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385921c5_gy_terms_Flashcards___Cram_com__alance_of_old_and_young_people
[age structure] revolutionary movement
collective action that attempts to overthrow an entire social system and replace it with another
[]
Ch. 12-14 sociology terms Flashcards - Cram.com
population's balance of old and young people
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/ch-12-14-sociology-terms-350783
48/1438042986615.83_20150728002306-00113-ip-10-236-191-2_366368427_0.json
385921c5_gy_terms_Flashcards___Cram_com__alance_of_old_and_young_people
[age structure] social movement
continuous, large scale, organized collective action motivated by the desire to enact, stop, or reverse change in some area of society
[]
Ch. 12-14 sociology terms Flashcards - Cram.com
population's balance of old and young people
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/ch-12-14-sociology-terms-350783
48/1438042986615.83_20150728002306-00113-ip-10-236-191-2_366368427_0.json
2c575693_Entrees_Flashcards___Cram_com__wood_with_seasonal_vegetables_
[Todays Fresh Fish Mkt] Hardwood grilled trout
simpley prepared trout served with seasonal vegetable
[]
Entrees Flashcards - Cram.com
filleted in hosue daily, simply grilled over hardwood with seasonal vegetables.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/entrees-1870780
48/1438042987034.19_20150728002307-00249-ip-10-236-191-2_376555433_0.json
2c575693_Entrees_Flashcards___Cram_com__wood_with_seasonal_vegetables_
[Todays Fresh Fish Mkt] hand filleted salon
woodgrilled and served with seasonal vegetables
[]
Entrees Flashcards - Cram.com
filleted in hosue daily, simply grilled over hardwood with seasonal vegetables.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/entrees-1870780
48/1438042987034.19_20150728002307-00249-ip-10-236-191-2_376555433_0.json
2c575693_Entrees_Flashcards___Cram_com__wood_with_seasonal_vegetables_
[Todays Fresh Fish Mkt] seasonal vegetable plate
this seasons hand selected vegetables served with couscous
[]
Entrees Flashcards - Cram.com
filleted in hosue daily, simply grilled over hardwood with seasonal vegetables.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/entrees-1870780
48/1438042987034.19_20150728002307-00249-ip-10-236-191-2_376555433_0.json
2c575693_Entrees_Flashcards___Cram_com__wood_with_seasonal_vegetables_
[Todays Fresh Fish Mkt] todays pan fired fish mkt
served with our dill tartar, thick sliced tomato, and coleslaw.
[]
Entrees Flashcards - Cram.com
filleted in hosue daily, simply grilled over hardwood with seasonal vegetables.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/entrees-1870780
48/1438042987034.19_20150728002307-00249-ip-10-236-191-2_376555433_0.json
2c575693_Entrees_Flashcards___Cram_com__wood_with_seasonal_vegetables_
[Todays Fresh Fish Mkt] rotisserie chicken
bell and evans organic chicken served with apricot glaze and couscous
[]
Entrees Flashcards - Cram.com
filleted in hosue daily, simply grilled over hardwood with seasonal vegetables.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/entrees-1870780
48/1438042987034.19_20150728002307-00249-ip-10-236-191-2_376555433_0.json
2c575693_Entrees_Flashcards___Cram_com__wood_with_seasonal_vegetables_
[Todays Fresh Fish Mkt] Jumbo fried shrimp
Served with cocktail and remoulade sauces and coleslaw
[]
Entrees Flashcards - Cram.com
filleted in hosue daily, simply grilled over hardwood with seasonal vegetables.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/entrees-1870780
48/1438042987034.19_20150728002307-00249-ip-10-236-191-2_376555433_0.json
2c575693_Entrees_Flashcards___Cram_com__wood_with_seasonal_vegetables_
[Todays Fresh Fish Mkt] Hawaiian Rib Eye
Marinated then grilled over hardwood, served with a baked potato
[]
Entrees Flashcards - Cram.com
filleted in hosue daily, simply grilled over hardwood with seasonal vegetables.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/entrees-1870780
48/1438042987034.19_20150728002307-00249-ip-10-236-191-2_376555433_0.json
2c575693_Entrees_Flashcards___Cram_com__wood_with_seasonal_vegetables_
[Todays Fresh Fish Mkt] Barbecue Pork Ribs
Slow cooked, fall off the bone pork ribs, with shoestring french fries and coleslaw.
[]
Entrees Flashcards - Cram.com
filleted in hosue daily, simply grilled over hardwood with seasonal vegetables.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/entrees-1870780
48/1438042987034.19_20150728002307-00249-ip-10-236-191-2_376555433_0.json
2c575693_Entrees_Flashcards___Cram_com__wood_with_seasonal_vegetables_
[Todays Fresh Fish Mkt] Double Cut pork shop
Cured in house and hardwood grilled, served with mashed potatoes and seasonal vegetables
[]
Entrees Flashcards - Cram.com
filleted in hosue daily, simply grilled over hardwood with seasonal vegetables.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/entrees-1870780
48/1438042987034.19_20150728002307-00249-ip-10-236-191-2_376555433_0.json
2c575693_Entrees_Flashcards___Cram_com__wood_with_seasonal_vegetables_
[Todays Fresh Fish Mkt] Roasted Prime Rib
Aged prime rib roasted on the bone, served with shoestring french fries.
[]
Entrees Flashcards - Cram.com
filleted in hosue daily, simply grilled over hardwood with seasonal vegetables.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/entrees-1870780
48/1438042987034.19_20150728002307-00249-ip-10-236-191-2_376555433_0.json
2c575693_Entrees_Flashcards___Cram_com__wood_with_seasonal_vegetables_
[Todays Fresh Fish Mkt] Center cut filet
beef tenderloin grilled over hardwood served with a loaded baked potato.
[]
Entrees Flashcards - Cram.com
filleted in hosue daily, simply grilled over hardwood with seasonal vegetables.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/entrees-1870780
48/1438042987034.19_20150728002307-00249-ip-10-236-191-2_376555433_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
comes from G cells in the antrum of the stomach Gastrin: increases gastric H+ secretion, increases growth of gastric mucosa, and increases gastric motility Stimulated by: distention of the stomach, peptides, amino acids, vagal stimulation (from gastrin releasing peptide) inhibited by pH<1.5
What does gastrin come from? Where are the cells located? What does gastrin do? What stimulates and inhibits gastrin release
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
Phenylalaine and tryptophan
What are the most potent stimulators of gastrin secretion?
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
Zollinger-Ellison (gastrinoma) occurs when gastrin is secreted by the non-B cells of the pancreas
In what condition is gastrin elevated?
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
CCK comes from I cells in the duodenum and jejunum CCK: increases pancreatic enzyme secretion, increases contraction of the gallbladdder (relaxes sphincter of Oddi), inhibits gastric emptying stimulated by increased fatty acids, and amino acids
What does CCK come from? Where are the cells located? What does CCK do? What simulates and inhibits CCK?
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
because of release of CCK - which causes contraction of the gall bladder
In choelithiasis why does pain occur after eating?
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
From S cells which are located in the duodenum secretin: increases pancreatic HCO3- secretion, decreases gastric acid secretion, increases bile secretion stimulated by increase in acid, fatty acids in lumen of duodenum *the HCO3- neutralizes gastric acid in the duodenum, allowing pancreatic enzymes to function
What does secretin come from? Where are the cells located What does secretin do? What stimulates and inhibits secretin?
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
it neutralizes gastric acid in the duodenum - allowing the pancreatic enzymes to work released by secretin - from S cells in the duodenum
What does HCO3- do in the duodenum? what releases it?
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
Somatostatin is from D cells (in pancreatic islets, and GI mucosa) it decreases gastric acid and pepsinogen secretion, decreases pancreatic and small intestine fluid secretion, decreases gallbladder contraction, and decreases insulin and glucagon release stimulated by increased acid decrease production by vagal stimula...
What does somatostatin come from? Where are the cells located? What does somatostatin do? What sitmulates and inhibits release of it?
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
somatostatin- antigrowth hormone effects (digestion and absorption of substances needed for growth)
What is an inhibitor hormone?
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
somatostatin
What is used to treat VIPomas and carcinoid tumors?
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
from K cells in the duodenum and jejunum GIP - exocrine: decrease gastric H+ secretion endocrine: increase insulin release stimulated by increase in fatty acids, amino acids and oral glucose
Where is glucose dependent insulinotrophic peptide (GIP) released from? Where are they located. What is GIPs function? What simulates and inhibits it?
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
non-a, non-B islet cell pancreatic tumor that secretes VIP. Copious diarrhea
VIPoma
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
From parasympathetic ganglia in sphincters, gallbladder and small intestine it increases water and electrolyte absorption, increased relaxation of intestinal smooth muscle sphincters stimulated by increased distention and vagal stimulation inhibited by adrenergic input
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) what secretes it? WHere is it located? What does it do? What inhibits and stimulates it?
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
it increases smooth muscle relaxation, including lower esophageal sphincter *If you loose NO - cannot relax lower esophageal sphincter - get achlasia (bird beak sign)
What is the action of NO? If you loose it what happens in the GI tract?
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
From the small intestine it produeces migrating motor complexes (MMCs) it is increased in fasting state
Motilin where is it released from? What does it do? WHat inhibits and stimulates it?
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
released from P/D1 cells in the stomach causes increase growth hormone, ACTH, cortisol and prolactin secretion increased before meals decreased after meals
Ghrelin where is it released? Where are they located? What is its function? What stimulates and inhibits it?
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
ghrelin - lost following gastric bypass surgery associated with hyperphagia in prader-willi syndrome
what regulates hunger?
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
made in mucosal cells (stomach, duodenum, salivary glands, pancreas) and brunner's glands (duodenum) it neutralizes acid it stimulated with increased pancreatic and biliary secretion with secretin HCO3- is trapped in mucus that covers the gastric epithelium
Where does HCO3- come from? What is its action? What regulates it?
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
made in parietal cells in the stomach - needed for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the terminal ileum *autoimmune disease against parietal cells = pernicious anemia and chronic gastritis
What makes parietal cells? Where? what is its action?
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
made by parietal cells in the stomach - causes a decreased pH in the stomach it is increased by histamine, Ach and gastrin decreased by somatostatin, GIP, prostaglandin and secretin secretion
what makes gastric acid (HCl) ? What does it do? How is it regulated?
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
made by chief cells in the stomach it digests proteins it is increased by vagal stimulation, local acid inactive pepsinogen - pepsin by H+
What makes pepsin? What does it do? What regulates it?
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
HCl and intrinsic factor
what do parietal cells make?
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
inhibits Ach - thus inhibiting the production of HCl from the parietal cells it does not block the production of gastrin from G cells - b/c that is stimulated by GRP (not Ach)
what does atropine do in the GI tract?
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
pepsinogen - converted to pepsin in the presence of H+ (low pH)
what do chief cells make?
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
vagus nerve - Ach - blocked by atropine
What stimulates parietal cells to make HCl?
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
release histamine which activates parietal cells the ECL cells are stimulated by gastrin
What do ECL cells do?
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
stimulates the release of histamine - which stimulates parietal cells (cause release of intrinsic factor and HCl)
What does gastrin do to ECL cells?
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
gastrin secreting tumor that causes continuous high levels of acid secretion and ulcers
gastrinoma
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
G cells produce gastrin - which directly stimulates parietal cells to make HCl - also gastrin stimulates ECL cells to make histamine which stimulates parietal cells to make HCl
What are the 2 ways that G cells increase gastric acid?
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
Parotid, sublingual, submandibular, submaxillary glands. Parotid is most serous (sides are serous) Sublingual is most mucinous (mucinous in the middle)
What produces saliva? Which one is most serous? Which one is most mucinous?
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
- a-amylase (ptyalin) begins starch digestion; inactivated by low pH on reaching stomach - HCO3- neutralizes oral bacterial acids, maintains dental health - mucins (glycoproteins) lubricate food - antibacterial secretory products - growth factors that promote epithelail renewal
What is the functions of saliva?
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
sympathetic (T1-T3 superior cervical ganglion) and parasympathetic (facial (VII) and glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve activity
What stimulates saliva secretion?
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
low flow rate - hypotonic (more time to reabsorb Na and Cl) high flow rate - closer to isotonic (less time to reabsorb Na and Cl)
What is the saliva like in low flow and high flow rates?
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
facial nerve (CN VII) - it runs through the parotid gland
What can be damaged during surgery on the parotid gland?
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
M3 receptor - Gq - IP3/Ca2+ = stimulates H+/K+ ATPase - secretes H+ into the gastric lumen (K+ goes into the parietal cell) - causes HCO3 - release into the lumen - alkaline tide
What receptors does Ach work through on the parietal cell?
[]
GI: Physiology Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the parts of the stomach?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/gi-physiology-1343209
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00023-ip-10-236-191-2_374527931_0.json
661e2e29_ysiology_Flashcards___Cram_com___are_the_parts_of_the_stomach_
The Vagus nerve - stimulates the G cell via GRP which stimulates a parietal cell - via CCKb receptor - stimulates Gq - IP3/Ca2+ - stimulates K+/H+ ATPase - H goes into the gastric lumen - while K+ goes into parietal cell (HCO3- goes into gastric lumen too - alkaline tide)
How does GRP affect a parietal cell?
[]
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inhibits the action of the H+/K+ ATPase on the gastric lumen side of parietal cells - prevents the release of acid into the gastric lumen
What does omeprazole do?
[]
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converts H2CO3 into H2O + CO2 and vice versa - works in kidneys (proximal tubules) and gastric parietal cells (causes alkaline tide)
What does carbonic anhydrase do?
[]
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they stimulate parietal cells to make HCl and intrinisc factor - they also stimulate ECL cells to release histamine that acts on parietal cells to make HCl and intrinsic factor (works on H2 receptor - stimulates cAMP - which stimulates H+/K+ ATPase - releasing H+ into the gastric lumen - and K+ goes into parietal cell
What are the 2 functions of gastrin?
[]
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Cimetidine - reversibly blocks the interaction between histamine and H2 receptor (so can't signal parietal cell to to release HCl and intrinsic factor)
What inhibits the action of histamine on the gastric parietal cell?
[]
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inhibits cAMP (inhibiting - H+/K+ ATPase - inhibiting release of H+)
What does prostaglandins/misoprostol do to parietal cells?
[]
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inhibits cAMP - thus inhibiting H+/K+ ATPase activity (preventing H+ release into gastric lumen)
What does somatostatin do to parietal cells?
[]
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end in -dine cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine they reversibly inhibit histamine from binding to H2 receptors on parietal cells (thus inhibiting cAMP - and H+/K+ ATPase activity - inhibiting H+ release into the gastric lumen) used: peptic ulcers, gastritis, mild esophageal reflux
H2 blockers - what are they? What do they do?
[]
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potent inhibitor of P-450; has antiandrogenic effects (prolactin release, gynecomastia, impotentence, decrease libido in men); can cross blood brain barrier (confusion, dizziness, headaches) and placenta. Both cimetidine and ranitidine decrease renal excretion of creatinine Other H2 blockers don't have this effect.
Toxicities of cimetidine
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end in -prazole omeprazole, lansoprazole they irreversibly inhibit the H+/K+ ATPase on the gastric lumen side of parietal cells - inhibit the release of H+ into the gastric lumen used for: peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, esophageal reflux, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Proton pump inhibitors - what are they? What do they do? What are they used for?
[]
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secrete alkaline mucus to neutralize acid contents entering the duodenum from the stomach. Located in duodenal submucosa (only GI submucosal glands). Hypertrophy of brunner's glands seen in peptic ulcer disease
what do brunner's glands do?
[]
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brunner's glands - release alkaline mucus - to neutralize the acid released from the stomach - hypertrophy of the glands seen in peptic ulcer disease
What is located in the submucosa of the duodenum?
[]
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peptic ulcer disease
What condition do you see hypertrophy of brunners glands?
[]
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a-amylase, lipase, phospholipase A, colipase, proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidases)
What are some different pancreatic enzymes?
[]
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starch digestion - hydrolyzes 1,4 glycosidic bonds
Function of a-amylase
[]
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fat digestion lipids to fatty acids
Function of lipase, phospholipase A, colipase
[]
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trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidases peptide digestion secreted as proenzymes "zymogens" that are inactive
Function of proteases? What are examples of some?
[]
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activated into trypsin via enterokinase/enteropeptidase an enzyme from the duodenal mucosa (brush border) - then trypsin activates the other proteases and activates more trypsin production
Function of trypsinogen
[]
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starts digestion, hydrolyzes a-1,4 linkages to yield disaccharides (maltose, maltotriose, and a-limit dextrans)
Salivary amylase
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salivary amylase
what enzyme starts digestion/
[]
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highest concentration in duodenal lumen, hydrolyzes starch to oligosaccharides and disaccharides
pancreatic amylase
[]
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at brush border of intestine - rate limiting step in carbohydrate digestion, produce monosaccharides from oligo- and disaccharides
oligosaccharide hydrolases
[]
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duodenal lumen
Where is the concentration of pancreatic amylase the highest?
[]
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only MONOSACCHARIDES can be absorbed (fructose, glucose, galactose) glucose and galactose are absorbed by sodium dependent SGLT-1 transporter fructose - absorbed via facilitated diffusion via GLUT-5 transporter all of the monosaccharides go from the enterocyte to the blood via GLUT-2 transporter
How are carbohydrates absorbed?
[]
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transports monosacchardies (fructose, glucose, galactose) from enterocyte into the blood
GLUT-2 transporter what does it do?
[]
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facilitated diffusion of fructose from the lumen of the intestine into the enterocyte
GLUT-5 transporter what does it do?
[]
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reabsorbtion of glucose and galactose into the enterocyte it is Na+ dependent!
SGLT-1 transporter what does it do?
[]
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Iron - absorbed as Fe2+ in the duodenum Folate - absorbed in the jejunum vit B12 - absorbed in the ileum with bile acids
Where is Iron, Folate, vit B12 absorbed?
[]
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unencapsulated lymphoid tissue found in lamina propria and submucosa of small intestine - contain specalized M cells that take up antigen B cells that are stimulated in germinal centers of peyers patches differentiate into IgA-secreting plasma cells, which ultimately reside in lamina propria. IgA recieves protective se...
What are peyers patches? Where are they located?
[]
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IgA - made from peyers patches in the lamina propria and submucosa of the small intestint
What is the antibody present in the gut?
[]
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M cells - specalized cells of peyers patches - role is to take up antigen
What cells take up antigen in then small intestine?
[]
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bile salts (bile acids conjugated to glycine or taurine, making them water soluable), cholestrol, phospholipids, water, bilirubin and ions
What composes bile?
[]
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through bile!
What is the only significant mechanism for cholestrol excretion?
[]
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bile products of lipid digestion are solubilized into micelles by bile salts - the micelles allow fatty acids, monosaccharides, cholesterol to diffuse across the lumenal membrane - on the outside of micelles - there is bile salts
What is needed for digestion of triglycerides and micelle formation in the small intestine?
[]
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in the terminal ileum - if have resection of the terminal ileum - cannot reabsorb fat and will get steatorrhea
Where are bile acids reabsorbed?
[]
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breakdown product of heme metabolism (from hemoglobin in RBC's)
what is bilirubin?
[]
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heme (from hemoglobin in RBC) break down produces unconjugated bilirubin (indirect - non water soluble)- in the blood pairs with albumin - and have a albumin-unconjugated bilirubin complex - goes to the liver - UGT pairs unconjugated bilirubin with glucuronyic acid - forms conjugated bilirubin (direct - water soluble) ...
What is the path of bilirubin?
[]
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bilirubin excreted in the feces - gives feces its color
sterocobilin
[]
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bilirubin in the urine - gives urine its color
urobilin
[]
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medial and lateral branches
what do the cutaneous nerves of the spinal nerves divide into
[]
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what are the cutaneous nerves of the back a part of
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skin and true musculature of the back
what do the medial and lateral branches of the cutaneous nerves of the back supply
[]
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what are the cutaneous nerves of the back a part of
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spinal nerve which divides into dorsal and ventral rami
what do the dorsal and ventral spinal roots become
[]
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what are the cutaneous nerves of the back a part of
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b1958554_p_Region_Flashcards___Cram_com__s_nerves_of_the_back_a_part_of
elevates, retracts and rotates scapula
trapezius action
[]
Anatomy Lab #1 Scap Region Flashcards - Cram.com
what are the cutaneous nerves of the back a part of
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extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus
latissimus dorsi action
[]
Anatomy Lab #1 Scap Region Flashcards - Cram.com
what are the cutaneous nerves of the back a part of
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elevates scapula and tilts its glenoid cavity interiorly by rotating scapula
levator scapulae muscle action
[]
Anatomy Lab #1 Scap Region Flashcards - Cram.com
what are the cutaneous nerves of the back a part of
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retract scapula and rotate it to depress glenoid cavity; fix scapula to thoracic wall
rhomboid major and minor muscle action
[]
Anatomy Lab #1 Scap Region Flashcards - Cram.com
what are the cutaneous nerves of the back a part of
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spinal accessory nerve and 3rd and fourth cervical nerves
what is the trapezius innervated by
[]
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what are the cutaneous nerves of the back a part of
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spinal accessory nerve and transverse cervical artery
what is under the trapezius
[]
Anatomy Lab #1 Scap Region Flashcards - Cram.com
what are the cutaneous nerves of the back a part of
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superficial and deep branches
what does the transverse cervical artery divide into
[]
Anatomy Lab #1 Scap Region Flashcards - Cram.com
what are the cutaneous nerves of the back a part of
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dorsal scapular nerve and the deep branch of the transverse cervical artery are along the vertebral border of the scapula deep to the rhomboids
what stuff is deep to the rhomboids
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Anatomy Lab #1 Scap Region Flashcards - Cram.com
what are the cutaneous nerves of the back a part of
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/anatomy-lab-1-scap-region-1365338
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00100-ip-10-236-191-2_396629133_0.json
b1958554_p_Region_Flashcards___Cram_com__s_nerves_of_the_back_a_part_of
underneath the latissimus dorsi muscle, attached to the inferior angle of the scapula
where is the serratus anterior attached?
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Anatomy Lab #1 Scap Region Flashcards - Cram.com
what are the cutaneous nerves of the back a part of
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/anatomy-lab-1-scap-region-1365338
48/1438042987775.70_20150728002307-00100-ip-10-236-191-2_396629133_0.json
47ea91e9_r_Adults_Flashcards___Cram_com____judgment__social_skills__etc
[Developmental intelligence] Relativistic thinking
knowledge depends on the subjective views, context/situations
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Lecture 4: Humanities, Arts, & Older Adults Flashcards - Cram.com
degree to which an individual has manifested their intellectual, neurological, and psychological capacities - defined as the maturing of cognition, emotional intelligence, judgment, social skills, etc
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/lecture-4-humanities-arts-older-adults-968334
48/1438042986615.83_20150728002306-00208-ip-10-236-191-2_378283962_0.json