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to demolish and rebuild 'slum pockets' in the inner city. Displaced residents were moved to new housing developments built by the HCV such as Garden City at Port Melbourne. However, the redevelopment program came to a halt with the onset |
of war and the Commission turned to planning for the postwar era. After 1942 the HCV was responsible for developing regional and outer suburban housing estates where low-income families were located in proximity to expanding postwar industries in the northern |
and western suburbs. The Commission pioneered mass-produced housing through the production of precast concrete sections for houses and flats at its Holmesglen factory. With the assistance of funds provided by the Chifley Australian Labor Party Government through the Commonwealth/ States |
Housing Agreement, the HCV had constructed around 10% of Victoria's housing by the end of the 1940s In 1956 the HCV built the Olympic Village at Heidelberg West which was later used for public housing. The new town of Doveton |
in Melbourne's outer east in proximity to the General Motors-Holden factory was another innovative development. These HCV estates were generally well designed and provided affordable housing in the postwar period although residents criticised the lack of infrastructure and community services |
and the Commission's paternalistic regulation of tenants and owners. In the 1960s the HCV responded to concern at the declining population in Melbourne's inner city and began an ambitious program of redevelopment, adapting the precast concrete method of construction to |
build estates with blocks of 20-storey flats. High-rise towers soon ringed the inner city, changing the nature of Melbourne's traditional low-rise urban form and drawing angry resistance from displaced residents and the new gentrifiers, young middle-class families moving into the |
inner city and restoring terrace houses. Coalitions of activist inner-suburban resident associations, local councils, ethnic groups, conservation organisations and trade unions eventually halted further HCV high-rise developments in the 1970s. Criticisms of the bureaucratic and undemocratic nature of the Commission |
and scandals over corruption in relation to housing developments in Melbourne's fringe areas resulted in the disbandment of the HCV and the formation of a Ministry of Housing (1984) which developed more innovative and flexible approaches to the provision of |
social housing. With the decline of manufacturing industry in Melbourne and the changing nature of households the residents of former HCV estates changed from working families to those largely dependent on social security benefits, with increasing poverty and marginalisation. The |
On "in Just--" Many of the love poems are also a celebration of nature or the external world, and poems about nature make up some 20 per cent of his output. One of the best known, ‘In Just’, celebrates the |
arrival of spring from a children’s point of view and introduces the satyric lame balloonman, perhaps cummings’s best-known creation. From Docherty, Brian, ‘e.e. cummings." In American Poetry: The Modernist Ideal. Ed. Clive Bloom and Brian Docherty. New York: St. Martin’s |
Press, 1995. Ó 1995 The Editorial Board Lumiere (Cooperative Press) Ltd. Norma Pollack (1995) Without a doubt, the poems that have engendered several musical versions apiece are unique verbal artifacts. Yet these poems share certain attributes for which composers might |
be inspired to find musical equivalents: they all have a distinctive rhythmic and aural presence, and some have striking visual imagery as well. For example, the rhythmic and aural characteristics of "in just-" both complicate the words and impart a |
nonverbal dimension of significance to the words. This poem is characterized by a rhythmic asymmetry that consists of a pattern of momentum and bounce alternated with a greatly slowed-down tempo and stasis. Joining the names of the children not only |
conjures a vision of innocence and play but contributes momentum as well. Spaces between words, on the other hand, as in the thrice-repeated refrain, "whistles / far and wee," retard or halt the momentum and, linked as they are with |
the presence of the "lame balloonman," impart ambiguity to the atmosphere of joyous innocence communicated by the vision of children at play. These alternating patterns of momentum and stasis undermine the simple surface meanings of the words and complicate the |
presentation of innocence and renewal symbolized by the children and springtime. Instead, the rhythms create an aura of mystery and ambiguity, of tension and disquiet, that results in the poem becoming a complex embodiment of irony and dissonance, it is |
the distinctive and peculiar rhythmic system of the poem that suggests levels of significance and effect extending beyond the semantic meaning of the words. Nor should the aural character of the poem be overlooked, since this, too, influences the rhythmic |
environment of the poem. Long vowels, such as those in "lame balloonman," "far and wee," and "marbles and piracies" slow the tempo, create a smooth rhythm, and impart melodiousness and resonance, as well as a keening quality, a tone of |
regret, that contradicts the idea of joyous renewal with which spring is typically associated. Thus, an aura of mystery and ambiguity permeates the poem and belies its words, and this ambiguity invites and enables composers to emphasize what they wish--the |
surface meaning of the words of the poem, or the shadowy, darker undercurrents. From Norma Pollack, "Poems of Cummings Set to Music." Spring: The Journal of the E. E. Cummings Society 4 (1995): 123-24. Albert C. Labriola (1992) ..."in Just-" |
is grouped with poems called "Chansons Innocentes" alluding to William Blake's Songs of Innocence and the complementary Songs of Experience. Innocence and experience, or the transition from the one state to the other, inform the poem, whose central character, including |
his identity and significance, is described through the stylistic feature of incremental repetition. Described as "the little lame balloonman," the "queer old balloonman," and the "goat-footed balloonMan," who in all three instances "whistles far and wee," he is a rendition |
of Pan, the god of the goatherds and shepherds. A goat-man, he was akin to the satyrs; like them, he inhabited the thickets, forests, and mountains, all places of wilderness. Upon his reed pipe (called a Panpipe), this lesser god |
played music for the dancing nymphs. Like the satyrs, he loved the nymphs but was rejected because of his ugly appearance: cleft foot and deformed and aging body. He was a lecher whose pursuits of nymphs such as Echo, Pithys, |
and Syrinx are well-recounted in classical literature. The haunts that he frequented, the urges and appetites that impelled him, and the distinctive cleft foot all profoundly affected later Christian conceptions of the devil, whose humanoid appearance in art resembles that |
of Pan and the satyrs.... ...By its emphasis on mud and water, growth and vitality, sexuality and propagation, the poem may be read as a displacement and adaptation of the creation myth or the account of primal creation in Genesis. |
The loam from which Adam was created, the inspiriting that ensued, the creation of Eve, her introduction to and relationship with Adam in the verdant Garden of Eden, and the procreative function of their relationship mandated by God are all |
elements in the paradigm adumbrated in Scripture. Against the foregoing context, the balloonman appears. His classical analogue is Pan, not only the lecherous goat-man, the prototype in physical appearance of the Christian conception of the devil, but also the Good |
Shepherd who oversees the well-being of his flock and encourages their propagation. By awakening in the children the impulses or instincts of sexuality, the balloonman, in effect, creates new beings, promotes other relationships, and imparts the potential for consequences--evil, goodness, |
and variations or interactions thereof--that may result from the pairings of male and female in adolescence and eventually adulthood. One surmises that the unusual spelling of "balloonMan" in its third appearance in the poem looks toward adulthood. From Albert C. |
Labriola, "Reader-Response Criticism and the Poetry of E. E. Cummings: 'Buffalo Bill's defunct' and 'in Just--.'" Cithara 31 (May 1992): 40, 41, and 42. Marvin Felheim (1955) ...The poem is in three movements, each built about the refrain of the |
balloonman's whistle; each movement has a spatial as well as a tonal quality; both qualities are quite definitely suggested by the placement of the words on the page. The first movement is horizontal (the sound is liquid, pulled out): whistles |
far and wee The second movement is circular (the sounds are bunched): "eddieandbill come running" and "bettyandisbel come dancing" from all around (literally both sides) as old balloonman whistles far and wee The final movement is vertical (the sound is |
stretched thin and tall: even Man stands up, capitalized): from Marvin Felheim, "Cummings' IN JUST--" Explicator 14 (Nov. 1955): Item 11. Robert Mayo (1947) The unconventional typography...is used to enhance the feeling of childlike naivete, to suggest sound effects, and |
to support the "action" of the poem in other ways. 1. Most obviously, eddieandbill and bettyandisbel are attempts to suggest a childs running of words together breathlessly....The curious form baloonMan...shows...the same process in reverse, the breaking up of a single |
word into its significant components. Here it may represent a naive qualification by the speaker. This queer, little being--he seems to warn us--may be goat-footed, but hes a Man just the same. 2. At first sight the wide spacing and |
the line-breaks in the poem may seem to be pure freakishness, but with study one discovers a regularity in the irregularity which suggests some method in the poets oddity. For example, there is after Just-spring or spring each time either |
a space or a line-break. These can be interpreted as dramatic pauses--suggestive of the speechless wonder of the child. Every time the subject recurs, he stops to take it in, as it were. 3. In the passages just cited the |
spacing seems to have been used for emphasis--as exclamation points in absentia so to speak. Elsewhere quite the opposite effect may have been intended. For example, each time the baloonman whistles, the line is either broken or extended by wide |
spacing.... [Here Mayo quotes l. 5, the end of l. 12 and beginning of l. 13, and ll. 21-24.] It may be that this is intended to convey to the eye the impression of distance, and attentuation. The whistle...is heard |
by the children far off...whereupon they come running and skipping from their games. 4. Undoubtedly the most cryptic typographical feature...is found in the last nine lines. The first fifteen are grouped for the eye in "stanzas" of five lines each, |
consisting of a "quatrain" and a "refrain." The arrangement is quite arbitrary, it would seem, since the meter is free, the lines are irregular in length, and the grouping bears no observable relation to the sense....After three "regular stanzas," however, |
the sight pattern dwindles: ten words make up nine lines, the margin slips to the right, and the poem breaks off between the "quatrain" and the "refrain." ...It is a striking fact...that the hop-scotch and jump-rope of line 15 is |
followed by three hops forward in the verse, two diagonal, a double-hop, and three singles. The game breaks up the poem, just as the baloonman breaks up the game. from Robert D. Mayo, "Chansons Innocentes (I)." English "A" Analyst 2 |
Louisiana Wants Illinois Mud as Building Block for Devastated Marshes NEW ORLEANS Mud from the Illinois River may soon be transported south to Louisiana to fill in wetlands tattered and punctured by Hurricane Katrina. Louisiana officials want to bolster the marshes -- already badly eroded before Katrina -- as a barrier against potential storm surges from future hurricanes. They are in early talks with |
Illinois to transport by barge or pipeline large amounts of mud to the Louisiana coast. "The material we have here is very much like what the delta was built up with," said John Marlin, senior scientist with the Illinois Department of Natural Resources. Illinois officials have discussed the idea with Louisiana agencies for more than a year, and Katrina increased interest in the proposal. |
The biggest obstacle to the plan may be the cost of the 1,240-mile trip down the Mississippi River. Last year, officials estimated it would cost $24,000 to bring a barge laden with 1,500 tons of sediment to Louisiana. Since then, the price tag has skyrocketed because of the jump in oil prices. Scientists say the loss of the buffer-like marsh over the decades was |
a big factor in Katrina's powerful storm surge, which overwhelmed the city's levees. They say 2.7 miles of marsh knocks out 1 foot of storm surge. Since the 1950s, more than 8,000 miles of canals have been dug for oil and gas exploration and shipping in the area, causing more than a third of coastal Louisiana's loss of 1,900 square miles of marsh since |
the 1930s, experts say. Storm surge finds its way far inland by traveling up the canals and shipping channels, most of which lead straight to levees that protect homes and businesses. A lack of sediment is at the heart of the losing fight against hurricanes, experts say. Before the levees were built, the Mississippi River overflowed in the spring and replenished Louisiana's marshes and |
swamps with silt, sand and mud. But today the 200 million tons of sediment that come down the river flow straight into the Gulf -- a wasted opportunity that rolls by the Big Easy every Mardi Gras. "The wetlands for millennia have dealt with hurricanes and won," said Paul Templet, a professor of environmental studies at Louisiana State University. "What's gone wrong is that |
we have stopped the sediment from getting out there" to the wetlands. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is studying ways to let the river run free, but large manmade diversions can take years to build and in the past have been stymied by fishermen wary of having their fishing grounds flooded. Thus, bringing mud down river by barge or pipeline could be a |
good alternative. There is an additional benefit: Officials from Illinois say an agreement would result in the removal of mud that is clogging Illinois waterways. "Their life's blood is to get grain to market and it's New Orleans' life blood to keep the port open," said Len Bahr, director of the Louisiana governor's applied coastal science program. Millions of tons of soil, mostly from |
farmland, have washed into the Illinois River, making it more difficult to navigate and affecting fish. The sludge that would go to Louisiana initially would come from central Illinois' Peoria Lake, which is a wide spot on the river, Marlin said. "It's one of those rare situations where you're doing something that benefits both ends of the spectrum," Marlin said. Louisiana environmental officials are |
also thinking of building up the marshes by recycling tree limbs and the timber from smashed wood homes. The debris could be bundled to create fences along the shore that would slow down the wave action that gnaws at the coast. They also could trap sediment. It's not a new idea -- it's been a wintertime ritual in recent years for New Orleanians to |
see their old Christmas trees strapped together into brush fences and laid out in the marshes. Building up coastal reefs also would help weaken potential future storm surge and officials are considering grinding up the estimated 50,000 fiberglass boats destroyed by Katrina and mixing them with cement to create artificial reefs. "We're exploring all sorts of options for waste," said Chuck Brown, an assistant |
Tan and gray smoke spanned hundreds of kilometers across Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Northwest Territories, Canada, on May 16, 2011. At 10:00 a.m., the Alberta government reported 116 fires burning in the province, 34 of which were out of control. The following day, the total number of fires had dropped to |
100, and the number of uncontrolled fires had dropped to 22, but four new fires had started to burn out of control. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite took this image at 12:35 p.m. local time on May 16. Similar images of central Canada are available |
twice daily. The top view shows a wide area to illustrate how far the smoke traveled. The lower image provides a closer view of a massive fire burning south of Lake Athabasca. Fire detections are outlined in red. Strong winds fanned the fires on May 15 and 16, pulling thick |
plumes of smoke north. The fires forced some energy and transportation companies to suspend operations, reported CBC News. Multiple petroleum companies suspended drilling in the region and moved their employees to safety. A pipeline closure and halted railway service hampered oil transport. Meanwhile, fires near Lesser Slave Lake destroyed 40 |
percent of the town of Slave Lake on May 15, including hundreds of homes and businesses, and the town hall. On May 17, CBC News reported that British Columbia was sending 200 more firefighters, in addition to the 130 firefighters already deployed to Alberta the previous day. Fire danger remained |
extreme throughout much of northern Alberta on May 17, the government reported. CBC News. (2011, May 16). Alberta fires shut down energy operations. Accessed May 16, 2011. CBC News. (2011, May 16). Slave Lake firefighters struggle to save town. Accessed May 16, 2011. CBC News. (2011, May 17). B.C. sends |
more crews to Alberta wildfires. Accessed May 17, 2011. Government of Alberta. (2011, May 16, 10:11 a.m.). Fire status map. Accessed May 16, 2011. Government of Alberta. (2011, May 17, 10:00 a.m.). Provincial wildfire situation report. Accessed May 17, 2011. Government of Alberta. (2011, May 17). Fire danger forecasts. Accessed |
May 17, 2011. More images of this event in Natural Hazards NASA images courtesy the MODIS Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC. Caption by Holli Riebeek and Michon Scott. "I love science and it pains me to think that so many are terrified of the subject or feel that choosing |
science means you cannot also choose compassion, or the arts, or be awe by nature. Science is not meant to cure us of mystery, but to reinvent and revigorate it." by Robert M. Sapolsky |
China's scientists realized in the late 1970s that, to prevent ecological collapse from overpopulation, they would need an enforced one child family law. They did that, >>>then farmers complained, logically, that if they only had one child, then food production would fall in half. So the farmers were allowed two |
children.<<< The lowest China's TFR got was 1.6 (in 1986), so China's momentum caused it to grow to the present nearly 1.4 billion when the scientists in 1979 anticipated only 1.1 billion before decline toward a lowering sustainability. Now, they will crash from eco-collapse at some time after 2028, unless |
they attack and conquer more resources. Mathematically, a worldwide forced 1 child policy, allowing for at least ten years implementation time, and moderate enforcement (a net TFR of 1.3), would have worked to prevent population die off at mid century, if started in 1998. Now, it would take a fifteen |
to twenty year moratorium on having children(and increased execution of criminals), followed by a world wide one child per family policy (until the new sustainable level is reached, i.e. .5B). This will never happen, with knowing human psychology and the huge logistics of such an endeavor. The natural population crash |
a generation, bringing down wages, increasing costs, and increasing social cost burdens. An example: The wage suppression suffered by many millions of middle class Americans for the past 30 years, the rapid rising prices, the 14 trillion debt, and recession, can trace many of their roots in gross overpopulation induced |
Click on the map to select your area of interest Australia has the third largest marine estate of any nation in the world. It is a massive area larger than our landmass and extends from the tropical seas of the north to the sub-Antarctic waters of the Southern Ocean. In 1998, the Commonwealth and state and territory governments committed to |
the creation of a National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas (NRSMPA) by 2012. In 2012, the Australian Government established 40 new Commonwealth marine reserves around Australia building on existing marine reserves that have been gradually established since the first Commonwealth marine reserve was declared in 1982. The new Commonwealth marine reserves add more than 2.3 million square kilometres to |
Australia's marine reserve estate, resulting in a total area of 3.1 million square kilometres of ocean being managed primarily for biodiversity conservation, fulfilling the Australian Government's part in the creation of the national system. Commonwealth Marine Reserves Branch Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities Edgar Waite Building 203 Channel Highway Kingston TAS 7050 Phone: 1800 069 352 |
<<Previous Index Next>> 3 Significant Resource Management Issues, Objectives, Policies and Methods The natural character and associated values of the coastal environment of Waikato make an important contribution to the Region's uniqueness. Features such as: the habitats of indigenous flora and fauna; coastal landscapes and seascapes; sites of spiritual or |
cultural significance; and significant historic places or areas all add to the special value of the coastal environment. Natural character is1 the quality of the coastal environment that, when considered together give the coast of New Zealand recognisable character. These qualities may be ecological, physical, spiritual, cultural or aesthetic in |
nature, and include both modified and pristine environments. Inappropriate subdivision, use and development of the coastal environment can result in the degradation of natural character. The coastal environment also provides a wide range of recreational opportunities. People’s enjoyment of the coast depends on access, as well as the opportunity to |
enjoy its landscape and wilderness values. New Zealanders have a tradition of unquestioned access to and use of the coast as a public resource. However, there is often a conflict between demand for access to and along the coastal marine area, and the need to restrict access for conservation, safety, |
security or defence purposes. In addition to these values, coastal resources also have social and economic values. For example, fin fish, shell fish, crustaceans, seaweed and plankton, are all harvested commercially. The sea also provides the opportunity for marine farming (e.g. oyster and mussel farms)2. It should be noted that |
there are a number of organisations carrying out different functions within the coastal environment. Such organisations include the Department (and Minister) of Conservation, the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, the Maritime Safety Authority, regional and district councils. Because the coastal environment is one where the effects of any activity can |
be transferred to other locations, decisions made by any of these organisations can affect resources, and other parts of the coast, managed by other organisations. Inconsistent management of resources both within and between organisations may result in failure to consider the interconnected nature of coastal processes and result in unforeseen |
adverse effects. The coastal environment and its resources are of great cultural, spiritual and economic value to tangata whenua. The coast has ancestral ties with the early Tainui settlement of surrounding land, and many areas are considered to be sacred. Mana whenua groups of Tainui regard themselves as kaitiaki of |
the west coast, its harbours and the linking water systems which are traditional fisheries of Tainui. On the east coast, coastal resources and fishing matters are at the heart of Hauraki Iwi. The productivity of the coastal environment and water quality are highly valued, and the iwi and hapu who |
are kaitiaki have a responsibility to nurture and safeguard these values for future generations. The stewardship which is part of kaitiakitanga is reflected in customary practices and rules such as rotational or seasonal harvesting, collection techniques aimed at preserving the natural state of fisheries, the use of a rahui (prohibition) |
on seafood gathering to prevent over-exploitation, restrictions on gutting and shelling seafood below the high tide marks, and the avoidance of contamination of the coastal environment from human and animal wastes3. <<Previous Index Next>> - See glossary for definition of natural character. - It should be noted that Fisheries Act |
The secret to the Japanese jewel beetle’s shine is layers of chitin, threats to the ancient nautilus, a “walking cactus” provides a link between worm and insect, researchers propose drying out Australia’s cane toads, macaques display awareness of their own uncertainty and Florida’s alligator mating season is close at hand. Here is research in ecology and beyond from the last week in February. Iridescent |
beetle: A study recently published in The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Biological Sciences explored the stacked chitin layers on the body and wings of the Japanese jewel beetle (Chrysochroa fulgidissima). Danielle Venton described the beetle in a Wired Science article: “[S]urface ridges cause visible iridescence, but their primary job is to deflect water or mud. Many are active at night, when their |
scavenge for dead crustaceans, worms and starfish, often digging for them in mud and biting into them with their sharp beaks. They hunt mostly by smell, tracking odours from up to 10 metres away.” This species could be at risk of a severe population decline, said Marshall, due to their slow reproduction rate. Read more at “Jet-propelled living fossil with a problem.” Walking cactus: |
Jianna Liu from Northwest University in China and colleagues have found the fossil of Diania cactiformis, an organism dubbed the “walking cactus” that may have been related to the velvet worm. “The creature, which dates from around 500 million years ago, is about 6 centimetres long,” wrote Zoë Corbyn in a Nature News article. “It resembles a thin, soft-bodied worm, similar to the lobopodians. |
As Ed Yong explained in Not Exactly Rocket Science, “While some frogs burrow underground or create protective cocoons, cane toads simply lose water until they die of dehydration. In the heat of Australia’s dry season, they need bodies of water to survive. Fortunately for them, humans have provided them with moisture galore, in the form of cattle troughs, boreholes and dams.” Daniel Florance from |
the University of Sydney and colleagues propose fencing off these water sources. Read more at “Drying out the cane toad invasion.” Macaque self-awareness: At last week’s American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting in Washington, D.C., John David Smith from The State University of New York in Buffalo and Michael Beran from Georgia State University presented findings that suggest macaques may be aware |
on renewable energy, climate change continues to threaten coral reefs, marine animal numbers seem to be on the rise in the Antarctic, fire ants in North America, tobacco plants chemically tag caterpillars using “evil lollipops” and alligator mating season approaches in Florida. Photo Credit: Ken Tokyo |
Montréal, January 18, 2009 – Dr. André Veillette, a researcher at the Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), and his team led by postdoctoral fellow Dr. Mario-Ernesto Cruz-Munoz, will publish in the upcoming issue of the prestigious journal Nature Immunology of Nature Publishing Group. This discovery could have a |
significant impact on the treatment of cancers and infectious diseases. Current treatments frequently achieve only limited results with these types of diseases, which affect hundreds of thousands of Canadians. Dr. Veillette's team identified one of the basic mechanisms controlling NK ("natural killer") cell activity. Produced by the immune system, NK |
cells are responsible for recognizing and killing cancer cells and cells infected by viruses, such as viruses causing hepatitis and herpes. NK cell deficiency is associated with a higher incidence of cancers and serious infections. "Our breakthrough, comments Dr. Veillette, demonstrates that a molecule known as CRACC, which is present |
at the surface of NK cells, increases their killer function." Using mice, the researchers have shown that CRACC greatly improves the animals' ability to eliminate cancer cells such as melanoma (a skin cancer) and lymphoma (a blood cancer). Mice lacking the CRACC gene, generated in Dr. Veillette's laboratory, were found |
to be more susceptible to cancer persistence. Conversely, stimulation of CRACC function was found to improve cancer cell elimination. Thus, stimulating CRACC could boost NK cell activity, helping to fight cancers. In addition, it could improve the ability to fight infections, which are also handled by NK cells. Increasing the |
activity of CRACC by gene therapy or drugs could become an option in the future to stimulate the killer function of NK cells, and to improve their capacity to destroy cancer and virus-infected cells. These approaches could be used in combination with chemotherapy and radiotherapy to increase the effectiveness of |
anti-cancer treatments. Teams of scientists around the world have been trying for many years without success to develop methods to increase NK cell activity. In this light, the discovery of Dr. Veillette's team opens new avenues for the treatment of cancers and viral infections. This publication constitutes another significant milestone |
for Dr. Veillette, an internationally renowned immunologist. The article, which is slated for online publication on January 18 in Nature Immunology, gives undeniable evidence for the stimulatory effect of CRACC in NK cells. It is the product of over four years of intensive research by Dr. Veillette's team. This work |
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