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NSW and includes snippets of classroom dialogue. A 3-minute video ‘Classrooms in Action’ demonstrating philosophical inquiry in the classroom: This free-to-view short video is part of a 2-hour video available |
for purchase from the Queensland University of Technology. The QUT course in facilitating philosophical inquiry is overseen by Professor Lynne Hinton, Adjunct Professor in the Faculty of Education and former |
Principal of Buranda State School in Brisbane where she worked for over 15 years implementing Philosophy for Children. Peter Worley: The If Machine – This revealing and thought-provoking interactive talk |
about the nature of Philosophy for Children was presented by Peter Worley at the Institute of Art and Ideas HowTheLightGetsIn philosophy festival in the UK. It includes audience participation in |
a series of thought experiments and useful strategies for facilitating philosophical inquiry in the classroom. Dr Sara Goering: Philosophy for Kids – Sparking a Love of Learning Professor Tom Wartenberg: |
If you want to grow broccoli it is very important to consider what soil youre going to use.Generally hard soil, heavy will deliver the best overall results Purple Sprouting Broccoli, because it is an array of land tends to contain more nutrients. Broccoli takes around 30-42 days to grow, which is why it is important to make sure that the |
soil is not flooded during cold weather. It is also important when to sow, to find a sunny place, or partially shaded spots atlas, and somewhere about two weeks just before planting the seeds should implement standard fertilizers, to tread the soil surface to get a firm enough thatshould then be raked up.A very important thing to consider when growing |
broccoli is the soil pH level. What I discovered is that finding the right PH level for the soil scares people from even trying to grow broccoli because they dont want to grow bad plants. This is also true when you are learning how to grow pumpkins. Honestly, do not let that scare you, the pH is a pure measure |
of its acidity or alkalinity of the soil, and the reality is that most vegetables, including broccoli will grow very well and favorably in normalpH levels.If you need to know what your pH level is at the present time there are many products to evaluate that. Growing broccoli is actually very simple. Some things to keep in mind is that |
different types of broccoli tend to have different terms of planting, it is easy to circumvent, since each packet of seeds will have a direction. You do not have to worry too much when you are growing broccoli, because, like everyone else, it takes practice and practice.You will thank me for reading this article, especially when you can start giving |
NPS historian Bobby Krick describes the historical importance of the Battle of Malvern Hill - the last major battle of the Seven Days Campaign in the summer of 1862. This |
And What Does It Do? What Is L-Carnosine L-Carnosine is basically a combination of 2 vital amino acids-L-histidine and beta-alanine. It is naturally present in the body, mainly in the |
muscle, and in many animals too. Carnosine can be broken down easily into the two amino acids, but it is good to know that these amino acids work much better |
when combined to form L-Carnosine. L-Carnosine has the remarkable ability to revitalize, that is, to make older cells younger and lengthen their life cycle. This compound is commercially available and |
is the only one that has the rare and distinctive ability to rejuvenate cells. What does L-Carnosine do? In simple language, L-carnosine is able to transform itself into so many |
compounds with each performing or enhancing a number of crucial body functions such as: May bind to dangerous metal compounds to make them inactive. Turning the resultant metal compound/carnosine into |
useful antioxidants which in turn can be anti-ulcer agents Protecting and stabilizing cell membranes, keeping cells safe from dangerous free radicals Protecting healthy cells from damage caused by radiation Enhances |
blood flow to the brain Acts like a neurotransmitter, helping messages move from one nerve to the other. This helps fight dementia, as in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, and |
boost memory. Blocks guanylate cyclase activation, an enzyme associated with cancer, migraine, asthma, and septic shock. Special derivatives of carnosine can help get rid of the accumulation of sugar compounds |
and abnormal protein in the eye. A variety of these compounds may cause glaucoma, cataracts, and macular degeneration. Carnosine works like a catalyst to boost the work of so many |
other compounds and nutrients. Benefits of using L-carnosine Although L-carnosine benefits haven't been extensively researched, according to initial studies it may help in: Dealing with complications related to cataracts, diabetes, |
neuropathy, and kidney failure. It may also help in slowing down aging in skin, minimizing wrinkles as well as breakdown of elasticity in skin. It can help to prevent joint |
inflammation, atherosclerosis, and formation of cataract. Carnosine has been known to prevent and reduce cell damage occasioned by beta amyloid-the substance found in Alzheimer's patent's brain. Additionally, carnosine appears able |
to help get rid of the helicobacter pylori bacterium, the organism associated with stomach cancer and peptic cancer. Therefore, it can significantly help protect and heal both peptic and gastric |
ulcers. Other possible L-carnosine benefits Increase muscle endurance and strength Improves heart function Speeds healing of wound A powerful antioxidant that can deal with even the worst free radicals Reduces |
inflammation and boosts immunity It helps pull out or chelate some heavy metals from your body May help autistic children Act as anti-cancer agent in the body Stabilizes cell membranes |
and slows down lipid peroxidation to protect the process of aging of the brain L-carnosine can help in preventing or even treating age-related conditions like: Cell aging/cellular senescence Cross-linking of |
eye lens Build up of damaged proteins Brain circulatory deficit Cross-linking of collagen in the skin DNA chromosome damage LDL cholesterol oxidation Formation of AGEs i.e. advanced glycation end-products. What |
is stopping you from taking L-Carnosine today? |What, L-Carnosine, What,||Tags:| Allergies, Anti-Aging, Antioxidant, Carnosine, Disclaimer: All material provided in the VitaNet ®, LLC. website is provided for educational purposes only. |
Consult your physician regarding the applicability of any information provided in the VitaNet ®, LLC. website to your symptoms or medical condition. *These statements have not been evaluated by the |
NETRA: Frequently Asked Questions What does NETRA mean? NETRA means "eye" in Sanskrit, and stands for Near Eye Tool for Refractive Assessment. What is required? NETRA is very portable. It needs only two items. (i) A cellphone with eye-test software loaded onto the phone (or downloaded from an app store) (ii) A plastic eyepiece. What are the steps in the |
eye-test with NETRA? The NETRA tool is a small, plastic eyepiece clipped to the front of a cellphone's screen. The patient looks at the LCD screen through this eyepiece and sees a few parallel lines. The patient presses the phone's arrow keys until the parallel lines just overlap. This is repeated eight times, with the parallel lines at different angles. |
The whole process takes less than two minutes, at which point software loaded onto the phone provides the prescription data. What NETRA is not? - NETRA is not a replacement for your optometrist. It is a measurement device and does not issue prescriptions. - NETRA is NOT based on the cell phone camera. It does not use any camera. You |
probably have seen dozens of beautiful recent inventions where the cell phone camera is used as a replacement for an image sensor in a high end instrument. NETRA does not fall into this category and is a completely new procedure. - NETRA is NOT based on reading charts. You probably have seen dozens of beautiful recent inventions where the 2D |
cell phone display is used as a replacement for passive screens or instructions. NETRA does not fall into this category and instead exploits the high resolution LCDs to create a higher dimensional display and to compensate for human eye aberration. What is the population statistics for uncorrected refractive error (URE)? More than two billion people worldwide have refractive error. Very |
few have access to quality eye-care because existing solutions require a trained optometrist or expensive equipment [VISION2020 Report, Holden2007]. This impacts the developing world in a significant way: - 517 million have uncorrected near-vision impairment affecting daily livelihood. - 153 million have uncorrected far-vision impairment (affecting 2% of the world population). - Uncorrected Refractive Errors are the 2nd leading cause |
of blindness* globally. 87% of those affected live in the developing world. - For many children, hyperopia may remain undiagnosed, leading to undue stress and headaches. (WHO definition for blindness: vision worse that 3/60 in the better eye.) Even in US the numbers are very large. - Undetected vision problems are the number one childhood handicap. (American Optometric Association) - |
An estimated 10 million children suffer from undetected vision problems. (National Parent Teacher Association) - 60% of students identified as "problem learners" have undetected vision problems. (American Optometric Association) What is the SIGGRAPH 2010 paper about? The paper describes the NETRA technique, the optical setup, analysis of various display patterns, proof of concept using several prototypes, and appropriate validation studies |
and user tests. Paper authors are: - Vitor F. Pamplona, Visiting Ph.D. student at MIT Media Lab, Camera Culture group. - Ankit Mohan, Postdoctoral Associate at MIT Media Lab, Camera Culture Group. - Manuel M. Oliveira, Visiting Associate Professor at MIT Media Lab, Camera Culture Group. - Ramesh Raskar, Associate Professor at MIT Media Lab, Camera Culture Group. What do |
you recommend as background reading? - WHO VISION2020 Report: Strategy for The Elimination of Vision Impairment from Uncorrected Refractive Error. 2006. - Brien A Holden. Uncorrected refractive error: the major and most easily avoidable cause of vision loss. Community Eye Health. v. 20(63); Sep 2007. - Dunaway D, Berger I. Worldwide Distribution of Visual Refractive Errors and. What to Expect |
at a Particular Location. How is the refractive error measured? What is a diopter? Refractive error is measured in diopters, which represents the refractive power a lens required to correct the aberrations of the eye. Doctors typically prescribe glasses in steps of 0.25 diopters. Myopia (blurry far sight) required corrective lenses with negative diopters, and hyperopia (blurry near sight) requires |
lenses with positive diopters. What is astigmatism and how is it measured? Astigmatism refers to optical aberrations of the eye that are not symmetric about the optical axis. Astigmatism in eyes is approximated by a spherical power, and an additional cylindrical power. Spherical and cylindrical powers are measuremed in meridians oriented 90 degrees apart. The axis of astigmatism is the |
axis of the spherical power. How it Works How does NETRA compare to a Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Aberrometer? Devices using the Shack-Hartmann sensor shine a laser into the eye of the patient, are quite expensive, and require a trained professional operator. The NETRA system uses the dual of a Shack-Hartman sensor, and replaces the laser with simple user interaction. Shack-Hartman sensor |
measures the displacement of the spot to estimate local slope of the wavefront (while using adaptive optics to maintain the sharpness of the incident laser beam). NETRA gets around the need for coherent light source and focussed beams. In simple words, our method asks the user to interactively move each spot till all spots are aligned on the retina. The |
spot movements compensate for the wavefront aberrations present in the human eye. (However, this analogy does not extend to astigmatism and other higher order effects. The search space explodes even for a minor astigmatism. In addition, aligning a dozen spots sequentially will be cumbersome for the user.) We exploit the fact that aberrations can be expressed using only a few |
parameters. So we guide the user to navigate in this low dimensional space. The human interaction in a low dimensional parameter space is the key to NETRA. This significantly reduces the cost of the device and makes it appropriate for self-evaluation, while still providing comparable data. How can an LCD display perform wavefront compensation? Coherent light sources, like lasers, are |
ideal for wavefront analysis, sensing and compensation. LCD displays do not produce images with coherent light. So LCDs may appear to be limited in their ability to compensate for human eye aberrations. Nevertheless, by introducing phase–sensitive optical elements, we can exploit the phase information relevant to our problem here. See our recent work in augmenting ray representation via Augmented Light |
Fields to analyze wave phenomena. What does the micro-lens array in front of the LCD actually do? The micro-lens array in front of the LCD essentially creates a 4D display. A traditional 3D display presents a slightly-different view to a person’s left eye and their right eye. With NETRA, we present different views through different parts of the same eye. |
If the eye is free from aberrations, it focuses clearly and these disparate views overlap perfectly. But far and near-sighted users have to press a few buttons to make that happen. The number of tweaks it takes for them to hit that ideal alignment reveals the correction they need to focus clearly. Why do you use an alignment task to |
estimate refractive error? Alignment is an easier task than discerning blur for humans. Humans can perform the task of aligning lines with remarkable accuracy. Using an alignment task rather than blur estimation improves the resolutoin of our refractive error estimates. Why hasn't this idea been explored before? NETRA relies on a programmable high resolution display to generate patterns at arbitrary |
depths. The resolution of cheap LCDs found on popular phones recently took a giant leap. For instance, while current LCD monitors support about 90 Dots-Per-Inch (DPI), the Nexus One and the new iPhone 4G supports 250 and 326 DPI respectively [1,2]. The display resolution defines the resolution of the NETRA device in diopters, and for it to be usable as |
an optometry solution, reasonably high resolution displays are required. How did you come up with this idea? The NETRA optics is essentially an array of Bokodes, a previous project at the MIT Media Lab. The NETRA project came about by bringing together the experiences in novel optics and cameras from the MIT Media Lab (Ankit, Ramesh), and the expertise and |
interests in the human eye from UFRGS Instituto de Informatica (Vitor, Manuel). How much does the device cost? Our current prototype cost less than USD 2.00 using laser-cut, hand-assembled parts. Since the device essentially made of plastic, this cost will rapidly reduce to just a few cents if mass produced. What is the resolution in diopters of the current prototype? |
The resolution is 0.4 diopters using the Nexus One device (focal length 30mm). The Apple iPhone 4G, with the new Retina Display should achieve a resolution of approximately 0.28 diopters (focal length 30mm). For measuring eye correction, the average absolute errors from the known prescriptions were under 0.5 diopter (σ = 0.2) for both cylindrical and spherical powers. The average |
absolute error of our estimates of the cylindrical axis was under 6 degrees. Optometrists typically prescribe in multiples of 0.25 diopter, and 10 degrees axis. Does NETRA replace optometrists? No. Our device can be thought of as a thermometer for visual performance. Just as a thermometer measures corporal temperature and does not prescribe medicine, NETRA measures the refractive error and |
does not necessarily prescribe glasses. NETRA allows a user to self-assess the performance of her eye over time. The goal of NETRA is to empower people, not replace optometrists. We expect the self-awareness will encourage more people to visit an optometrist where available. Does NETRA use the cell phone camera? No. NETRA does not use any electronic sensor. We use |
only the high resolution display. And the natural high resolution of the human retina as a sensor. Why is high resolution display so important? What is the relation pixel size vs dioptres? The resolution of the display screen contributes to the accuracy and resolution of the measurements in dioptres provided by the device. There is a linear relationship between pixel |
size and the measurement resolution in diopters. Does NETRA work with low end phones? We are currently working on expanding the range of phones that NETRA works on. We are also investigating novel pattern designs which may provide adequate resolution with low resolution displays. What are other efforts in eye-care in developing counties? There are basically 3 components to refractive |
eye-care: (#1) measurement, (#2) making eye-glasses and (#3) deployment. Although there are many efforts, there is surprisingly little work in measurement using a portable, low-cost device. Here are others solving problem #2 and #3. We are delighted to have ongoing discussions with many visionaries and organizations in the field - Josh Silver demos adjustable liquid-filled eyeglasses - Thulasiraj Ravilla: How |
low-cost eye care can be world-class - Vision Spring - Center for Vision in the Developing World - Vision Coallition However, we are solving the first piece of the puzzle. Q: Where can I get NETRA? You can download the software apps for your mobile phone here. Android: Android Market (Just the tutorial right now) iPhone: (coming soon) Pl note |
your eyes using mobile phone - Fox News: New device may eliminate eye doctor appointments - NPR (PRI/The World): MIT develops smartphone-based eye exam - CNN, The Big I: : NETRA: Cheap, Portable Eye Exam System - NBC: New eye exam app made by MIT available soon - ABC: Will an app replace a standard eye exam? - ABC: The |
eye exam app - King5: New app changes smart phones into eye-phones Coverage in Audio - NPR/Public Radio/Future Tense: An eye exam on a smart phone - The New York Times TechTalk: MIT’s NETRA project - InsightRadio/UK: Eye Phone - Earth and Sky: Eye tests with cell phones - Science Friday: MIT Media Lab at 25 - MIT News: Simple, |
low-cost device that affixes to a cellphone could provide quick eye tests throughout the developing world - Pop-Sci: Cheap, Portable Cell Phone Add-on Allows for Vision Tests Anywhere - New Scientist: Smartphone add-on will bring eye tests to the masses - Fast Company: Eye Phone: MIT Researchers Develop Ultra-Cheap, Smartphone-Based Eye Exam Tool - Gizmodo Cheap, Portable Cell Phone Add-on |
Allows for Vision Tests Anywhere - Discovery News: Cell phone app offers eye prescription - ABC News: Cell Phone App Offers Eye Prescriptions - Slashdot: Poor Vision? There's an App for that - Endgadget: MIT's Android optometry app could help you stop squinting all the time (video) - Mashable: MIT Researchers Developing Smartphone App for 2-Minute Eye Exams - CNET: |
The future is now at MIT Media Lab - Boston Globe: Vision tests via cellphone could aid poor nations - Boston.com: Figuring out your own eyeglass prescription? PerfectSight Opticals may soon have the app for that - BBC: Smart vision for mobile phones in the developing world Coverage in India - Sify:NETRA: Let your phone check your eyes! - CNN-IBN:Indian |
professor builds cellphone device for eye tests - Indian Express: NETRA, a cellphone device to test your eyes - Mail Today: An Eye for an EyeSight - Mint: Plastic device on cellphone to measure eye’s refractive errors - Economic Times: Indian professor devises method to use cellphone for eye tests Coverage in Brazil - Olhar Digital: Smartphones serão capazes de |
detectar problemas de visão - Revista Galileu: Young Brazilian creates an eye exam for mobile phones - UOL: Device created by Brazilians enables mobile eye examination - Estadão: Device enables eye test on the cell phone - Veja: Eye exam in the mobile phone - Pó de Imburana: Brazilian researchers at MIT develop new digital technology for prescription glasses that |
could revolutionize ophthalmology - Jornal Da Ciência: Device enables eye test on the cell phone. - Estadão: Eyephone - O Estado de São Paulo, Printed: EyePhone - Ciência Hoje: Mobile Eye Exam - Gazeta do Povo: Smartphone vai fazer exame de vista - IG: Media Lab completa 25 anos |
Statue of Liberty Made in Paris by the French sculptor Bartholdi, in collaboration with Gustave Eiffel (who was responsible for the steel framework), this towering monument to liberty was a gift from France on the centenary of American independence in 1886. Standing at the entrance to New York Harbour, it |
has welcomed millions of immigrants to the United States ever since. Statement of Significance The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World, a hollow colossus composed of thinly pounded copper sheets over a steel framework, was designed in Paris by the French sculptor Frederic Bartholdi, in collaboration with the French engineer |
Gustave Eiffel, who was responsible for its frame, intended as a gift from France for the centenary of American independence in 1876. Its design and construction were recognized at the time as one of the greatest technical achievements of the 19th century, and, when finally dedicated a decade later, it |
was hailed as a bridge between art and engineering. Atop its pedestal, designed by noted American architect Richard Morris Hunt, on an island at the entrance to New York Harbour, the Statue has since welcomed millions of immigrants who arrived in the United States by sea. (i) This colossal statue |
is a masterpiece of the human spirit. The collaboration between the sculptor Bartholdi and the engineer Eiffel resulted in the production of a technological wonder that brings together art and engineering in a new and powerful way. (vi) The symbolic value of the Statue of Liberty lies in two basic |
factors. It was presented by France with the intention of affirming the historical alliance between the two nations. It was financed by international subscription in recognition of the establishment of the principles of freedom and democracy by the U.S. Declaration of Independence, which the Statue holds in her left hand. |
The Statue also soon became and has endured as a symbol of the migration of people from many countries into the United States in the late 19th and the early 20th centuries. She endures as a highly potent symbol – inspiring contemplation, debate and protest – of ideals such as |
liberty, peace, human rights, abolition of slavery, democracy and opportunity. The Statue of Liberty is a masterpiece of the human creative spirit. Its construction in the studios of Bartholdi in Paris represents one of the greatest technical exploits of the 19th century. It welcomed immigrants at the entrance to New |
York harbour, and so it is directly and materially associated with an event of outstanding universal significance: the populating of the United States, the melting pot of disparate peoples in the second half of the 19th century. The fact that the statue, whose funds were raised by international subscription, was |
executed in Europe, by a French sculptor, strengthens the symbolic interest of this world-renowned work. During the second half of the 19th century, the population of the United States almost doubled in 30 years, from 38,500,000 inhabitants in 1870 to 76,000,000 in 1900. This prodigious growth is principally due to |
immigration which reached an unprecedented high at that time. Between 1840 and 1880, 9,438,000 foreigners landed in the United States, among which, besides the British, were Germans, Irish and Scandinavian. Between 1880 and 1914, the number of immigrants reached 22,000,000, this time deriving mainly from southern and eastern Europe. It |
is within this context the order was placed for the Statue of Liberty, made in Paris by the French sculptor Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi, in collaboration with Gustave Eiffel, who conceived and executed the metallic skeleton which was to form the interior framework. The exterior 'envelope' was composed of brass plaques, formed |
by hammering them in hard wood moulds made from plaster models. These plaques were then soldered and riveted together. After Bartholdi prefabricated the figure in Paris by moulding sheets of copper over a steel framework, it was shipped to the United States in 241 crates in 1885. Some of the |
money to erect the statue was contributed by American schoolchildren. It is certain that for millions of immigrants who came to America in the 19th century seeking freedom, it was the fulfilment of their dreams. The sculptor also intended with his work to be an immense and impressive symbol of |
human liberty, and it is one of the most universal symbols of political freedom and democracy. The people of France gave the statue to the people of the United States over 100 years ago in recognition of the friendship established during the American Revolution. The Statue of Liberty, a woman |
holding on high a book and a 46 m long torch set on Liberty Island, situated at the entrance to New York harbour about 1 km from the landing point of the immigrants, was dedicated on 28 October 1886 and was designated a National Monument on 15 October 1924. On |
8 September 1937, jurisdiction was enlarged to encompass all of Bedloe's Island and in 1956, the island's name was changed to Liberty Island. On 11 May 1965, Ellis Island was also transferred to the National Park Service and became part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument. 'Liberty Enlightening the |
World' was extensively restored in time for the spectacular centennial of American independence on 4 July 1986, for whom it symbolized the ideals of Washington and Lincoln. It has continued to inspire people across the world.Source: UNESCO/CLT/WHC |
educate midwives, heath workers and decision-makers about the key issues associated with safe motherhood. Although progress has been made, and fewer mothers are dying from pregnancy-related problems, many fundamental issues |
remain the same. Saving mother's and children's lives This video highlights that every year, an estimated 360 000 women die in pregnancy and childbirth and around eight million children die |
before their fifth birthday. Millions can be saved if the right health care is available. Community midwifery takes hold in Laos Maternal and infant mortality in Laos are high because |
Methods for quantifying environmental health impacts This method to calculate the environmental burden of disease is based on an exposure approach, supported by a comprehensive analysis of the evidence for the given health risks. Exposure-response relationships for a given risk |
factor are obtained from epidemiological studies and the derived attributable fractions are then applied to disease burden, expressed in deaths or DALYs, associated with the risk factor. For six environmental risk factors and five occupational risk factors, a detailed analysis |
is provided in the reference publication (Comparative Quantification of Health Risks) below. In addition, a more detailed analysis and step-by-step approach for the different risk factors is provided in the Environmental burden of disease Series (EBD Series). The first volume |
provides a excellent introduction and a summary of the basic methodology for quantifying environmental health impacts at national and local levels. - Reference publication: Comparative Quantification of Health Risks - Selected papers on the method - Introduction to the EBD |
Series for assessment at national level - Environmental burden of disease Series (EBD Series) Expert opinion method In a report published in 2006, "Preventing disease through healthy environments: towards an estimate of the global burden of disease", WHO presented estimations |
of how much of global disease could be prevented by modifying the environment. This work builds on the previous efforts that WHO has undertaken to quantify the global estimates of burden of disease caused by 26 risk factors, published in |
the World Health Report 2002 (and whose method is described in the above-mentioned reference publication), and involves a systematic review of literature as well as surveys of over 100 experts worldwide. The report gives, for 85 out of the 102 |
major diseases and injuries classified by WHO, the fraction of disease that can be attributed to the environment and that could be prevented. These environmental contributions are sometimes available by regions, by economic status (high/low income countries), by age group |
I don't need to test my programs. I have an error-correcting modem. From Unreal Wiki, The Unreal Engine Documentation Site UnrealScript is a strongly-typed language and has various built-in data types. UnrealScript types can be divided in three general groups: |
primitive types, reference types and composite types. Primitive types A primitive type only consists of a single and usually simple value. Variables declared of a primitive type directly contain that value and when assigning that value to another variable or |
passing it to a function call, a new copy of the value is created. Modifications to that copy have absolutely no effect on the original value still stored in the source variable. UnrealScript has two integer types and int is |
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