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named the town Ivanhoe after Sir Walter Scott's novel, when the United States Postal Service rejected the original name. The Baptist church was organized there in 1872. In the mid-1880s the community had two general stores, a blacksmith shop, a steam mill and cotton gin, a hotel, a physician, and a school. Stage connections to Bonham could be made regularly |
from Ivanhoe. In the 1880s 150 residents lived in Ivanhoe. The population climbed to about 200 in the 1890s but dropped by 1915 to only seventy-five. The population was around 100 in the 1960s, when the Ivanhoe school district was consolidated with the schools of Telephone to form the Sam Rayburn Independent School District. Ivanhoe is the home of the |
Ivanhoe Winery, an award-winning enterprise. In 1990 the population was 110. The population remained the same in 2000. W. A. Carter, History of Fannin County, Texas (Bonham, Texas: Bonham News, 1885; rpt., Honey Grove, Texas: Fannin County Historical Society, 1975). Floy Crandall Hodge, A History of Fannin County (Hereford, Texas: Pioneer, 1966). The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of |
CAMPBELL DRAW. Campbell Draw rises ten miles southeast of the Fort McKavett community in southwestern Menard County (at 30°43' N, 100°02' W) and runs north for ten miles to its mouth on the San Saba River, five miles west of |
Fort McKavett (at 30°50' N, 100°03' W). The surrounding flat terrain with local shallow depressions is surfaced by clay and sandy loams that support water-tolerant hardwoods, conifers, and grasses. The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, |
EAST AMARILLO CREEK EAST AMARILLO CREEK. East Amarillo Creek, also known as Hedrio Creek, rises north of the Amarillo city limits in Potter County (at 35°13' N, 101°50' W) and runs north-northwest for about fifteen miles to its mouth on the Canadian River, a half mile from West Amarillo Creek, |
west of U.S. Highway 87 and almost directly north of Amarillo (at 35°27' N, 101°52' W). For most of the stream's length the flatterrain is surfaced by leveled sand dunes, with some low-rolling to flat, locally dissected areas surfaced by clay loam and sandy loam; at the stream's mouth the |
soil is loose sand. Vegetation along the creekbed includes scrub brush and grasses. The creek, once a favorite haunt of Indians and hide hunters, was later part of the LX Ranch range. The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article."EAST |
Autodesk 3ds Max Design is used primarily for rendering your drawings created in AutoCAD or AutoCAD Architecture. Even though AutoCAD Architecture has very good rendering tools, it is not as robust as Autodesk 3ds Max Design. You can do the |
following in Autodesk 3ds Max Design: Autodesk 3ds Max Design uses the “mental ray” rendering engine which can generate reflections, refractions and shadows by ray tracing. Ray tracing traces the path of light rays sampled from the light source. Reflections |
Unit testing is a best practice in any modern methodology, including Agile development. With automatic unit testing in place, if we introduce a bug into the software, one or more tests will fail and we’ll know about it immediately. We’ve been writing in C++ for almost 30 years now, and we use software development tools, which improved over time. Yet, because of the intricacies |
of C++ and its different variants, testing tools did not become as advanced as Microsoft’s Visual Studio .NET tools, or Eclipse for Java. For example, the testing tooling for C++ in Visual Studio lags behind the tools for the other languages supported in Visual Studio. Without good software testing and development tools, it is hard to write quality code, and become more productive. More |
bugs enter the code, which makes us go slower and may introduce instability into the system. Where the tools are weak, we need unit tests even more. But tooling is just one part of the problem. We have code bases sometimes almost 30 year old, that were not written with tests. They mostly work, but what happens when we discover a bug there? Fixing |
the bug without tests in place may be riskier than fixing it! In addition, nobody in their right mind would change 30 year old legacy code that works, just to make it fit for testing. That would be just as risky. Because of these problems, unit testing adoption in C++ is slower than in other languages. Which is paradoxical: Many mission-critical systems (automobile, medical |
It is a fact that as the world learns to wean itself off the heavy consumption of oil and petrol, there must be alternative sources of energy to keep the cogs of the economy moving, which is why advancements in the field of solar and other “green” technology has always generated excitement. University of Minnesota engineering researchers in the College |
of Science and Engineering might be on to something new here, having recently discovered a new alloy material which is capable of converting heat directly into electricity. This is a revolutionary energy conversion method that is currently in its infancy, but should it be developed further and refined, it might end up with a wide-sweeping impact on creating environmentally friendly |
electricity from waste heat sources. According to the researchers, such material might be used to capture waste heat from a vehicle’s exhaust, where it would then heat said material so that electricity is produced – the same electricity that can then be used to juice up the vehicle’s battery (especially when it is a hybrid car). This is one research |
Abscess — A localized infection. Angiogram — A test that uses X-rays to view blood vessels and detect blockages or other problems in the vessels. A dye is injected into |
the blood vessel to make the blood flow visible on an X-ray. Ascites — The abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity caused by poor liver function and increased |
pressure in the liver veins. Bilirubin — Pigment that is released from the normal breakdown of red blood cells and removed from the blood by the liver and passed into |
the intestine as part of the bile. Cadaveric Donor — A donor whose brain has suffered irreversible damage. In all cases, either the donor or the donor's family has agreed |
to the donation. Testing is performed to ensure that the organs are not damaged in any way, then the organs are matched to a transplant candidate of compatible size and |
blood type. CAT/CT Scan — Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT or CT scan) is a three-dimensionaI X-ray picture of the internal organs used to detect a mass, an abscess, tissue damage |
or bleeding in the body. Cirrhosis — A chronic scarring and degeneration of the liver cells. Many different diseases can cause cirrhosis. Cholangiogram — The injection of dye into the |
bile ducts, either directly or through a T-tube, to see if bile is flowing into the intestine. Coagulopathy — Abnormal blood clotting. Echocardiogram — A test that uses sound waves |
to create a moving picture of the heart and determine how effectively the heart is pumping. Edema — A condition in which the body retains too much fluid in the |
tissues, especially in the legs, ankles and hands. Electrocardiogram — A test used to determine the type of heart rhythm and detect any injury to the heart tissue. During the |
test, electrodes are placed on the chest to detect the heart's electrical activity. Encephalopathy — Change in consciousness, thinking abilities and behavior seen in advanced liver disease, due to the |
accumulation of wastes from protein breakdown. Endoscope — A small, telescope-like instrument that can be inserted into the esophagus, stomach and part of the small intestine. Hepatitis — An inflammation |
of the liver. HIDA Scan — A test that helps measure general liver function and determines if there are any blockages of the bile ducts. During the test, a special |
dye is injected into an arm vein and its progress is tracked through the liver, bile ducts, gallbladder, and small intestine. Immune Response — The body's attempt to protect itself |
from bacteria, viruses and other materials that appear foreign to the body, such as a transplanted liver. Immunosuppressive or anti-rejection medicines are used to try to control the body's immune |
response to a transplanted liver. Jaundice — Yellowness of the skin, membranes and body secretions due to increased levels of bilirubin. Liver Biopsy — The taking of a small piece |
of liver tissue so the tissue can be examined for signs of damage, such as the body's rejection of a transplanted liver. The sample is obtained by inserting a special |
needle through the abdominal wall into the liver. MUGA (MUltiple Gated Acquisition) Scan — A scan of the heart that uses radioactive tracer to assess the function of the heart |
and determine cardiac impairment. Petechiae — Small spots of blood leakage in the skin or membranes; often seen with poor clotting. Portal Hypertension — High blood pressure in the veins |
of the liver caused by the damage and hardening of the liver around the veins. This high blood pressure forces the blood to be rerouted to other veins so it |
can return to the heart. Pruritis — The medical term for itch. Pruritis may occur due to high levels of bilirubin. Rejection — The body's attempt to protect itself from |
foreign tissues such as a new liver. Immunosuppressive or anti-rejection medicines are used to try to prevent this. Sclerotherapy — Treatment of varicose (swollen) veins by injecting chemicals that cause |
clotting and hardening of the veins; often done to prevent bleeding from the vessels into the esophagus or stomach. Sepsis — Severe infection in the bloodstream. T-tube — A small, |
soft tube that is temporarily inserted into the large bile duct to allow it to heal after liver transplant surgery without scarring and bile blockage. Ultrasound — The use of |
sound waves to produce a picture of the inside of the body. Often used to detect masses or abscesses, or to determine bile duct size to blood flow in the |
liver veins. Varices — Swollen blood vessels often found in the stomach, esophagus and intestines when there is high pressure in the liver veins. Reviewed by health care specialists at |
UCSF Medical Center. This information is for educational purposes only and is not intended to replace the advice of your doctor or health care provider. We encourage you to discuss |
What is instrumentation and how can it be applied to Membrane Electrode Cells or a UF machine? Instrumentation could be as simple as marking a wire with a Cell # so that an electrician can use a clamp on ammeter to measure the DC current flowing though it, an analog pressure gage, or something more sophisticated like a PLC controller that is used to |
select the best voltage output of the DC rectifier. It could also be a magnetic flow meter that keeps a close look at the flow of paint supplied to a UF machine. UFS offers a wide variety of instrumentation products available to complement your E-coat paint system and enhance your understanding and control over its many process variables. Here are some links to assist |
you with where to go or search. It could be by name of the instrument, name of the process (that is being measured), location in the e-coat system, etc. This is the water-based paint that fills the e-coat tank. Once a DC voltage is applied between the anode and cathode a thin protective is developed over the ware. Cathodic e-coat paint is the most |
popular and the other type is called anodic that is used for steel items used indoors. E-coat paint has many properties that can be measured. UFS provides instruments for the following - The conductivity of the paint is a measure of its relative resistance to the flow of the electrical current. The higher the conductivity the lower is its resistance and the lower the |
conductivity the higher is the resistance since conductivity and resistance are inversely related. UFS recommends JP Tech's Conductivity Monitors and Controllers. The JP Tech conductivity sensor is toroidal shaped and well-suitable for e-coat paint. The basic unit is a monitor function and the other versions can control pumps. Paint flow is a crucial process parameter for proper UF permeate production. Since the paint contains |
about 20% solids, normal flow meters (i.e. turbines or propellers) are of little use since they would quickly suffer component malfunction. Transit time and Doppler radar units can be used if there is sufficient space and the pipe has the proper orientation. The better solution is to use a magnetic flow meter. UFS is a distributor for Sparling Instruments, maker of the TigermagEP brand |
magnetic flow meters. Another point to consider is that if your paint supply pumps are driven by a variable frequency motor drive system, then the output of the TigermagEP can be used as an input to the frequency drive system thereby allowing the frequency controller to adjust as required in order to keep the paint flow in an acceptable flow range. Pressure is another |
critical process parameter for proper UF permeate production. Usually the minimum UF paint inlet pressure is 3.45 bar (50 psi). UFS offers large (3 inch) analog pressure gages filled with mineral oil and protected with a diaphragm type guard (also filled with mineral oil). Analog pressure gages are pre-tested and certified. Digital pressure gages are also available as an option, especially to those that |
want to record or set an alarm based upon the pressure at the inlet of the UF unit. Temperature is the third important process parameter, especially for permeate production and UFS offers an analog gage as an option on all TruFlux UF Machines. As parts leave the paint system they are removing paint solids. Thus replenishment paint must always be added to the bath |
to maintain the proper solids. A paint feeder can make the task easier and keep the bath at a more constant NV level. JP Tech's Amp Hour Pump Feeder is a versatile controller that offers a complete feature set. I t can control up to two different pumps and also communicate with your factory PLC. Anolyte is an electrolytic fluid that is transported inside |
the Membrane Electrode (ME) Cell used in cathodic e-coat paint systems. A small percentage of e-coat paint systems use anodic type paint and in this situation the electrolyte is called catholyte. The purpose of the electrolyte fluid is to remove excess ionic components from the bath and also cool the surface of the Electrode that is located inside of the Membrane Electrode Cell. UFS |
provides instruments for the following — UFS is a distributor of Myron L Conductivity Monitors/Controllers. In the typical situation the conductivity range is from 0 to 20,000 micro Siemens/cm (0-20,000 micro Mho/cm). A contact type sensor measures the conductivity of the fluid. Since it is generally rising (i.e. the concentration of neutralizing agent is increasing), once the set point is reached a set of |
contacts closes. This generally opens a DI water or RO water valve. The fresh make-up water will then begin to dilute the electrolyte fluid and bring it several hundred micro Siemens/cm below the set point. Once this happens the make-up valve is turned off until the set point is reached again. Usually you would order the controller with the appropriate range and then also |
order the conductivity sensor for the controller. If you need a solenoid valve is required then order PN 360035, which is a 110 VAC 1” x 1” NPT female connections. Turbidity is the relative measure of opaqueness. If you think of three clear glasses: one with water, apple juice, and milk. The water would have the lowest turbidity measurement and milk would have the |
highest. Anolyte is generally somewhere between water and apple juice. However, if there is an upset and paint (it does not take much paint) enters the anolyte, then the turbidity measurement can increase very quickly. Turbidity meters can be several thousand dollars and some have to be cleaned every time there is an upset. The purpose of the measurement is to alert the operator |
that paint has entered the anolyte fluid and the source of the contamination should be sought and stopped. UFS is developing a low cost digital sensor technology that will be introduced in 2006. This item is available at the time when a Cell Circulation System is ordered or can be added on to an existing cell circulation system. Permeate is the fluid that is |
able to pass through the UF membrane and is mostly water and other small molecular objects such as ions and salts. The permeate fluid is used as a rinse fluid and sometimes it is purged from the system to remove contaminates. UFS provides instruments for the following— Permeate is produced in UF modules, which typically contain a '7640' or '7940' type UF Element. The |
0 - 5 gpm and PN 225025 is the 0 — 2 gpm flowmeter. Both of these have 1/2” male NPT fittings. If you need 3/4” NPT fittings then order PN 225034 for the 0 -10 gpm range. If you are looking for a totalizing flowmeter then ask UFS for guidance in the selection. See section on Anolyte Turbidity fluid above. Generally permeate is |
even more like water than anolyte, but if paint enters, then the alarm should sound and the source of the contamination (i.e. one of the UF Elements has developed a leak and is passing paint into the permeate) should be located. UFS is developing a low cost digital sensor technology that will be introduced in 2006. DC current is the life's blood of e-coat |
and without the process just would not have a chance to work. Thus knowing the distribution of current amongst all the Membrane Electrode Cells is a cornerstone of good maintenance practices. It is best to keep a record of the individual current draw when the system was brand new. This record will become the baseline and all future measurements can be compared to the |
baseline. How is this type of equipment justified? If the current distribution becomes uneven (some Cells no longer deliver the same current as when they were new due to: high electrical resistance; a loose connection; trapped air in the Cell; etc) will tend to cause the operator to increase voltage to compensate. The increased voltage will tend to alleviate the problem (i.e. low film |
several different instrumentation products specific for DC Current, DC voltage, and AC Ripple as shown below - This is most commonly used to monitor the DC current delivered by each Membrane Electrode Cell in an E-coat paint system. If your safety protocol will allow, then a clamp on ammeter can be used reliability. You may want to reroute all the load cables to the |
ME Cells through a small enclosure and label each wire. JP Tech's offers the Anode Monitor, which can be connected through an RS232 connection or Ethernet (option) to provide real time data. If you already have an existing current monitor then it may be possible to upgrade to the Anode Monitor since you already have the DC current sensors in place. This unit is |
well suited for hoist systems as it can measure all the Cells in a very short period of time and report the peak values for each paint cycle. The UFS Current Monitor is a safe and secure method to see the current flowing to each Cell and it has one switch for every two Cells. You can quickly see the current in the digital |
meter. If is better suited for monorail systems than hoist systems since all the Cells of the hoist system reach the peak at about the same time. AC Ripple is a carry over from the process used to convert AC power into DC power. Normally, there are filters on the output of the rectifier to clean this AC ripple from the DC power. If |
the filters fail then the AC Ripple can increase and paint defects can occur. Usually the AC Ripple should be less than 5% and less than 1% is considered ideal. JP Tech offers a low cost AC Ripple meter to offer real time information so you do not have to bother the plant electrician to take the measurement. |The DC current information is only |
worth something if it can be made available in the future and serve as a basis for comparison. This favors the Anode Monitor product line that is made by JP Tech. UFS is the exclusive distributor for JP Tech's products for the e-coat market. The Anode Monitor is an intelligent choice since it uses a DC shunt to measure the current, fuse to protect |
the load wiring, and on board RS232 type communications so you can connect a Serial cable from your lab PC to the Anode Monitor. Once this is done, you can receive real time current draw information and record the data to file for safe keeping. Data can be exported to an Excel spreadsheet and saved to create history.| If you have more than one |
Electrical Zone, then you will need one Anode Monitor for each Zone since only one anode bus can be connected to an Anode Monitor. The rating of the Anode Monitor is reviewed by looking at the rating of the max current that the unit can handle as well as the maximum for any individual Membrane Electrode Cell (sometimes referred to as a 'point'). The |
Anode Monitor is available in a 50 amp max per point or a 100 amp max per point. When you get ready to ask for a quote make sure and specify the max current per point (i.e. 50 amps or 100 amps) and specify the max amps of your rectifier(s). Special note for hoist type e-coat paint systems. Since all the Cells achieve a |
maximum value all about the same time it is not practical to use a handheld DC current clamp on ammeter. If you do use a handheld device you can only get the max reading for one each during a cycle. So if you have 20 Cells, it will take you most of the morning to get a reading from each Cell. The Anode Monitor |
is able to gather information very quickly and can poll all of the cells quickly enough that it can get the maximum value for each Cell for each cycle. Thus if you have a hoist system you should strongly consider the Anode Monitor. How do you know what is the maximum amps per Cell (i.e. point)? You can ask an electrician to sample the |
current draws using a DC clamp on ammeter (make sure it's the largest ware that is painted). You can also take the anode area (SF) of your Membrane Electrode Cell and multiply by 10 amps/SF. This would typically be the highest current expected. Click here to view the Specification Sheet. Please contact UFS for a price quote. If you are interested in an estimate |
of the entire project cost including installation and start-up assistance please contact UFS Technical. |If your budget is tight and you do not want to send an electrician into the e-coat enclosure every time a measurement is required, then you should consider the Current Monitor from UFS. This uses a DC shunt as the DC current sensor for each ME Cell. The output from |
each sensor is sent to an enclosure and the output sent to the meter is selected by a series of switches on the front of the enclosure. This panel does not have any type of connectivity built-in and so the operator must manually record current draw data and save it in an Excel spreadsheet.| The Current Monitor Panel is available in 16, 32, 48, |
and 64 point versions. The Current Sensor is available in a 100 amp and 150 amp versions. The addition of a Current Monitoring System in combination with a preventative maintenance program can help to avoid production problems. Electrical current data, when viewed over a period of time, is an excellent service tool. Performance problems and likely replacement periods for ME Cells become apparent to |
the user. As the authorized sales and service distributor of JP Tech E-coat paint market products, UFS offers several alternatives for monitoring ME Cell's electrical performance. For the latest technology to view electrical current draw from each ME Cell on a PC in the E-coat lab, the Anode Monitor System is for you. Hoist type E-coat systems benefit additionally with the Anode Monitor System |
in that that all Cells are polled in a fraction of a second. The E-coat operator can view data on a remote control screen mounted near the E-coat tank as well as on a PC in their lab via an RS232 port. Ethernet capabilities can be added as an option. Hoist or Monorail customers that already have UFS Current Monitoring installed can upgrade to |
theCurrent Monitor Plus which offers the features of an Anode Monitor System without having to purchase an entirely new system. |If budgetary constraints require purchase of a more standard monitoring system, UFS offers a Current Monitor Panel installed with either Current Sensor Modules (designed for monorail ED system) or a Current Sensor Panel (suited for hoist ED System). Easy monitoring of individual ME Cells |
Wolbachia infection and mitochondrial DNA comparisons among Culex mosquitoes in South West Iran. The control of mosquito borne diseases needs new methods given widespread insecticide resistance in many mosquito species. The inherited endosymbiont Wolbachia, found in many arthropods, provides a |
biological system to reduce the transmission of these diseases and replace the population of vectors with non-vectors using cytoplasmic incompatibility. The aim of this study was to understand the rate of Wolbachia infection among Culex species in the region and |
to see the effect of Wolbachia infection on mitochondrial genome. In this study three species of Culex mosquitoes were collected from Shoushtar in south west of Iran and examined for Wolbachia infection by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). All of the |
C. quinquefasciatus specimens were infected with Wolbachia, while C. tritaeniorynchus and C. theileri showed no infection with Wolbachia. The 340 bp of AT rich of mtDNA was sequenced from 30 individuals, 10 individuals of each species. Three sequence haplotypes were |
found in C. tritaeniorynchus and C. theileri while there was only one haplotype in C. quinquefasciatus. The reduction of haplotypes diversity may be result of a sweep of Wolbachia in this species. Department of Medical Entomology, School of Health, Ahvaz |
|Eccentric Exercie: A Comprehensive Review of a Distinctive Training Method Aaron Bubbico, B.S. and Len Kravitz, Ph.D. Introduction and Brief History of Eccentric Exercise Eccentric muscle actions regularly occur as a braking or opposition force to a concentric (shortening) actions in many movements, in order to protect joint structures from |
damage. With an eccentric action the muscle elongates while under tension, due to an opposing force (such as a weight) being greater than the force generated by the muscle. Most of the classical muscle load studies in exercise physiology have focused on isometric (same length) and isotonic (shortening) contractions. Nonetheless, |
one of the first research observations with eccentric muscle actions was examined in 1882 by Fick, when he discovered that a contracting muscle under stretch could produce a greater force than a shortening muscle contraction (Lindstedt, LaStayo, and Reich, 2001). About fifty years later, A.V. Hill (who became a Nobel |
laureate) ascertained that the body had a lower energy demand when doing an eccentric muscle action as compared to a concentric muscle action (Lindstedt, LaStayo, and Reich). According to Lindstedt, LaStayo, and Reich, in 1953 Asmussen introduced eccentric exercise as excentric, with 'ex' meaning away from, and centric referring to |
center, thus giving the meaning of moving away from center. Lindstedt and colleagues further explain that when the weight exceeds the force developed by the muscle, as in an eccentric muscle action, it is referred to as 'negative work, because the muscle is absorbing energy in this loaded motion. Research |
in the field of eccentric exercise is continuing to expand in many areas of sports and rehabilitation. This review will examine the physiological mechanisms of eccentric exercise, the effects of eccentric exercise on DOMS, the repeated bout effect, unilateral eccentric exercise and its effects on the unmovable limb, differences in |
the response of old and young persons to eccentric training, submaximal versus maximal eccentric exercise and the effects on muscle damage, eccentric exercise and 1-RM strength,eccentric exercise and rehabilitation, and the energy costs of eccentric exercise. What are the Physiological Mechanisms of a Concentric and Eccentric Action? Muscle is a |
tension-producing tissue that is comprised of small contractile units referred to as sarcomeres (See Figure 1). The sarcomere contains thick (myosin) and thin (actin) myofilaments (muscle filaments or proteins), which overlap to allow for the formation of a cross-bridge bond (attachment). The cross-bridge (or sliding filament) theory of muscle contraction |
states that the shortening of a muscle occurs as the myosin cross-bridges cyclically attach to actin and draw the actin across the myosin, thereby creating force and shortening (Herzog et al., 2008). Herzog and colleagues add that each of the cross-bridge attachment/detachment cycles is powered by the splitting of one |
molecule of adenosinetriphosphate (ATP). This shortening, contraction cycle is referred to as a concentric action (or contraction). Concentric muscle actions are seen anytime a muscle performs work such as walking on level ground, kicking a ball, or picking up a weight. An eccentric muscle contraction, on the other hand, is |
the stretching of a muscle in response to an opposing force on that muscle, in which the opposing force (weight being lifted) is greater than its current force production. When the myofilaments of a muscle fiber are stretched while contracting (i.e, doing an eccentric contraction), Herzog and colleagues (2008) propose |
there may be a decreased rate of cross-bridge detachments (thus an increased PERCENTAGE of cross-bridges remain attached) leading to greater force production on the eccentric bout. In addition, Herzog et al. add that there is an increase in the stiffness of the titin protein (see Figure 1) during the eccentric |
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