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the cause of a peptic ulcer in you, a friend, or relative? Peptic Ulcer - Complications Question: Did you experience any complications with your peptic ulcer? Please share your story. Get the latest health and medical information delivered direct to |
Constipation is difficult or infrequent bowel movements, hard stool, or a feeling that the rectum is not totally empty after a bowel movement (incomplete evacuation). For constipation in children, see Symptoms in Infants and Children: Constipation in Children. Constipation may be acute or chronic. Acute constipation begins suddenly and noticeably. Chronic constipation may begin gradually and persists for months or years. Many people believe |
they are constipated if they do not have a bowel movement every day. However, daily bowel movements are not normal for everyone. Having less frequent bowel movements does not necessarily indicate a problem unless there has been a substantial change from previous patterns. The same is true of the color, size, and consistency of stool. People often blame constipation for many symptoms (such as |
abdominal discomfort, nausea, fatigue, and poor appetite) that are actually the result of other disorders (such as irritable bowel syndrome [IBS] and depression). People should not expect all symptoms to be relieved by a daily bowel movement, and measures to aid bowel habits, such as laxatives and enemas, should not be overused. However, people may harmlessly help relieve their symptoms by eating more fruits, |
vegetables, fiber, and cereals. The complications of constipation include Excessive straining during bowel movements increases pressure on the veins around the anus and can lead to hemorrhoids and, rarely, protrusion of the rectum through the anus (rectal prolapse). Passing hard stool can cause a split in the skin of the anus (anal fissure). Each of these complications can make having a bowel movement uncomfortable |
and make people reluctant to move their bowels. Putting off bowel movements can cause a vicious circle of worsening constipation and complications. Diverticular disease can develop if the walls of the large intestine are damaged by the increased pressure required to move small, hard stools. Damage to the walls of the large intestine leads to the formation of balloon-like sacs or outpocketings (diverticula), which |
can become clogged and inflamed (diverticulitis). Diverticula sometimes bleed and rarely rupture (causing peritonitis). Fecal impaction, in which stool in the rectum and last part of the large intestine hardens and completely blocks the passage of other stool, sometimes develops in people with constipation. Fecal impaction leads to cramps, rectal pain, and strong but futile efforts to defecate. Sometimes, watery mucus or liquid stool |
oozes around the blockage, which gives the false impression of diarrhea (paradoxic diarrhea). Fecal impaction is particularly common among older people, particularly those who are bedridden or have decreased physical activity, pregnant women, and people who have been given barium by mouth or as an enema for certain types of x-ray tests. Overconcern with regular bowel movements causes many people to abuse their bowels |
with laxatives, suppositories, and enemas. Overusing these treatments can actually inhibit the bowel's normal contractions and worsen constipation. People with obsessive-compulsive disorder (see Anxiety Disorders: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)) often feel the need to rid their body daily of “unclean” wastes or "toxins." Such people often spend excessive time on the toilet or become chronic users of laxatives. The most common causes of constipation include |
Dietary causes are very common. Dehydration causes constipation because the body tries to conserve water in the blood by removing additional water from the stool. Stool that contains less water is harder to pass. Fruits, vegetables, cereals, and other fiber-containing foods are the natural laxatives of the digestive tract. People who do not eat enough of these foods can become constipated. Lack of fiber |
(the indigestible part of food) in the diet can lead to constipation because fiber helps hold water in the stool and increases its bulk, making it easier to pass. The most common drugs that can slow the bowels include opioids, iron salts, and drugs with anticholinergic effects (such as many antihistamines and tricyclic antidepressants—see Aging and Drugs: Anticholinergic: What Does It Mean?). Other drugs |
include aluminum hydroxide (common in over-the-counter antacids), bismuth subsalicylate, certain drugs that lower blood pressure (antihypertensives), and many sedatives. Disordered defecation (dyschezia) refers to a problem with the bowels generating enough force to propel stool from the rectum and/or difficulty relaxing the muscle fibers around the rectum and the external anal sphincter during defecation. People with dyschezia sense the need to have a bowel |
movement but cannot. Even stool that is not hard may be difficult to pass. People with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS—see Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)) may have IBS-disordered defecation. People who frequently use laxatives and/or enemas often lose the ability to move their bowels without such aids. A vicious circle can result with constipation leading to more laxative use and thus more constipation. Less common |
causes of constipation include specific medical disorders (see Symptoms of Digestive Disorders: Some Causes and Features of Constipation), such as intestinal obstruction, and certain metabolic disorders and neurologic disorders. Constipation also can occur during any major illness that requires prolonged bed rest (because physical activity helps the intestines move stool along), with decreased food intake, with use of drugs that can cause constipation, and |
after a head or spinal cord injury. In many cases, however, the cause of constipation is unknown. Constipation is sometimes caused by obstruction of the large intestine. Obstruction can be caused by a large cancer, especially in the last portion of the large intestine, that blocks the movement of stool. People who previously had abdominal surgery may develop obstruction, usually of the small intestine, |
because bands of fibrous tissues (adhesions) form around the intestines and impede the flow of stool. Disorders and diseases that often cause constipation include an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism), high blood calcium levels (hypercalcemia), and Parkinson's disease. People with diabetes often develop nerve damage (neuropathy). If the neuropathy affects nerves to the digestive tract, the intestines may slow down, resulting in constipation. Spinal cord |
injury can also interfere with the nerves to the intestines and cause constipation. Not every episode of constipation requires immediate evaluation by a doctor. The following information can help people decide whether a doctor's evaluation is needed and help them know what to expect during the evaluation. In people with constipation, certain symptoms and characteristics are cause for concern. They include When to see |
a doctor: People who have warning signs should see a doctor right away, unless the only warning signs are weight loss and/or new constipation in older people. In such cases, a delay of a few days to a week is not harmful. People who have constipation but no warning signs should call their doctor, who can help decide how quickly they need to be |
seen. Depending on people's other symptoms and known disorders, doctors may wish to see the person within a few days or may simply recommend trying changes in diet and/or a mild laxative. What the doctor does: Doctors first ask questions about the person's symptoms and medical history. Doctors then do a physical examination. What they find during the history and physical examination often suggests |
a cause of the constipation and the tests that may need to be done (see Symptoms of Digestive Disorders: Some Causes and Features of Constipation). During the history, doctors ask about the following: Doctors also ask about symptoms of metabolic (such as hypothyroidism and diabetes) and neurologic (such as spinal cord injury) disorders. During the physical examination, doctors look at the following: |PrintOpen table |
in new window The need for tests depends on what doctors find during the history and physical examination, particularly whether warning signs are present. When the cause of the constipation is clear (such as due to drugs, injury, or bed rest), doctors often treat the person's symptoms and do no testing. People with symptoms of intestinal obstruction undergo abdominal x-rays, and possibly a computed |
tomography (CT) scan. Most people with no clear cause or whose symptoms have not been relieved with treatment should have tests. Typically, doctors do a colonoscopy (to detect cancer) and blood tests to check for an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism) or high calcium levels in the blood (hypercalcemia). Any underlying disorder causing constipation must be treated. When possible, drugs that cause constipation are stopped |
or changed. Constipation is best prevented with a combination of exercise, a high-fiber diet, and an adequate intake of fluids. When a potentially constipating drug is prescribed, and/or people are placed on bed rest, doctors often give a laxative (see Symptoms of Digestive Disorders: Agents Used to Prevent or Treat Constipation) and recommend increased intake of dietary fiber and fluids rather than wait for |
constipation to develop. There are 3 approaches to treating people with constipation: Doctors are cautious with use of laxatives, suppositories, and enemas, because they can cause diarrhea, dehydration, cramps, and/or dependence on laxatives. People with sudden abdominal pain of unknown cause, inflammatory bowel disorders, intestinal obstruction, gastrointestinal bleeding, or fecal impaction should not use laxatives or enemas. Diet and behavior: People need to ingest |
enough fiber in their diet (typically 15 to 20 grams per day) to ensure adequate stool bulk. Vegetables, fruits, and bran are excellent sources of fiber. Many people find it convenient to sprinkle 2 or 3 teaspoons of unrefined miller's bran on high-fiber cereal or fruit 2 or 3 times a day. To work well, fiber must be consumed with plenty of fluids. People |
should try to make changes to their behavior. For example, people should try to move their bowels at the same time every day, preferably 15 to 45 minutes after breakfast, because eating food stimulates movement in the colon. Glycerin suppositories may also help people have regular, unhurried bowel movements. Doctors explain to people why diet and behavior modification are important in treating constipation. Doctors |
also explain that daily bowel movements are not necessary, that the bowel must be given a chance to function, and that frequent use of laxatives or enemas (more than once every 3 days) denies the bowel that chance. Some laxatives are safe for long-term use. Other laxatives should be used only occasionally. Some laxatives are good for preventing constipation, others for treating it. There |
are several classes of laxatives, including the following: Bulking agents, such as bran and psyllium (also available in the fiber of many vegetables), add bulk to the stool and absorb water. The increased bulk stimulates the natural contractions of the intestine, and bulkier stools that contain more water are softer and easier to pass. Bulking agents act slowly and gently and are among the |
safest ways to promote regular bowel movements. These agents generally are taken in small amounts at first. The dose is increased gradually until regularity is achieved. People who use bulking agents should always drink plenty of fluids. These agents may cause problems with increased gas (flatulence) and bloating. Stool softeners, such as docusate or mineral oil, act slowly to soften stools, making them easier |
to pass. In addition, the slightly increased bulk that results from these drugs stimulates the natural contractions of the large intestine and thus promotes easier elimination. Some people, however, find the softened nature of the stool unpleasant. Stool softeners are best reserved for people who must avoid straining, such as people who have hemorrhoids or have recently had abdominal surgery. Osmotic agents pull large |
amounts of water into the large intestine, making the stool soft and loose. The excess fluid also stretches the walls of the large intestine, stimulating contractions. These laxatives consist of salts or sugars that are poorly absorbed. They may cause fluid retention in people who have kidney disease or heart failure, especially when given in large or frequent doses. In general, osmotic laxatives are |
reasonably safe even when used regularly. However, osmotic agents that contain magnesium and phosphate are partially absorbed into the bloodstream and can be harmful to older people, people who have kidney failure or kidney disease, and people who take drugs that affect kidney function (such as diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitors, and angiotensin II receptor blockers). Although a rare occurrence, some people have developed |
kidney failure from taking sodium phosphate laxatives by mouth to clear stool from the intestine before x-rays of the digestive tract are taken or before a colonoscopy is done. Stimulant laxatives (such as phenolphthalein, bisacodyl, and anthraquinones) contain irritating substances, such as senna and cascara. These substances stimulate the walls of the large intestine, causing them to contract and move the stool. They are |
useful for preventing constipation in people who are taking drugs that will almost certainly cause constipation, such as opioids. Stimulant laxatives are also often used to empty the large intestine before diagnostic tests are done. Taken by mouth, stimulant laxatives usually cause a semisolid bowel movement in 6 to 8 hours, but they often cause cramping as well. As suppositories, stimulant laxatives often work |
in 15 to 60 minutes. Prolonged use of stimulant laxatives can create abnormal deposits of a dark pigment in the lining of the large intestine (a condition called melanosis coli). Other side effects include allergic reactions and loss of electrolytes from the blood. Also, the large intestine can become dependent on stimulant laxatives, leading to lazy bowel syndrome. Therefore, stimulant laxatives should be used |
only for brief periods. Bisacodyl is an effective drug for chronic constipation. Anthraquinones are found in senna, cascara sagrada, aloe, and rhubarb and are common components of herbal and over-the-counter laxatives. Lubiprostone works by making the large intestine secrete extra fluid, which makes stool easier to pass. Unlike other stimulant laxatives, lubiprostone is safe for prolonged use. Enemas mechanically flush stool from the rectum |
and lower part of the large intestine. Small-volume enemas can be purchased in squeeze bottles at a pharmacy. They can also be given with a reusable squeeze-ball device. However, small-volume enemas are often inadequate, especially for older people, whose rectal capacity increases with age, thus making the rectum more easily stretched. Larger-volume enemas are given with an enema bag. Plain water is often the |
best fluid to be used as an enema. The water should be room temperature to slightly warm, not hot or cold. About 5 to 10 fluid ounces (150 to 300 milliliters) is gently directed into the rectum. (Caution: Additional force is dangerous.) People then expel the water, washing stool out with it. Various ingredients are sometimes added to enemas. Prepackaged enemas often contain small |
amounts of salts, often phosphates. Other enemas contain small amounts of soap (soapsuds enema), which has a stimulant laxative effect, or mineral oil. These enemas offer little advantage, however, to plain water. Very large-volume enemas, calledcolonic enemas, are rarely used in medical practice. Doctors use colonic enemas in people with very severe constipation (obstipation). Some practitioners of alternative medicine use colonic enemas in the |
belief that cleansing the large intestine is beneficial. Tea, coffee, and other substances are often added to colonic enemas but have no proven health value and may be dangerous. Fecal impaction cannot be treated by modifying the diet or taking laxatives. Fecal impaction is first treated with enemas of tap water followed by small enemas of commercially prepared solutions. If these enemas do not |
work, the hard stool must be removed by a doctor or nurse using a gloved finger. This procedure is painful, so an anesthetic (such as lidocaine 5% ointment) is often applied. Some people need to be sedated. Typically, an enema is given after the hard stool is removed. Essentials for Older People The rectum enlarges as people age, and increased storage of stool in |
the rectum means that older people often need to have larger volumes of stool in their rectum in order to feel the urge to defecate. The increased rectal volume also allows hard stool to become impacted. Other common factors in older people that lead to constipation include increased use of constipating drugs, a low-fiber diet, coexisting medical conditions (such as diabetes), and reduced physical |
A formula that is used to update the probability of a given event, given new information that supplements the preexisting base rate associated with the event in question. go to glossary index This is a simple formula that says that if a particular test result is twice as likely to occur in patients with a disease, condition, or injury than |
in patients without, then, it is twice as likely that the patient with the result being tested for actually has the disease as compared to any randomly selected similar patient who has not been tested. If you don't like thinking about things like this, just use the nomogram in the users guides or the calculator on the diagnosis appraisal page. |
(statistics) a theorem describing how the conditional probability of a set of possible causes for a given observed event can be computed from knowledge of the probability of each cause and the conditional probability of the outcome of each cause Combining the prior and conditional probabilities of certain events or the results of specific tests to give a joint probability |
to derive the posterior or relative probability. The classic statistical approach to implement probabalistic reasoning in AI applications. Theorem used to calculate the relative probability of an event given the probabilities of associated events. Used to calculate the probability of a disease given the frequencies of symptoms and signs within the disease and within the normal population. See also: Conditional |
probability, Prior Probability, Posterior Probability. A statistical procedure to assess the relative probability of two alternative possibilities based on acquired information.(CPI) (Pr) (CPI) (Pr) + (1 - Pr) Probability of Paternity CPI = Combined Paternity Index Pr = Prior Probability A formula for calculating conditional probabilities or recalculating probabilities based on additional information. Bayes' Theorem is used for inferential and |
predictive reasoning in Artificial Intelligence and predictive routing in Networking. Bayes' theorem (also known as Bayes' rule or Bayes' law) is a result in probability theory, which relates the conditional and marginal probability distributions of random variables. In some interpretations of probability, Bayes' theorem tells how to update or revise beliefs in light of new evidence: a posteriori. |
A surface of ground on which water may be caught and collected into a reservoir. a) A catching or collecting of water, especially rainwater. b) A structure, such as a basin or reservoir, used for collecting or draining water. c) The amount of water collected in such structure. d) A catchment area. The land area which drains into a particular watercourse (river, stream or |
creek) and is a natural topographic division of the landscape. Underlying geological formations may alter the perceived catchment area suggested solely by topography (limestone caves are an example of this). The whole area that drains into a river. It includes drainage channels, tributaries, floodplains. The area of land drained by a creek or river system, or a place set aside for collecting water which |
runs off the surface of the land. Catchments provide the source of water for the reservoirs that collect our drinking water. Most of Melbourne's catchments are "protected": that is, they are fenced to keep out people and domestic animals and minimise the potential of pollution. A geographical area draining to a sewer or receiving water. Land area from which water drains toward a common |
watercourse in a natural basin. The area of land that contributes surface water to the river. An area of land surrounding a dam or water storage. Rain falling over the catchment drains to the dam and may contain nutrients, minerals and other contaminants collected from the land surfaces. The area immediately surrounding a dam or stored water supply which is closed to access to |
protect water quality. Areas surrounding the inner catchment where human activity is permitted but may be restricted to protect water quality. Land and water confined within a single drainage basin. the area of land which drains into a watercourse. the drainage basin of a water body that captures all precipitation that falls on it. is that area within which rainfall will contribute to runoff |
at a particular point. The area included in catchment is determined by topographic features which on many buildings sites can range from a few square metres to several thousand square metres. The area from which rainfall is directed to one river. An area of land bounded by natural features such as hills, from which rain falls and flows to a common point, usually ending |
in a river or creek and eventually the sea The area of land that collects rain which then flows into a waterway. Something that catches water. Area of ground which collects and feeds water to a given waterway or wetland. a structure in which water is collected an area of land that collects water an area supplying surface water to a common watercourse an |
area that collects and directs water to a common point an area where water is collected by the natural landscape a natural drainage area, bounded by sloping ground, hills or mountains, from which water flows to a low point a term which describes the area of land which contributesrunoff to a particular creek, river, lake or the ocean The boundary of a river basin |
defined naturally by the watershed line along the tops of the ridges which separate it from a neighbouring valley; the area within this line is the catchment area, from which precipitation drains to collect in streams, rivers, lakes or reservoirs. area that collects and contributes rainwater to a body of water having to do with collecting water; basin or reservoir used for collecting or |
draining water something that catches rainfall. the land which drains, whether naturally or artificially, to any point on a stream or river. An area of land where run-off from rainfall goes into one river system. The area from which customers are drawn for any particular service or facility. That area of land from which runoff or direct discharges may affect water-quality at a recreational |
water site. The area of land from which rain flows to a waterbody. A land area determined by topographic features within which rainfall provides runoff to streams. an area of land defined by ridges and hills in which all water flows to a common point. The land area from which a river or reservoir is fed, also known as a drainage basin or watershed. |
The area of land which collects and transfers rainwater into a waterway. Area of land from which all surface water drains to a common destination, such as a lake of a river. The area which supplies water by surface and subsurface flow from precipitation to a given point in the drainage system. (1) The catching or collecting of water, especially rainfall. (2) A reservoir |
or other basin for catching water. (3) The water thus caught. the physical or surface area from which rainfall flows into a river, lake or reservoir all the land are from mountaintop to seashore which is drained by a single river and its tributaries. An area of land from which any rainfall will drain into the water course or watercourses and flow to a |
common point, has definable physical boundaries. Area The area from which a school traditionally draws the majority of its pupils. Under the terms of the 1980 Education Act parents may express a preference for any school, including a school that does not normally serve their area. The area from which a river, stream, lake or other body of water receives its water. The area |
of land drained by a river and its tributary streams. Sometimes referred to as the 'drainage basin'. The land area drained by a river and its tributaries A surface from which runoff is collected. Examples include roofs, paved surfaces, or constructed surfaces covered with plastic. The area from which water runs off to a river An area bounded by physical constraints that drains water |
to a common point. The area drained by a stream, lake or other body of water. Frequently used to refer to areas which feed into dams. May also refer to areas served by a sewerage or stormwater system. The area from where the majority of a shop's customers are located The geographical area which catches and drains water to a given point or points. |
A protected area in which water is harvested for use The area of land drained by a creek or river system, or a place set aside for collecting water which runs off the surface of the land. Catchments provide the source of water for the dams and reservoirs in which our drinking water is collected. the surrounding region of land from which rain drains |
into a main waterway. area having a common outlet for its surface runoff the area determined by topographic features within which rainfall will contribute to runoff at a particular point under consideration The area served by a particular centralised service or function, such as a hospital. The entire land area from which water (eg rainfall) drains to a specific watercourse or waterbody total area |
drained by a river or stream; formerly "watershed". The natural boundary of the area where all surface water drains to a common point. Ridges form the boundaries of catchments. Forest Management The smallest watershed area, usually defined as the area that drains an individual site, such as a school or small neighborhood, to its first intersection with a stream. Area of land that collects |
rain water into a river or stream, which then carries the water to a lake or the sea. The geographical area from which a retail destination draws its trade. Sometimes measured in terms of 'Drive Time'. refers to an area (usually smaller than a watershed) which "catches" rainfall and is drained by a common stream. The area of land from which rainwater or snow |
melt drains into a reservoir, pond, lake, river or stream. The area of land determined by topographic features (e.g. hills, valleys and plains) within which rainfall will contribute to stormwater runoff at a particular point. The area that drains surface runoff from precipitation into a stream, river and/or tributaries or urban stormwater drainage system. Describes the area of land which contributes runoff to a |
particular creek, river lake or ocean. The hospitals that provide emergency psychiatric service to Monroe County are assigned geographic areas from which they must automatically receive psychiatric patients on an emergency basis. These four areas are called "Catchment Areas" and are assigned the letters A through D. |
Expert diagnosis and care for infectious disease Midwest Regional Medical Center’s infectious disease specialists diagnose and care for a wide range of conditions caused by bacteria, viruses and other organisms. A multidisciplinary team of doctors, nurses, pharmacists and other clinicians provide comprehensive treatment through antibiotics and other medications, as well |
as preventive vaccinations and immunizations. We provide a range of services, including: - Expert diagnostic services for bacterial and viral pathogens. - Comprehensive care for hospitalized patients with infectious diseases. - Pre- and post-travel health consultations and immunizations. - Care and oversight of transplant patients. Our infectious disease professionals are |
well equipped to manage care for a range of infectious conditions, including: - Cytomegalovirus disease - Fungal infections - Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) - Infections of the skin and soft tissue - Lyme disease - Sexually transmitted diseases - Transplant-related infections - Travel-related infections - Viral hepatitis |
Georges Clemenceau, Claude Monet and Alice Butler on the Japanese bridge in Monet’s garden in Giverny. This photograph was taken by Henri Martinie in June 1921. © Musée Clemenceau, Paris. When Claude Monet died, Georges Clemenceau was there to pay a final farewell to his long-time friend. It is said that upon finding Monet’s coffin draped with the customary black pall Clemenceau snatched away |
the cloth and replaced it with a multi-coloured shawl, saying “Pas de noir pour Monet.” (Not black for Monet.) Monet and Clemenceau were close friends; the twice Prime Minister of France was a vocal and very prominent supporter of Monet’s art at a time when some of the critics were still very hash in their criticisms. Georges Clemenceau was the Prime Minister of France |
from 1906 to 1909, and again from 1917 to 1920. He led France during much of the final year of World War I, and was one of the key figures involved in the the Treaty of Versailles at the Paris Peace Conference in the war’s aftermath. To celebrate Armistice (11 November 1918), Monet decided the day after to donate two of his very large |
paintings of water lilies to the state. But, it was Clemenceau who persuaded him to donate the whole project. And it is these paintings of the water lilies, the Grand Decorations, that are now housed in the Musée de l’Orangerie, Paris. A new book, Claude Monet – Georges Clemenceau: une histoire, deux caractères, that explores the relationship between Claude Monet and Georges Clemenceau by |
Alexandre Duval-Stalla and published by Gallimard, will be released in October to coincide with the opening of the Monet exhibition at the Grand Palais. You can pre-order a copy via Amazon here: My thanks to MGN reader Julien Somter for drawing my attention to this new book. |
As someone who has explored sewers as a kid--they were in a new subdivision; it was on a dare--I totally understand the appeal of life underground. Who hasn't dug in |
their yard and hoped to find arrowheads or pottery from thousands of years ago? Ackroyd, who wrote a book about the above-ground city several years ago, now dives underneath to |
recount the other world under busy streets, cathedrals, government buildings, and flats. It's fascinating stuff. In the 19th century workmen excavating before constructing new buildings discovered huge chunks of the |
Roman wall that surrounded the city about two millenia ago. Other builders during that same time period found a stairway down to a brick-walled room with a spurting spring that |
they believed was used as a baptismal font during medieval times. London's massive bombing during World War II increased the amount and variety of archaeological finds. A huge ship's skeleton |
from Roman Empire days was discovered near the Thames. Other notable finds included Roman coins, incunabula, prehistoric flint tools, suits of armor, and lots and lots of human and animal |
bones including those of mastodons. Underground is also the world of the dead, of the terrifying bubonic plague, and although plague germs can't survive for hundreds of years, anthrax spores |
can and still be deadly. Ackroyd points out that underground London also hosts the living. Runaway dogs find their way down under the tube to find warmth and food. Pigeons |
ride the roofs of subway cars to other stations. If you like this book, head upstairs to read his book about the above-ground city, London: a Biography. Rachel Howard also |
has a fun guide book called Secret London that describes quirky tourist attractions such as The Founding Museum, Ghost Stations of the Underground, Henry VIII's wine cellar, and The Horse |
What can you do in a second? Did you know that in one second a bat can make 200 high-pitched calls? In one minute, a hungry horned lizard can eat 45 ants? And in one hour, a human adult takes about 900 breaths? These are just a few of the fascinating facts that illustrate the relativity of time in a |
way children can grasp. Award-winning author/illustrator Steve Jenkins impresses us with this unique presentation of time and history that can serve as a springboard for a child’s own exploration (perhaps with a stopwatch) of how much time different activities take. Hardcover, 34 pages. Ages 6 and up. |
dysrhythmia is a valid word in this word list. For a definition, see the external dictionary links below. The word "dysrhythmia" uses 11 letters: A D H H I M R S T Y Y. No direct anagrams for dysrhythmia found in this word list. Words formed by adding one |
letter before or after dysrhythmia (in bold), or to adhhimrstyy in any order: s - dysrhythmias Try a search for dysrhythmia in these online resources (some words may not be found): Wiktionary - OneLook Dictionaries - Merriam-Webster - Google Search Each search will normally open in a new window. All |
why methacrylates are essential to our lives Methacrylates are a family of monomers used as building blocks to make a wide range of products that we see and use every day. Cars are painted a rainbow of attractive colors with |
durable scratch resistant finishes made with methacrylates. Toners and inks used in computer printers and in copy machines utilize methacrylate-based polymers as does your dentist when he gives you durable dentures containing life-like methacrylate-based artificial teeth or a natural color, |
non-metallic dental filling. Methacrylics are even used to produce lubrication oil additives specified by automobile manufacturers to make modern day car engines run smoothly and efficiently, improving engine life and achieving better gas mileage. Chances are that when you visit |
a bank you may run across a clear bulletproof security barrier made from methacrylates. Putting a DVD into your player? They are made from methacrylates. As you can see, methacrylates are all around us and are used to make a |
wide variety of products that are important in our lives. The Methacrylate Producers Association thanks you for visiting our website. We invite you to explore the world of methacrylates in detail. |
Some perspective for beginners Reprinted with permission from Back to the Sources: Reading the Classic Jewish Texts, published by Simon & Schuster. Beginners especially may find Talmud study a difficult task. The logic can be convoluted, while every page alludes |
to customs, political arrangements, and so on which were once everyday reality but are now terribly obscure. Worst of all, the whole effort must be made with translated texts, unless the student can master Hebrew and Aramaic even before starting. |
It must therefore be emphasized that the necessary background can be acquired. People have done so in every generation, and people can do so now. The texts are translated; introductions, explanations, and commentaries have been written; Hebrew has been revived |
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