Based on severity of symptoms and ability to function in daily life, three major actions plans should be considered during screening, corresponding to the following three groups: I. Refugees with |
chronic, serious, or acute mental illness requiring immediate or rapid follow-up. - Upon arrival, a small number of refugees with major mental illnesses may present with symptoms such as suicidal or homicidal ideation or severe limitations in ability to function (e.g., go to school/work, perform necessary activities of daily living such as dressing and feeding oneself) that require immediate attention. This group may include |
refugees with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, traumatic brain injury, or PTSD. - All refugee health screening clinics should attempt to identify these individuals with the objective to refer for immediate psychiatric evaluation and treatment. II. Refugees with less acute mental illness or psychiatric symptoms requiring routine follow-up. - Refugees with known or identified mental illnesses who are not an immediate danger to themselves |
or others, are not gravely disabled by their illness, but whose ability to function is impaired. - Screening clinics should attempt to identify more severely affected individuals for referral to appropriate mental health specialists when available. - Although all refugees should receive referral for primary care, additional assurances should be put in place that follow-up mental health care is available for refugees with mental |
illness. - Severity and nature of symptoms, local availability of mental health services, and refugee preference are all variables that effect referral patterns preferences. III. Refugees without identified mental illness or significant symptoms. - All refugees have suffered directly or indirectly as a result of crisis, trauma or loss. The great majority of refugees are not in need of clinical mental health services. - |
The objective for this group is to ensure that all refugees have access to primary prevention activities (e.g., assuring adequate nutrition, providing prenatal care, access to primary care, access to community services, and supports). - Local resettlement and social service agencies may implement preventive mental health interventions, such as facilitating school entry, bolstering social support, and assisting with employment opportunities. Mental Health-Related Components of |
the Health Screening Evaluation Suggested components of the Mental Health Screening Evaluation described below are designed to help clinicians decide whether immediate or routine specialty referral is needed (Groups I, II above) or if referral to primary care is adequate (Groups II, III). 1) Review of records from overseas: The overseas medical examination of refugees applying for refugee status does include an evaluation for |
physical and mental disorders with associated harmful behaviors and substance-related disorders. The Technical Instructions for Medical Examination of Aliens (TIs) provide the requirements for this evaluation. The TI component for physical and mental disorders with associated harmful behaviors and substance-related disorders was last revised in 2010. The TIs require that the examining physician determine whether an alien has a physical or mental disorder with |
associated harmful behavior, either current or history, which is judged likely to recur and which may or is likely to pose a threat to the property, safety, or welfare of the alien or others. The TIs also require that the examining physician determine whether an alien has substance abuse or addiction (dependence).17 Refugees are classified as Class A if they have been diagnosed with |
a mental disorder based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria, and with current associated harmful behavior or a history of associated harmful behavior judged likely to recur. A Class A refugee needs an approved waiver for travel. The waiver ensures that an approved U.S. health-care provider is identified for the refugee. When a Class A refugee arrives in the |
United States, he or she must report promptly to the identified U.S health-care provider. The same process should be followed for a refugee who meets the DSM-IV criteria for substance abuse or dependence and was assigned to Class A based on substance abuse or addiction (dependence). Refugees diagnosed with a mental disorder with no current associated harmful behavior or a history of associated harmful |
examination: - head trauma, loss of consciousness or seizures, the presence of which raises suspicion for conditions such as traumatic brain injury (TBI). - known psychiatric conditions or past evaluations or treatments. - history of exposure to traumatic events (see Screening for PTSD section below). - alcohol and/or drug use, including use of traditional herbal substances such as khat (East Africa). - for children, |
out by clinicians throughout the routine screening. - During the routine screening process, the clinicians should pay close attention to: - tone of voice, body language and behavior that may indicate higher levels of anxiety or depression than expected. If level of anxiety or depression appears especially high, examiners may pay particular attention to mental health-specific questions below. - the refugee's ability to communicate |
thoughts in a coherent fashion (this determination may require input from an interpreter). - symptoms such as paranoia, delusions, or hallucinations that become apparent during the interview. Such symptoms indicate the need for immediate referral. - suicidal ideation during depression assessment (below). - homicidal ideation. 4) Screening for depression and PTSD Clients over the age of 16 should be screened for symptoms of major |
depression and PTSD, the most common disorders seen in refugees. Although symptoms of depression and PTSD do occur in children, this cutoff age is suggested because the process of interviewing children, especially those who cannot read a translated questionnaire, can be very time-consuming and requires skills not generally available in the screening environment. In addition, because improved mental health of parents can result in |
improved mental health of their children, screening adults in this setting is a priority.18,19 Before the clinicians or screeners ask specific questions relating to symptoms, refugees should be prepared by being presented a brief introduction such as the following: "Many refugees may not be aware that stressful life situations and events they may have experienced can have lasting effects on their health. Most refugees |
will experience short-term psychological and social difficulties simply as a result of resettlement. This is normal and should be expected. If you feel these symptoms are excessive and are interfering with your life or if you have thoughts of hurting yourself or others, you can always come back to our clinic and ask for help." Additional educational information aimed at raising awareness of common |
issues and symptoms experienced by refugees may be useful (See the appendix for sample). Optimally, this educational information may be translated into the refugees' native languages and given in a format appropriate to the literacy level and learning style of the refugee for future reference. Screening for Depression Clinicians should be familiar with the symptoms and diagnosis of depression described in the Diagnostic and |
Statistical Manual (DSM-IV), published by the American Psychiatric Association. For refugees who are literate in their own language, administering questionnaires in translated, written format can be effective and more time efficient than having interpreters translate each question. Tools are available that experts in refugee mental health use to screen for depression based on the DSM-IVcriteria. One such tool is the PRIME-MD PHQ-9, which is |
although actual diagnosis of PTSD may be difficult during the short time available in the health screening setting. An example of a screening question for PTSD often used with refugees is as follows:20 In this clinic we see many patients who have been forced to leave their countries because of violence or threats to the health and safety of themselves and their families. I |
am going to ask you a question about these types of situations. Were you ever a victim of violence in your former country? ____yes ____no Clients who answer "yes" to this question should be asked whether they would like to describe what happened to them. If clients agree to describe what happened, practitioners should be ready to listen to a brief recounting. On the |
for PTSD or questions 1-16 of the PTSD portion of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire checklist. Mild or moderately impaired persons with depression and/or PTSD may be referred for routine follow-up, while severely impaired persons may require immediate referral. Note: Psychological assessment instruments should not be the sole criteria for making psychiatric diagnoses. Anyone meeting criteria for depression or PTSD on a screening instrument should |
be referred to a mental health professional for further evaluation. 5) Referral for Refugees Considered at Significant Risk If significant positive findings emerge from history, clinical observations, and/or relevant information provided by resettlement agencies, clinical judgment and availability of services will determine whether emergency or routine follow-up care is needed and how quickly these services need to be accessed. If symptoms of depression or |
PTSD affect daily function, more urgent follow-up care is recommended. The presence of suicidal or homicidal ideation should prompt referral for emergency follow-up. When PTSD symptoms are severe, it is optimal for the refugee to be referred to an agency with special expertise in working with refugee mental health issues, including torture. When referring a patient primarily for mental health evaluation and treatment, the |
clinician can reassure the refugee by describing what to expect on the initial mental health evaluation. For children, information regarding histories of learning problems or poor school attendance must be relayed to the school systems they will be attending. Sample educational session Refugees should be informed that: - Many refugees have experienced persecution, war, or trauma. - It is normal for people to miss |
family members and loved ones who are still in their home country. - Many people have difficulties because they do not read, speak, or understand English. - Many people have difficulties adjusting to American customs, people, food, and climate. - Most people have difficulties understanding the American educational, health care, and legal systems. Because of the many difficulties faced by refugees, they may: - |
Feel sad, experience changes in their appetite, have difficulty sleeping, cry often, and lose interest in doing things that they once enjoyed. - Worry about their jobs, their health, or life in the United States. - Suffer from physical symptoms, such as headaches, dizziness, or restlessness. - Experience nightmares about war or trauma. - Have difficulty keeping bad memories out of their minds. - |
Try to avoid things that remind them of the terrible things they saw or experienced. The interviewer should emphasize that these symptoms do not reflect weakness in the person, but are normal reactions to past stressful and traumatic experiences. While experiencing some of these symptoms is normal, if the symptoms are very disturbing and cause significant difficulties in functioning, then the client or family |
should be encouraged to discuss them with a health provider. - Mollica RF, Wyshak G, Lavelle J. The psychosocial impact of war trauma and torture on Southeast Asian refugees. Am J Psychiatr 1987;144:1567-72. - Porter M, Haslam N. Predisplacement and postdisplacement factors associated with mental health of refugees and internally displaced persons: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2005; 294(5): 602-612. - Hikmet J, Nassar-McMillan SC, Lambert |
RG. Immigration and attendant psychological sequelae: a comparison of three waves of Iraqi immigrants. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. Vol 77(2), Apr 2007, 199-205. - Goldfeld AE, Mollica RF, Pesavento BH, Faraone SV. The physical and psychological sequelae of torture: symptomatology and diagnosis. JAMA 1988;260(4):22-29. - Sack WH, Clarke GN, Seeley J. Post-traumatic stress disorder across two generations of Cambodian refugees. J Am Acad Child |
Adolesc Psychiatry 1995;34:1160-6. - Sack WH, Clarke GN, Seeley J. Multiple forms of stress in Cambodian adolescent refugees. Child Dev 1996;67:107-16. - Eisenman DP, Gelberg L, Liu H, Shapiro MF. Mental health and health related quality of life among Latino primary care patients living in the United States with previous exposure to political violence. JAMA 2003;290:627-34. - Weine SM, Vojvoda D, Becker DF, McGlashan |
TH, Hodzic E, Laub D, et al. PTSD symptoms in Bosnian refugees one year after resettlement in the United States. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:562-4. - Weine SM, Becker DF, McGlashan TH, Vojvoda D, Hartman S, Robbins JP. Adolescent survivors of "ethnic cleansing": observations on the first year in America. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995;34:1153-9. - Mollica RF, Donelan K, Tor S, Lavelle |
J, Elias C, Frankel M, Blendon RJ. The effect of trauma and confinement on functional health and mental health status of Cambodians living in Thailand- Cambodia border camps. JAMA 1993;270:581-6. - Miller KE, Weine SM, Ramic A, Brkic N, Bjedic ZD, Smajkic A, et al. The relative contribution of war experiences and exile-related stressors to levels of psychosocial distress among Bosnian refugees. J Trauma |
Stress. 2002;15:377-87. - Cardozo BL, Bilukha OO, Crawford CA, Shaikh I, Wolfe MI, Gerber ML, Anderson M. Mental health, social functioning, and disability in postwar Afghanistan. JAMA 2004;292:575-84. - Scholte WF, Olff M, Ventevogel P, de Vries GJ, Jansveld E, Cardozo BL, Crawford CA. Mental health symptoms following war and repression in eastern Afghanistan. JAMA 2004;292:585-93. - Pham PN, Weinstein HM, Longman T. Trauma |
and PTSD symptoms in Rwanda: implications for attitudes toward justice and reconciliation. JAMA 2004;292:602-12. - Savin D, Seymour D, Littleford L, Bettridge J, Giese A. Findings from mental health screening of newly arrived refugees in Colorado. Public Health Rep 2005;120(3):224-229. - Barnes DM. Mental health screening in a refugee population; a program report. J Immigr Health 2001; 3(3)3:141-149. - CDC Immigration Requirements: Technical Instructions |
effects of parental mental health on children experiencing disaster: the experience of Bolu earthquake in Turkey. Family Process 2003: 42(4):485-95. - Eisenman, D. P. (2007). Screening for mental health problems and history of torture. Immigrant Medicine (pp. 633-638). Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier. |
The wines of Piemonte are noted as far back as Pliny's Natural History. Due to geographic and political isolation, Piemonte was without a natural port for most of its history, which made exportation treacherous and expensive. This left the Piemontese |
with little incentive to expand production. Sixteenth-century records show a mere 14% of the Bassa Langa under vine -- most of that low-lying and farmed polyculturally. In the nineteenth century the Marchesa Falletti, a frenchwoman by birth, brought eonologist Louis |
Oudart from Champagne to create the first dry wines in Piemonte. Along with work in experimental vineyards at Castello Grinzane conducted by Camilo Cavour -- later Conte di Cavour, leader of the Risorgimento and first Prime Minister of Italy -- |
this was the birth of modern wine in the Piemonte. At the heart of the region and her reputation are Alba and the Langhe Hills. This series of weathered outcroppings south of the Tanaro River is of maritime origin and |
composed mainly of limestone, sand and clay, known as terra bianca. In these soils -located mainly around the towns of Barolo and Barbaresco -- the ancient allobrogica, now Nebbiolo, achieves its renowned fineness and power. |
A growing number of people are unable to shed those extra pounds despite strict diet regimes and long hours of workout. Evidence shows that the toxins in the environment could be playing the spoilsport. They modify the body’s physiology and make it difficult to lose weight. While the West is |
waking up to the complex linkages between chemicals and obesity, realization is yet to dawn on doctors and researchers in India. Vibha Varshney, Dinsa Sachan and Sonal Matharu report on the new trigger for obesity and the way out. Obesity has just slipped out of the grasp of mathematical logic: |
if one burns as many calories as one consumes, one will not gain weight. Today it is easy to spot people in jogging parks, aerobic centres and gymnasiums who defy this logic. Take Sundar Rao of Mumbai who weighs 89 kg. He has been trying hard to shed the extra |
pounds for the past 15 years. A 53-year-old chartered accountant, he religiously takes out an hour from his busy schedule for exercising and has tried all possible diet regimes he could dig out of the massive literature and studies done on weight loss. Rao has cut down on carbohydrates, increased |
protein intake and reduced the amount of fat he consumes. Eating out is curtailed, fruits have been added to the plate and packaged foods kicked out, but to no avail. For his height of 170 centimetres, he is 19 kg overweight; worse, he continues to gain weight. Forty-year-old Sapna Vashista |
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