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or linen bandages and a few drops of collodion (a syrupy solution that forms an adhesive film when it dries), he could create an airtight seal. Survival rates quadrupled, and Howard's innovation soon became standard treatment. Facial Reconstruction: The Plastic Surgery Revolution Carleton Burgan of Maryland was in terrible shape. |
The 20-year-old private had survived pneumonia, but the mercury pills he took as treatment led to gangrene, which quickly spread from his mouth to his eye and led to the removal of his right cheekbone. He was willing to try anything. In a pioneering series of operations in 1862, a |
surgeon from City Hospital in New York used dental and facial fixtures to fill in the missing bone until Burgan's face regained its shape. The doctor was Gurdon Buck, now considered the father of modern plastic surgery. During the war, he and other Union surgeons complete 23 revolutionary "plastic operations" |
on disfigured soldiers. Buck was the first to photograph the progress of his repairs and the first to make gradual changes over several operations. He also pioneered the use of tiny sutures to minimize scarring. To some, it seemed pretty wacky, like sci-fi for the 19th century. An Illinois newspaper |
enthusiastically and erroneously described the new treatments: "Such is the progress of the medical department in these parts that half a man's face demolished by a ball or piece of shell is replaced by a cork face!" The Ambulance-to-ER System: The End of Drunks and Cowards The Union went into |
the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, 1861, expecting a mere skirmish. The rebels brought a war. Although 1,011 Union soldiers were wounded, empty ambulances led the retreat to Washington, D.C. Most of the civilian drivers at the time were untrained and "of the lowest character," according to |
Dr. Henry Ingersoll Bowditch, and activist whose son died after lying for hours following a charge. Many were cowards or drunkards, he added. It took Jonathon Letterman, the medical director of the Army of the Potomac, just six weeks to implement a brilliant system to evacuate and care for the |
wounded, becoming the model for ambulance-to-ER system we know today. On September 17, 1862, the Battle of Antietam left 2,108 Union soldiers dead and nearly 10,000 wounded. Letterman established caravans of 50 ambulances, each with a driver and two stretcher bearers, to ferry the injured to field hospitals. He hired |
private wagons to carry medical supplies to circumvent enemy damage to railroad lines. He even introduced spring suspensions to ambulances and added a lock box under the driver's seat to make it harder for soldiers to steal protein, bedsacks, and morphine reserved for the wounded. The rest is history. _______________________The |
article above, written by Chip Rowe, is reprinted with permission from the November-December 2011 issue of mental_floss magazine. Get a subscription to mental_floss and never miss an issue! Be sure to visit mental_floss' website and blog for more fun stuff! |
CMD202 Deaf Culture and Heritage Through readings, films, discussions and assignments, students will gain an appreciation for the nature and evolution of Deaf Culture and the challenges faced by the deaf in society, both in the past and currently. The course also provides background on the history of American Sign |
Rational to Radical Dissent The Protestant demand for the "right to private judgment" places responsibility on individual Christians to interpret the Scriptures according to their own reason. Recent scholarship reveals |
that heterodox understandings produced by such private interpretations proved to be a pivotal force in the emergence of the freedom to dissent as a value of civil society. This course |
considers the tangled evolution of the concept of the "right to private judgment" from Martin Luther's defiant insistence on personal spiritual choice through its influence on modern understanding. We consider |
three historical case studies: the Religious Wars between French Catholics and Huguenots (French Protestants) in sixteenth century France, the consequent invention of the virtual Republic of Letters, and the effects |
of Huguenot skepticism on early modern liberal thought. We turn to the English Civil War in the next century to trace the effects of religious intolerance in acts of regicide, |
abolition of the monarchy, and uneasy truces between anarchy and order. Finally, we track the grassroots struggles of late 18th century British Rational Dissenters to cast off their second class |
status as citizens that led to radical reinterpretations of patriotism (many supported the American colonists' fight for Independence), abolition of the Slave Trade, expansion of the franchise to working class |
Is it morally right to restart a dead person's heart purely so it can be donated for transplant? And would more babies in need of transplants be saved if the UK had a reliable test to guarantee potential donor babies are brain-dead? Both tricky questions are posed this week by |
the British Medical Association in a report seeking new sources of organs to redress a shortfall in the UK. Some 500 to 1000 British people die each year waiting for a transplant. There is no test in the UK for diagnosing brain stem death in babies less than two months |
old. Brain stem death is legally considered a sign of death in the UK, allowing doctors to identify potential donors before their organs begin to deteriorate. Meanwhile, more adult donors could be found through the practice of restarting hearts in people who have just died of heart failure. The approach |
was first demonstrated in the US in 2008. Doctors at Papworth Hospital in Cambridge, UK, experimented – successfully – with the same technique on a donor in 2009. The logic is that keeping the heart ticking helps preserve it for longer. But the report cautions that the paradox of restarting |
the heart of someone who has just died of heart failure could confuse the public and damage confidence in donation. It concludes that the best option to increase organ donation rates in the UK would be to make donation a default position from which people must "opt out" – at |
present the opposite is the case. If you would like to reuse any content from New Scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. New Scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of |
articles and graphics we own the copyright to. Have your say Only subscribers may leave comments on this article. Please log in. Only personal subscribers may leave comments on this article |
THANKS largely to their catalytic converters, today's cars create far fewer harmful emissions than older cars - except for the first few minutes of every trip. Now an American company has developed a device to overcome the "cold-start" problem, caused by the time it takes for catalysts to reach their working temperature. Ergenics of Ringwood, New Jersey, has developed a metal hydride device that |
heats the catalyst in just a few seconds. It then uses heat from the engine to recharge itself. David DaCosta, president of the company, says: "It takes the catalytic converters on today's cars between one and two minutes to reach 'light-off temperature', which is about 350 °C. Before they heat up, the exhaust and unburned fuel go right through." The heating device stores hydrogen |
in solid form, absorbed in a metal hydride. When the driver turns the ignition key, a valve in the heater unit opens ... To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content. |
Turner to Monet L’Estaque, a fishing village on the French coast of the Mediterranean, was a place that Cézanne visited often in the 1870s and 1880s. Why, amongst more picturesque features such as blue sea and a pretty village of |
ochre stone and red tiles, did the artist address such a difficult and unappealing prospect as this? A viaduct is only an overland passage between more dramatic features – under mountains or cliffs, through a valley or over a river |
far below – and this bridge for the railway track has none of the elegantly classical appeal of Corot’s Roman arches. Indeed, the viaduct is barely noticeable: it sits in the lowest band of the painting, the main horizontal of |
the composition. Perhaps it was, as always, simply because he could. The nature of beauty itself was changing as the century continued, from gentle to hard, from simple, lush and historic to complex, spare and modern. For Cézanne, eternal verities |
became mutable, and reality was filled with infinite possibilities. During February and March 1882 Pierre-Auguste Renoir, a much more luscious painter than the austere Cézanne, paid a visit to his contemporary at l’Estaque while en route from Italy to Paris. |
They painted the same scene, but the two resulting landscapes could not differ more, considering they were executed side by side.1 Johnson describes Cézanne’s strategies on the canvas: The flatness of the effect, accentuated by repetition of the receding and |
advancing color and tone values may, on first impression, bear some resemblance to tapestry design; but this quality is denied by the special depth and volume and solidity of the forms which Cézanne achieves … He has piled the planes |
up vertically and has silhouetted distant hills instead of allowing them to dissolve in air and space.2 The contest between fact and fiction, which underlies landscape painting in the nineteenth century, is seen plainly here, in the choices that Cézanne |
makes. He understands that the horizontal railway lines below the cliffs undermine the vertical and diagonal slopes of the mountains. The dizzying stacks of rock, made of parallel hatched strokes of paint, communicate insecurity rather than the permanence of stone |
and mountains. The close-up, frontal encounter reinforces the dominance of the artist’s view. It is the implied struggle between doubt and certainty that makes Cézanne so modern. 1 John Rewald, The paintings of Paul Cézanne: a catalogue raisonné, vol. 1, |
New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1996, cat. 441, p. 297; the other canvas is Renoir’s Crags at l’Estaque, in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 2 Ellen H. Johnson, ‘Cézanne and a pine tree: Viaduct at l’Estaque, a footnote’, Allen |
Have you ever wondered what steps to follow in case of grievance related to banking transactions as quite often we face issues like short cash dispense, loss of chq by the bank or delay in remittance from abroad. At times we do not get a proper resolution from the bank so in such a scenario can we approach some other authority. The answer is |
a Banking Ombudsman but before that it becomes essential to understand about an Ombudsman. Ombudsman is an official who looks after the interests and also legal affairs of public. The person is responsible for investigating and addressing the complaints by individuals. This official is usually appointed by the Government or by Parliament. Ombudsman is a way of resolving grievances without the need of going |
to a court What is Banking Ombudsman? Banking Ombudsman is a quasi- judicial authority and the same was created by Government of India to provide effective complaints resolutions. It is a senior official appointed by the reserve bank of India to address the complaints by the banking customers. Some people also call it Ombudsman Banking Origin: Banking Ombudsman Scheme 2006 The Reserve Bank of |
India first introduced the banking Ombudsman scheme in 1995 and it was revised in 2002 to over regional and rural banks. Then again there was a revision in the year 2006 which is known as “Banking Ombudsman Scheme 2006” to cover complaints for ATM transactions, debit and credit cards, deduction of service charges etc. It was last amended in February 2009, to cover problems |
due to internet banking. This RBI Banking Ombudsman scheme covers all banks- PSU Banks, Rural and Co-operative Banks. The Ombudsman Banking has been defined under clause 4 of the Banking Ombudsman Scheme, 2006. The reserve Bank shall specify the territorial limits to which the authority of each of the Banking Ombudsman shall extend. Appointment & Tenure The Reserve Bank of India on recommendation by |
its Governor may appoint one or more officials for this post. The minimum age to be considered shall be 55 years. The person selected will be appointed for a period of 3 years which could be further extended for a period not exceeding 2 years and subject to age limit of 65 years. Clause 12 Grounds of Complaints 1) Complaints Pertaining to Deficiency in |
any of the Banking Services such as:- - Non payment or delay in payment of cheques, drafts, bills etc - Non acceptance of small denomination notes without any reason and also charging of commission in respect thereof - Non issuance of drafts to customers - Non adherence to prescribed working hours by the branches - Failure to honour guarantee or letter of credit - |
Claims in regards to fraudulent withdrawals or fraudulent encashment of cheque or a bank draft - Complaints for any of the accounts pertaining to delays , non credit of proceeds to parties accounts - Complaints for non observance of RBI`s directives applicable to rate of interests on deposits or violation of directives on any other matter - Complaints from exporters for delays in receipt |
of export proceeds, handling of export bills, collections of bills - Complaints from NRI`s in regards to remittance from abroad - Complaints pertaining to refusal to open deposit accounts without any valid reason 2) Complaints Concerning Loans and Advances - Non observance of Reserve Bank directives on interest rates - Delays in sanction or disbursement of loan applications - Non acceptance of loan application |
without any valid reason - Non observance of any other directives by RBI. Ombudsman Banking: Procedure for Lodging Complaint Any person who has a grievance against a bank in regards to banking services as mentioned above in Clause 12 of the scheme can approach Banking Ombudsman for addressing his concern. The person himself or through an authorized representative can make a complaint to Banking |
Ombudsman within whose jurisdiction the branch or office of the bank complained against is located. The complaint filed should be in writing duly signed by the complainant or his representative in form specified in Annexure –A of the scheme. It should clearly state the name and address of complainant along with name and address of branch of bank against which complaint is being made. |
It should also give facts causing complaint supported by documents along with description of nature and extent of loss. Rejection of Complaints on Grounds 1) If the complainant hasn`t first approached the bank named in the complaint and the complaint would be accepted only if the other bank has - Rejected the complaint or - No reply received within 1 month after the concerned |
bank received the case or - Person is not satisfied with the reply given 2) If the complaint has been made to Ombudsman later than one year after the cause of action 3) If the complaint is in regards to the same subject matter which was settled though Banking Ombudsman in any previous proceedings 4) If the complaint for same subject matter is pending |
before any court, tribunal or arbitrator or a final order has already been passed by such an authority 5) If the complaint is frivolous, vexatious or malafide in nature 6) If there is no loss or damage caused to complainant 7) If it is pursued without sufficient cause and reasonable diligence 8) If the complaint is outside the purview of the scheme 9) If |
the bank branches fall outside the jurisdiction of Ombudsman as several states are clubbed together since it`s not available in all states. Examples of Cases Solved 1) Mr. X the complainant had issued a chq dated 20/10/2004 to their supplier for Rs.5,00,000 and mentioned the supplier`s account no at the back side of the chq. The chq was deposited in drop box of ABC |
bank was found to be deficient in opening the current account without proper introduction and verification and the collecting bank was imposed with liability. 2) A complaint was made with RBI Banking Ombudsman regarding an ATM transaction as when the complainant was trying to withdraw cash, there was a power failure. So he could not withdraw the cash and his account was debited for |
Rs.600/-. A complaint was made to the bank but no actions were taken as he got a reply from the bank that he might have withdrawn cash. Decision- On perusal of disputed transactions and cash summary as per ATM records, it was observed that cash was not dispensed and they reimbursed the amount. RBI Banking Ombudsman Offices in India are located at Mumbai Delhi, |
Bastille Day 2009: History, Photos, & Overview of Celebrations Bastille Day 2009, the French National Holiday, will be celebrated tomorrow, Tuesday July 14, in France, New York, and around the World. Bastille Day, as the French equivalent of America's July 4th, is celebrated across France. Celebrations include fireworks, parades, and Firemen's Galas, in which firehouses across France open their doors |
to the public for a night of partying, dancing, and live demonstrations. In Paris, festivities begin on the eve of Bastille Day (July 13), when a giant dance party is held in the Place de la Bastille, the square where Bastille once stood. On the morning of Bastille Day a military parade begin a march through Paris at the Champs-Élysées. |
In the evening, fireworks are launched close to the Eiffel Tower. Bastille Day commemorates the anniversary of the storming of Bastille, a medieval French fortress and Prison, by the people of Paris on July 14 1789. The storming of Bastille was a major turning point in the French Revolution and is seen as a symbol of France's beginning as a |
modern nation. The Bastille was a prison and a symbol of the absolute and arbitrary power of Louis the 16th's Ancient Regime. By capturing this symbol, the people signaled that the king's power was no longer absolute: power should be based on the Nation and be limited by a separation of powers. Although the Bastille only held seven prisoners at |
the time of its capture, the storming of the prison was a symbol of liberty and the fight against oppression for all French citizens; like the Tricolore flag, it symbolized the Republic's three ideals: Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity for all French citizens. Bastille Day is also celebrated outside of France. Some of the biggest celebrations occur in the locations that |
follow: - New York has a large Bastille day celebration, as do other cities in the US, including New Orleans, San Francisco, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, and Seattle. - South Africa has celebrated Bastille Day for the last 15 years as a week-end festival. - In Budapest, Hungary, a 2-day celebration is sponsored by the Institute de France. Philadelphia has |
one of the most interesting celebrations, lasting 4 days at the Eastern State Penitentiary: On July 11, revelers are invited to take part in a storming of the Bastille, with Marie Antoinette escorted by armed troops as she shouts “let them eat Tastykake,” throwing the locally-produced pastries from the prison tower. She’s then presented to the audience, who decide her |
The Boston Harbor Islands Advisory Council is the primary mechanism for public involvement on matters of park planning and management. The Council’s role is to advise park managers in the planning and operation of the park, doing so through public |
meetings, workshops, and other general public forums. Notwithstanding the Council’s role, the Partnership agency members also conduct public consultation independently on matters within their jurisdiction. The National Park Service uses an online collaborative tool to aid conservation planning, environmental impact |
The Green Mountain State The word "Vermont" is derived from French for "green mountains", and the Green Mountains range running down the center of Vermont is the state's distinguishing characteristic. As mountains go, the Greens are not very tall, so their rounded tops are covered with the trees that give them their name rather than snow and ice --75% of Vermont is forested. Most |
visitors to Vermont come for the mountains. They come for the skiing in winter, both downhill and cross country; for the hiking and mountain biking in summer; and in the fall, for the spectacle of foliage changing from green to red, orange, and yellow. The state tree is the Sugar Maple, which produces Vermont's famed maple syrup. Vermont is also known for its dairy |
cows -- half the milk consumed in New England comes from Vermont. However, the state's largest industry is manufacturing, especially electronic goods. The permanent residents of Vermont are legendary for their independent streak. After the American Revolutionary War, Vermont became an autonomous republic, delaying entry into the Union for several years. In contemporary times, Vermont has been on the cutting edge of environmental legislation |
for decades -- an anti-billboard statute passed in the 1960s continues to thwart would-be defilers of Vermont's serene beauty. The largest city in Vermont, Burlington, is not large by the standards of most other states, with a population of only 40,000. The capital of Montpelier, with fewer than 9,000 residents, owns the distinction of "least populous state capital". However, there are several states with |
How To Develop A Good Memory ( Originally Published Early 1900's ) THE boy who defined the memory as "the thing you forget with" fairly described the degree of usefulness |
which the memory has with most people. Yet there is hardly an intellectual charm which is so fruitful, which yields such pleasure, or gives such satisfactions, as a well trained |
memory. And what is of more importance is that there is hardly a normal person who with a little care cannot develop a good memory. With children the thing is |
fairly simple, if the method be pursued with persistence and devotion. Memory rests upon clear impressions. When people say "I forget," or "I know that but I forget," what they |
mean is, that they have a hazy, imperfect view or recollection, which indicates that the matter is not new or strange, but simply is in the borderland between what we |
call clear and confused knowledge. This distinction between clear knowledge, and confused knowledge, is a very important one, because it reaches so very far that it has become one of |
the distinctions of logic. Clear knowledge rests upon a distinct and unclouded impression upon the mind reinforced by an act of will. For example, you see a picture, and see |
it clearly, but you fail to complete the process by looking at it with a view to recalling it ; the result is that you fail to recall much but |
the faintest outlines of it. You remember a picture, possibly of some leading figure, possibly of the drama, but not the picture itself. The knowledge was fairly clear, but it |
was not reinforced. On another occasion, you see an object in connection with other objects. You are sure you saw it, because you did; but you saw it in connection |
with others ; but whether before, or after, or among, and in this way, or that way, or here, or there, you cannot tell; there you have a clear illustration |
of confused knowledge. You cannot swear that you have not seen the object, but that is about all you can tell. Most of the testimony in courts is of this |
character, and that is the reason why a lawyer can so readily overturn the testimony of the witness. But these same relations, when noted and reinforced by an act of |
will, may make the clearest kind of knowledge, as, for example, when by act of will you note that there are three objects, that one is white, one green, and |
the third blue ; that it was the blue object which you noted as the object in question; that it was larger than the rest, that it was between the |
other two ; here you see every detail in relation to the other two makes the original knowledge clearer, but you also see that each such notation involves a distinct |
act of will. Clear knowledge does not, therefore, come simply by saying a thing, or seeing a thing, or hearing a thing, though these methods must be employed. They must |
all be accompanied by a distinct effort of will at the time which gives them a permanent place and causes a notch, so to speak, to be cut in the |
memory stick, at which that impression will catch again when you want that fact.. Many people cherish the illusion that simply saying things over and over again has something to |
do with the memory, but this is pure nonsense. The important thing is the willing to remember and associating an act of will with the fact, the object, or the |
purpose, to be remembered. The reason why people used to tie a string to the finger was not that the string recalled any-thing, but that when it was tied an |
act of remembrance was filed on the memory notch-stick. That is what made the string recall the purpose, not the string itself. Of course, when a thing has thus once |
been recorded, frequent calling it up tends to make it more and more easy to recall. That is the reason why most stories improve on frequent telling, because the essential |
fact remains, but becoming more familiar there is time and freedom given for embroidering it and embellishing it so that the story, though an old one, gains with the telling. |
Many of the old legends grew in just this way, because each generation added something, then the story grew and developed with each telling. It was a perfectly natural process. |
You can see the process going on among children and adults today. Memory is developed by vigorous contrasts or associations. For instance, if you met a man coming down the |
street in a red suit, you would not soon forget it, because of the violence of the contrast. You secure concentrated attention, and that of course helps the memory, because |
memory and concentration are first cousins, though memory is possible without concentration, though you rarely have concentration without memory. In a similar way one gets a good memory by having |
the initial impression one of force and power. You have noticed in voices how some have a penetration which others have not, so that there are per-sons whom you will |
hear in a room, though twenty or thirty are speaking. This is not because they are shrieking, or because there is anything peculiar about them, but because the voice has |
a quality which carries, which arrests the ear, and compels listening. Now if any fact is forced upon you, so to speak, by competition with another idea so that the |
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