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witnessing how united the Ottoman Turks were and this worried them. As Eversley put it: "Their minds were defeated before their bodies." Once the fighting started, it went on for forty-eight days. The wall was beginning to collapse when Constantine sent a letter to the pope asking for help. In |
response, the pope sent five ships full of reinforcements, weapons and supplies. Another defense tactic involved Constantine blocking off the port so that the Ottoman army could not get ships into it. Mehmed had his people pave a path from oiled tree branches in order to bring eighty ships overland, |
and placed them into the gulf behind the enemy ships. Byzantine attempts to burn the Turkish ships failed. For the defenders, this meant loss of control over the Horn and that they were effectively cut off from reinforcements by sea. Since the Byzantine army was still holding on after that |
defeat, the sultan thought it was time to set up his secret weapon, a huge mobile tower. This tower could hold many soldiers who could be at the same level as the walls of the city, making it easier for them to break into Constantinople. The first group of Ottomans |
who entered the city were killed almost immediately, with the effect that the other Muslims began to retreat. Witnessing this, the sultan encouraged his soldiers. Soon after the sultan’s encouragement, two breaches were made in the wall allowing the Muslims to enter the city. In a last attempt to protect |
it, Constantine attacked the enemy sword raised; however he was defeated and killed. The city was plundered for three days. In the end, the population which had not been able to escape was deported to Edirne, Bursa and other Ottoman cities, leaving the city deserted except for the Jews of |
Balat and the Genoese of Pera. Other than the variations in their stories, the battle occurs in the same manner and neither the Byzantine nor Muslim narratives portrays the opposition in a brutal, negative light. As expected, however, each narrative portrays its side in a heroic light. The historical narrative |
from the Ottoman Turkish point of view depicts Mehmed as a clever, strong conqueror: "The sultan ordered the setting up of his secret weapon which he had invented himself." By contrast, the narrative from the Byzantine side portrays final emperor Constantine Palaeologus as a valiant leader who gave his life |
for the cause of Orthodoxy. As quoted from a Byzantine essay: "[Constantine] charged into the sea of the enemy soldiers, hitting left and right in a final act of defiance." Transition to the Ottoman era 1453–1922 - For more complete information on the city during the Ottoman period, see Istanbul |
Finally, the Christian Orthodox city of Constantinople was under Ottoman control. When Mehmed II finally entered Constantinople through what is now known as the Topkapi Gate, he immediately rode his horse to the Hagia Sophia, which he ordered to be sacked. He ordered that an imam meet him there in |
order to chant the Shahada, the Islamic creed which declares belief in the oneness of God and acceptance of Muhammad as God's prophet” This act transformed the Orthodox cathedral into a Muslim mosque, solidifying Islamic rule in Constantinople. Mehmed’s main concern with Constantinople had to do with rebuilding the city’s |
defenses and repopulation. Building projects were commenced immediately after the conquest, which included the repair of the walls, construction of the citadel, and building a new palace. Mehmed issued orders across his empire that Muslims, Christians, and Jews should resettle the city; he demanded that five thousand households needed to |
be transferred to Constantinople by September. From all over the Islamic empire, prisoners of war and deported people were sent to the city: these people were called "Sürgün" in Turkish (Greek: σουργουνιδες). Two centuries later, Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi gave a list of groups introduced into the city with their |
respective origins. Even today, many quarters of Istanbul, such as Aksaray, Çarşamba, bear the names of the places of origin of their inhabitants. However, many people escaped again from the city, and there were several outbreaks of plague, so that in 1459 Mehmet allowed the deported Greeks to come back |
to the city. Constantinople was the largest and richest urban center in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea during the late Eastern Roman Empire, mostly as a result of its strategic position commanding the trade routes between the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea. It would remain the capital of the eastern, |
Greek-speaking empire for over a thousand years. At its peak, roughly corresponding to the Middle Ages, it was the richest and largest European city, exerting a powerful cultural pull and dominating economic life in the Mediterranean. Visitors and merchants were especially struck by the beautiful monasteries and churches of the |
city, in particular, Hagia Sophia, or the Church of Holy Wisdom: A Russian 14th-century traveler, Stephen of Novgorod, wrote, "As for St Sophia, the human mind can neither tell it nor make description of it." It was especially important for preserving in its libraries manuscripts of Greek and Latin authors |
throughout a period when instability and disorder caused their mass-destruction in western Europe and north Africa: On the city's fall, thousands of these were brought by refugees to Italy, and played a key part in stimulating the Renaissance, and the transition to the modern world. The cumulative influence of the |
city on the west, over the many centuries of its existence, is incalculable. In terms of technology, art and culture, as well as sheer size, Constantinople was without parallel anywhere in Europe for a thousand years. The city provided a defence for the eastern provinces of the old Roman Empire |
against the barbarian invasions of the 5th century. The 18-meter-tall walls built by Theodosius II were, in essence, impregnable to the barbarians coming from south of the Danube river, who found easier targets to the west rather than the richer provinces to the east in Asia. From the 5th century, |
the city was also protected by the Anastasian Wall, a 60-kilometer chain of walls across the Thracian peninsula. Many scholars[who?] argue that these sophisticated fortifications allowed the east to develop relatively unmolested while Ancient Rome and the west collapsed. With the emergence of Christianity and the rise of Islam, Constantinople |
became the last bastion of Christian Europe, standing at the fore of Islamic expansion, and repelling its influence. As the Byzantine Empire was situated in-between the Islamic world and the Christian west, so did Constantinople act as Europe’s first line-of-defence against Arab advances in the 7th and 8th centuries. The |
city, and the Empire, would ultimately fall to the Ottomans by 1453, but its enduring legacy had provided Europe centuries of resurgence following the collapse of Rome. The Byzantine Empire used Roman and Greek architectural models and styles to create its own unique type of architecture. The influence of Byzantine |
architecture and art can be seen in the copies taken from it throughout Europe. Particular examples include St Mark's Basilica in Venice, the basilicas of Ravenna, and many churches throughout the Slavic East. Also, alone in Europe until the 13th century Italian florin, the Empire continued to produce sound gold |
coinage, the solidus of Diocletian becoming the bezant prized throughout the Middle Ages. Its city walls were much imitated (for example, see Caernarfon Castle) and its urban infrastructure was moreover a marvel throughout the Middle Ages, keeping alive the art, skill and technical expertise of the Roman Empire. In the |
Ottoman period Islamic architecture and symbolism were used. Constantine's foundation gave prestige to the Bishop of Constantinople, who eventually came to be known as the Ecumenical Patriarch, and made it a prime center of Christianity alongside Rome. This contributed to cultural and theological differences between Eastern and Western Christianity eventually |
leading to the Great Schism that divided Western Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy from 1054 onwards. Constantinople is also of great religious importance to Islam, as the conquest of Constantinople is one of the signs of the End time in Islam. - Constantinople appears as a city of wondrous majesty, beauty, |
remoteness, and nostalgia in William Butler Yeats' 1928 poem "Sailing to Byzantium". - Constantinople, as seen under the Byzantine emperor Theodosius II, makes several on-screen appearances in the television miniseries "Attila" as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. - Robert Graves, author of I, Claudius, also wrote Count Belisarius, |
a historical novel about Belisarius. Graves set much of the novel in the Constantinople of Justinian I. - Constantinople provides the setting of much of the action in Umberto Eco's 2000 novel Baudolino. - Constantinople's change of name was the theme for a song made famous by The Four Lads |
and later covered by They Might Be Giants and many others entitled "Istanbul (Not Constantinople)". - "Constantinople" was also the title of the opening edit of The Residents' EP Duck Stab!, released in 1978. - Queen (band)'s Roger Meddows Taylor included the track "Interlude in Constantinople" on Side 2 of |
his debut album Fun in Space. - A Montreal-based folk/classical/fusion band calls itself "Constantinople". - Constantinople under Justinian is the scene of the book A Flame in Byzantium (ISBN 0312930267) by Chelsea Quinn Yarbro, released in 1987. - "Constantinople" is the title of a song by The Decemberists. - Stephen |
Lawhead's novel Byzantium (1996) is set in 9th-century Constantinople. - Folk Metal band Turisas makes multiple references to Constantinople in their song "Miklagard Overture", referring to it as "Konstantinopolis", "Tsargrad", and "Miklagard". - Constantinople makes an appearance in the MMORPG game Silkroad as a major capital, along with a major |
Chinese capital. - Constantinople makes an appearance in the "Rome Total War" expansion "Barbarian Invasion" belonging to the Eastern Roman Empire - Constantinople also makes an appearance in "Medieval Total War". It is a starting province and city of the Byzantines. - Constantinople makes an appearance in the game "Age |
of Empires II: The Age of Kings" in the fifth scenario of the Barbarossa campaign and again in the third scenario of the Attila the Hun campaign in the expansion pack "Age of Empires II: The Conquerors Expansion". - Constantinople is the main setting of the game "Assassin's Creed: Revelations", |
the fourth major title in the best-selling "Assassin's Creed" series. People from Constantinople Secular buildings and monuments - Basilica Cistern - Baths of Zeuxippus - Column of Marcian - Forum of Constantine - Great Palace of Constantinople - Hippodrome of Constantinople - Palace of Lausus - Palace of Blachernae - |
Valens Aqueduct - Walls of Constantinople Churches, monasteries and mosques - Atik Mustafa Pasha Mosque - Bodrum Mosque - Chora Church - Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus - Church of St. Polyeuctus - Church of the Holy Apostles - Eski Imaret Mosque - Fenari Isa Mosque - Gül Mosque |
- Hagia Irene - Hagia Sophia - Hirami Ahmet Pasha Mosque - Kalenderhane Mosque - Koca Mustafa Pasha Mosque - Nea Ekklesia - Pammakaristos Church - Stoudios Monastery - Vefa Kilise Mosque - Zeyrek Mosque - Ahmed Bican Yazıcıoğlu - Byzantine calendar - Byzantine silk - Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople |
- Eparch of Constantinople (List of eparchs) - Fall of Constantinople - Golden Horn - List of people from Constantinople - Massacre of the Latins - Nika riots - Notitia urbis Constantinopolitanae - Sieges of Constantinople - Third Rome - University of Constantinople - Rosenberg, Matt. "Largest cities through history." |
About.com. - Pounds, Norman John Greville. An Historical Geography of Europe, 1500–1840, p. 124. CUP Archive, 1979. ISBN 0-521-22379-2. - Janin (1964), passim - Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 28 - Tom Burham, The Dictionary of Misinformation, Ballantine, 1977. - BBC – Timeline: Turkey. - Room, Adrian, (1993), Place Name changes 1900–1991, |
Metuchen, N.J., & London:The Scarecrow Press, Inc., ISBN 0-8108-2600-3 pp. 46, 86. - Britannica, Istanbul. - Lexicorient, Istanbul. - Commemorative coins that were issued during the 330s already refer to the city as Constantinopolis (see, e.g., Michael Grant, The climax of Rome (London 1968), p. 133), or "Constantine's City". According |
to the Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum, vol. 164 (Stuttgart 2005), column 442, there is no evidence for the tradition that Constantine officially dubbed the city "New Rome" (Nova Roma). It is possible that the Emperor called the city "Second Rome" (Greek: Δευτέρα Ῥώμη, Deutéra Rhōmē) by official decree, as |
reported by the 5th-century church historian Socrates of Constantinople: See Names of Constantinople. - A description can be found in the Notitia urbis Constantinopolitanae. - Socrates II.13, cited by J B Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire, p. 74. - J B Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire, |
p. 75. et seqq. - Liber insularum Archipelagi, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris. - Margaret Barker, Times Literary Supplement 4 May 2007, p. 26. - Procopius' Secret History: see P Neville-Ure, Justinian and his Age, 1951. - St Sophia was converted into a mosque after the Ottoman conquest of the |
city, and is now a museum. - Source for quote: Scriptores originum Constantinopolitanarum, ed T Preger I 105 (see A. A. Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine Empire, 1952, vol I, p. 188). - T. Madden, Crusades: The Illustrated History, 114. - Justinian, Novellae 63 and 165. - Early Medieval and |
Byzantine Civilization: Constantine to Crusades, Dr. Kenneth W. Harl. - Past pandemics that ravaged Europe, BBC News, November 7, 2005. - Possibly from the largest city in the world with 500,000 inhabitants to just 40,000–70,000: The Inheritance of Rome, Chris Wickham, Penguin Books Ltd. 2009, ISBN 978-0-670-02098-0 (p. 260) - |
Vasiliev 1952, p. 251. - George Finlay, History of the Byzantine Empire, Dent, London, 1906, pp. 156–161. - Finlay, 1906, pp. 174–5. - Finlay, 1906, p. 379. - Enoksen, Lars Magnar. (1998). Runor : historia, tydning, tolkning. Historiska Media, Falun. ISBN 91-88930-32-7 p. 135. - J M Hussey, The Byzantine |
World, Hutchinson, London, 1967, p. 92. - Vasiliev 1952, pp. 343–4. - Silk Road Seattle – Constantinople, Daniel C. Waugh. - The officer given the task was killed by the crowd, and in the end the image was removed rather than destroyed: It was to be restored by Irene and |
removed again by Leo V: Finlay 1906, p. 111. - Vasiliev 1952, p. 261. - The Pechenegs, Steven Lowe and Dmitriy V. Ryaboy. - There is an excellent source for these events: the writer and historian Anna Comnena in her work The Alexiad. - Vasiliev 1952, p. 472. - J. |
Phillips, The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople, 144. - J. Phillips, The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople, 155. - Stilbes, Constantine; Johannes M. (Johannes Maria) Diethart, Wolfram Hörandner (2005). Constantinus Stilbes Poemata. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 16 line 184. ISBN 978-3-598-71235-7. - Diethart and Hörandner (2005). |
p. 24, line 387 - Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, Cambridge 1966 , vol 3, p.123. - Hussey 1967, p. 70. - T. Madden, Crusades: The Illustrated History, 113. - J. Norwich, Byzantium: The Decline and Fall, 217. - The Black Death, Channel 4 – History. - D. |
the Ottoman Empire. 1, University of Oklahoma Press, 1963. p. 6 - Inalcik, Halil. “The Policy of Mehmed II toward the Greek Population of Istanbul and the Byzantine Buildings of the City.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 23, (1969): 229–249. p. 236 - Game Informer 218 details - Bury, J. B. (1958). |
History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian. Dover Publications. - Crowley, Roger (2005). Constantinople: Their Last Great Siege, 1453. Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-22185-1. - Freely, John (1998). Istanbul: The Imperial City. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-024461-8. - Freely, John; Ahmet S. |
Cakmak (2004). The Byzantine Monuments of Istanbul. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77257-0. - Gibbon, Edward (2005). The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Phoenix Press. ISBN 978-0-7538-1881-7. - Hanna-Riitta, Toivanen (2007). The Influence of Constantinople on Middle Byzantine Architecture (843–1204). A typological and morphological approach at the provincial level. |
Suomen kirkkohistoriallisen seuran toimituksia 202 (Publications of the Finnish Society of Church History No. 202). ISBN 978-952-5031-41-6. - Harris, Jonathan (2007). Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium. Hambledon Continuum. ISBN 978-1-84725-179-4. - Harris, Jonathan (2003). Byzantium and the Crusades. Hambledon and London. ISBN 978-1-85285-501-7. - Herrin, Judith (2008). Byzantium: The Surprising Life |
of a Medieval Empire. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13151-1. - Janin, Raymond (1964). Constantinople Byzantine (in French) (2 ed.). Paris: Institut Français d'Etudes Byzantines. - Mamboury, Ernest (1953). The Tourists' Istanbul. Istanbul: Çituri Biraderler Basımevi. - Mansel, Philip (1998). Constantinople: City of the World's Desire, 1453–1924. St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN |
978-0-312-18708-8. - Müller-Wiener, Wolfgang (1977). Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls: Byzantion, Konstantinupolis, Istanbul bis zum Beginn d. 17 Jh (in German). Tübingen: Wasmuth. ISBN 978-3-8030-1022-3. - Phillips, Jonathan (2005). The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople. Pimlico. ISBN 978-1-84413-080-1. - Runciman, Steven (1990). The Fall of Constantinople, 1453. Cambridge University |
Press. ISBN 978-1-84413-080-1. - Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2630-6. |Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Constantinople| - Constantinople, from History of the Later Roman Empire, by J.B. Bury - History of Constantinople from the "New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia." - |
Monuments of Byzantium – Pantokrator Monastery of Constantinople - Constantinoupolis on the web Select internet resources on the history and culture - Info on the name change from the Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture - Welcome to Constantinople, documenting the monuments of Byzantine Constantinople - Byzantium |
Attention Deficit Disorder, ADD, Hyperactivity Introduction to ADHD: Over-diagnosed? Under-diagnosed? Probably both – and certainly real. ADHD affects children’s school performance and their relationships with others. Parents who are wondering if their children have ADHD are often exhausted and frustrated. What is ADHD? ADHD is a problem with inattentiveness, over-activity, impulsivity, or some combination of these. Scientific studies, using advanced |
neuroimaging techniques of brain structure and function, show that the brains of children with ADHD are different from those of other children. These children handle neurotransmitters (including dopamine, serotonin, and/or adrenalin) differently from their peers. While we still don’t know exactly what causes ADHD, it appears that it is often genetic. Whatever the specific cause may be, it seems to |
be set in motion very early in life as the brain is developing. Other problems, such as depression, sleep deprivation, specific learning disabilities, tic disorders, and oppositional/aggressive behavior problems, may be confused with or appear along with ADHD. Every child suspected of having ADHD deserves a careful evaluation to sort out exactly what is contributing to his concerning behaviors. Who |
gets ADHD? There is a lot of controversy surrounding the actual number of children with ADHD. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) suggests that it occurs in 3 to 5 percent of all children. Other estimates are far higher or lower. It is diagnosed much more often in boys than in girls. Most children with ADHD also have at least |
one other developmental or behavioral problem. What are the symptoms of ADHD? The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) divides the symptoms of ADHD into those of inattentiveness and those of hyperactivity/impulsivity. - Often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, work, or other activities - Often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play |
activities - Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly - Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace (not due to oppositional behavior or failure to understand instructions) - Often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities - Often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to engage in tasks |
that require sustained mental effort (such as schoolwork or homework) - Often loses things necessary for tasks or activities (e.g., toys, school assignments, pencils, books, or tools) - Is often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli - Is often forgetful in daily activities - Often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat - Often leaves seat in classroom or |
in other situations in which remaining seated is expected - Often runs about or climbs excessively in situations in which it is inappropriate (in adolescents or adults, may be limited to subjective feelings of restlessness) - Often has difficulty playing or engaging in leisure activities quietly - Is often “on the go” or often acts as if “driven by a |
motor”. - Often talks excessively. - Often blurts out answers before questions have been completed - Often has difficulty awaiting turn - Often interrupts or intrudes on others (e.g., butts into conversations or games) Is ADHD contagious? How long does ADHD last? ADHD is a long-term, chronic condition. About half of the children with ADHD will continue to have troublesome |
symptoms of inattention or impulsivity as adults. However, for many children, the symptoms of ADHD may improve with time. How is ADHD diagnosed? Too often, difficult children are incorrectly labeled with ADHD. On the other hand, many children who do have ADHD remain undiagnosed. In either case, related learning disabilities or mood problems are often missed. The American Academy of |
Pediatrics (AAP) has issued guidelines to bring more clarity to this issue. The diagnosis is based on very specific symptoms, which must be present in more than one setting (including at school). Every evaluation should include a search for possible additional conditions including conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, mood disorders/depression, anxiety, and learning disabilities. To be diagnosed with ADHD, children |
should have at least 6 of the attention symptoms or 6 of the activity/impulsivity symptoms listed in the DSM-IV. They must display these to a degree beyond what would be expected for children their age. The symptoms must be present for at least 6 months, observable in 2 or more settings, and not caused by another problem. The symptoms must |
be severe enough to cause significant difficulties. Some defining symptoms must be present before age 7. Older children who still have symptoms but no longer meet the full definition have ADHD in partial remission. Some children with ADHD primarily have the Inattentive Type, some the Hyperactive-Impulsive Type, and some the Combined Type. Those with the Inattentive type are less disruptive |
and are easier to miss being diagnosed with ADHD. How is ADHD treated? The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has developed evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of ADHD: - ADHD is a chronic condition and must be treated as such. - It is important to set specific, appropriate target goals to guide therapy. - Medication and/or behavior therapy should be |
started. - When treatment has not met the target goals, it is important to evaluate the original diagnosis, the possible presence of other conditions, how well the treatment plan has been implemented, and the use of all appropriate treatments. - Systematic follow-up for the child with ADHD is important to regularly reassess target goals, results, and any adverse effects of |
medications. Information should be gathered from parents, teachers, and the child. ADHD is a frustrating problem. A number of alternative remedies have become quite popular, including herbs and supplements, chiropractic manipulation, and dietary changes. While there is evidence suggesting the value of a healthy, varied diet, with plenty of fiber and other basic nutrients (the diet that would be best |
for most children), there is little or no solid evidence for many remedies that are marketed to parents. The most promising specific nutritional actions include getting adequate iron and omega 3 fats in the diet, and possibly avoiding certain artificial dyes and chemical preservatives. Adequate sleep has been proven to help ADHD symptoms. Children who receive both behavioral treatment and |
medication often do the best. Medications should not be used just to make life easier for the parents or the school. There are now several different classes of ADHD medications that may be used alone or in combination. How can ADHD be prevented? New links are being discovered between ADHD and environmental triggers. Avoiding prenatal tobacco, lead, or organophosphate pesticide |
exposure, for instance, has been linked with lower rates of ADHD. Minimizing unnecessary exposure to known neurotoxins and maximizing healthy food and sleep may prevent ADHD, but this has yet to be proven. Early identification and treatment can prevent many of the problems associated with ADHD. Related A-to-Z Information: Last reviewed: February 15, 2012 |
Projectile vomiting, Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis Introduction to pyloric stenosis: “The spit up is getting worse and worse. Now it’s after every feed. I think it may even be projectile vomiting, but I’m not sure.” Many babies spit up. A few gradually eject larger quantities of breast milk or formula until |
they are barely keeping anything down. This can be caused by a condition called pyloric stenosis, in which the muscular valve at the base of the stomach grows too tight to allow milk to pass. What is pyloric stenosis? The gastrointestinal system is a long convoluted tube extending from the |
mouth, through the body, down to the anus. During development a portion of the tube may not form. This is called atresia. In esophageal atresia, for example, a section of the esophagus is missing. More commonly, a portion of the tube is too narrow. This is called stenosis. In pyloric |
stenosis, for example, the pyloric valve is too tight to permit stomach contents to pass through easily. Who gets pyloric stenosis? Pyloric stenosis can occur in boys or girls, but it is much more common in boys, especially in firstborn boys. It is also more common in those with Northern |
European ancestry and in those with type B or type O blood. It seems to cluster in babies whose mothers have recently taken erythromycin. Pyloric stenosis can run in families. It is also more common in some medical syndromes, such as Turner syndrome and Cornelia de Lange syndrome. What are |
the symptoms of pyloric stenosis? The main symptom of pyloric stenosis is vomiting that gets progressively worse. The vomiting usually happens immediately after a feeding and usually happens with each feed. Often, the child remains hungry and would like to feed again after vomiting. Classically, the vomiting becomes ‘projectile,’ shooting |
far out from the baby’s mouth. Dehydration can progress quickly. Some develop jaundice. Is pyloric stenosis contagious? How long does pyloric stenosis last? Most children with pyloric stenosis are not born with it, but vomiting usually starts at around 3 to 5 weeks of age as the pylorus tightens. Pyloric |
stenosis can start earlier or months later. The condition generally continues until treated. How is pyloric stenosis diagnosed? The diagnosis is suspected based on the story and the physical exam (sometimes the pylorus feels like an olive in the belly). Imaging studies such as ultrasounds are often used to confirm |
the diagnosis. How is pyloric stenosis treated? In the United States, pyloric stenosis is corrected with surgery – with excellent results. Over time, doctors have found that open surgery (with an incision along the abdominal wall) may sometimes be avoided through the use of laparoscopic surgery (where surgeons make several |
tiny incisions to use several thin instruments to perform the surgery). In either case, the baby is usually rehydrated before the operation. A fascinating article in the October 2001 issue of Indian Pediatrics describes what happened when 52 babies were treated with atropine instead. Atropine is an ancient medicine that |
can relax spasms in smooth muscles. Used incorrectly, it can be a poison. But it is also a powerful antidote (in nerve gas attacks, for instance). In fifty of the babies in the study (96.2 percent), the pyloric stenosis resolved with the medicine alone. The other 2 babies improved, but |
still needed surgery. No side effects interrupted the treatment in any of the babies. Atropine or some other medicine may prove to be a safe, effective, cheap, non-invasive alternative to surgery. How can pyloric stenosis be prevented? Related A-to-Z Information: Anorectal Malformations (Imperforate anus), Appendicitis, Blocked Tear Duct, Celiac Disease, |
Cleft Lip and Palate, Clubfoot, Colic, Congenital Hip Dislocation, Constipation, Dehydration, Diaper Rash, Food Poisoning, Gastroesophageal Reflux, Gastroenteritis, Hernia (Inguinal hernia), Hydrocele, Inconspicuous Penis, Intussusception, Jaundice (Bilirubin, Hyperbilirubinemia), Labial Adhesions, Meatal Stenosis, Undescended Testicle (Cryptorchidism), Vomiting Last reviewed: February 04, 2008 |
Scarlatina, Strep throat rash Introduction to scarlet fever: A rash as rough as sandpaper, a high fever, a child who looks quite ill…When parents learn that it is scarlet fever, tragic images from the past may be conjured up. Thankfully, with the right medicine, this one is now easy to treat. What is scarlet fever? Scarlet fever is a Streptococcus infection causing a high |
fever and a characteristic rash. It is one of the classic childhood exanthems. Unlike the others, however, it does require treatment with antibiotics. Scarlet fever is also called scarlatina, although sometimes the term scarlatina is used for milder forms of the same disease, or even just for the rash. Scarlet fever is almost always associated with a strep throat infection, although occasionally it can |
arise from strep in another location, such as in a wound. There are many strains of strep; some of them produce one of the three toxins that can lead to the rash. The rash is thought to be an allergic reaction to these toxins. Who gets scarlet fever? Scarlet fever is most common in children between the ages of 5 and 15. It is |
unusual in children before the third birthday, partly because it takes time for allergies to the toxins to develop. Scarlet fever is most common in the late fall, winter, and early spring, perhaps because children are in closer contact with each other during those months. What are the symptoms of scarlet fever? People get sick an average of 3 days after they are exposed |
(range, 2–5 days). Illness usually begins suddenly, with a high fever that peaks at 103°F or 104°F on the second day. Many children also have sore throat, headache, stomachache, nausea, or chills. The characteristic rash usually appears within 12 to 48 hours—while the fever is still present (unlike roseola and fifth disease, in which the fever usually has subsided before the rash appears). The |
rash is usually red and has the feel of coarse sandpaper. It fades briefly when you press on it. The rash may begin in the armpits or groin but spreads to cover most of the body. The face usually does not feel rough, but the cheeks are reddened and a pale ring develops around the mouth. The rash usually peels 1 to 6 weeks |
later. The tongue may be covered with a white coat, through which red taste buds are visible (a white strawberry tongue). Later, the tongue itself may be reddened and swollen (a red strawberry tongue). The throat and tonsils are often swollen and beefy red, covered in a gray/white/yellow coat. There may be red or purple spots on the roof of the mouth. Lymph nodes |
in the neck may be tender. In some people, scarlet fever is very mild, with only a few of these symptoms. Others are seriously ill, collapsing from the raging illness. Is scarlet fever contagious? Scarlet fever spreads by droplet and by contact transmission. Fomites and airborne transmission are rarely involved. Close contact is necessary to get the infected secretions from one person to the |
next. To become infected, children need to get the secretions from a sick child into their own mouths. Children are most contagious during the fever. How is scarlet fever diagnosed? A strep test can assist in the diagnosis, along with the appropriate history and physical findings. In the absence of the test, scarlet fever is sometimes confused with the other classic childhood exanthems (measles, |
rubella, fifth disease, roseola) or with mononucleosis, Staphylococcus infection, enteroviral infections, or Kawasaki disease. How is scarlet fever treated? Antibiotics are used to treat scarlet fever and to prevent its complications. Ibuprofen can help these children feel much better while the antibiotic is taking effect. How can scarlet fever be prevented? Treatment involves avoiding close contact with those who are contagious. Children should be |
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