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db0145aa_litation_Flashcards___Cram_com__evice_for_the_auditory_system_
[The middle ear] Presbyacusis is a decline of the hearing process as a result of the aging process.
What is Presbyacusis?
[]
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What part of the ear functions as an impedance matching device for the auditory system?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/juliets-audiology-and-aural-rehabilitation-2033601
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00053-ip-10-236-191-2_382865774_0.json
db0145aa_litation_Flashcards___Cram_com__evice_for_the_auditory_system_
[The middle ear] Menieres disease
What condition is characterized by vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss and pressure in the affected ear?
[]
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http://www.cram.com/flashcards/juliets-audiology-and-aural-rehabilitation-2033601
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00053-ip-10-236-191-2_382865774_0.json
db0145aa_litation_Flashcards___Cram_com__evice_for_the_auditory_system_
[The middle ear] Air conduction testing is used to reflects disorders along the entire conductive and sensorineural systems from middle ear to cochlear to auditory nerve. While bone conduction reflects only disorder in the cochlear and auditory nerve.
What is are differences in disorder detection between air conduction and bone conduction testing?
[]
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What part of the ear functions as an impedance matching device for the auditory system?
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29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00053-ip-10-236-191-2_382865774_0.json
db0145aa_litation_Flashcards___Cram_com__evice_for_the_auditory_system_
[The middle ear] Spondaic words are two syllable words spoken with equal emphasis on each syllable. eg.northwest, cowboy, hotdog
What are Spondaic Words?
[]
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What part of the ear functions as an impedance matching device for the auditory system?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/juliets-audiology-and-aural-rehabilitation-2033601
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00053-ip-10-236-191-2_382865774_0.json
db0145aa_litation_Flashcards___Cram_com__evice_for_the_auditory_system_
[The middle ear] Tympanometry, static immittance and acoustic reflex threshold
List three immittance measures used in clinical assessments?
[]
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What part of the ear functions as an impedance matching device for the auditory system?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/juliets-audiology-and-aural-rehabilitation-2033601
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00053-ip-10-236-191-2_382865774_0.json
db0145aa_litation_Flashcards___Cram_com__evice_for_the_auditory_system_
[The middle ear] False.
True of false. On an audiogram, a square is used to notate air conduction results.
[]
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What part of the ear functions as an impedance matching device for the auditory system?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/juliets-audiology-and-aural-rehabilitation-2033601
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00053-ip-10-236-191-2_382865774_0.json
db0145aa_litation_Flashcards___Cram_com__evice_for_the_auditory_system_
[The middle ear] 1. Auricle - resonates enhances sound around 4500 Hz 2. External Auditory Meatus enhances sounds around 2700Hz
List two sound resonators in the auditory system.
[]
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What part of the ear functions as an impedance matching device for the auditory system?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/juliets-audiology-and-aural-rehabilitation-2033601
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00053-ip-10-236-191-2_382865774_0.json
db0145aa_litation_Flashcards___Cram_com__evice_for_the_auditory_system_
[The middle ear] Period
What is the term used to define the length of time for a sine wave to complete one cycle?
[]
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What part of the ear functions as an impedance matching device for the auditory system?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/juliets-audiology-and-aural-rehabilitation-2033601
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00053-ip-10-236-191-2_382865774_0.json
db0145aa_litation_Flashcards___Cram_com__evice_for_the_auditory_system_
[The middle ear] Simple Harmonic Motion
What is the back and forth movement of an object called?
[]
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What part of the ear functions as an impedance matching device for the auditory system?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/juliets-audiology-and-aural-rehabilitation-2033601
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00053-ip-10-236-191-2_382865774_0.json
db0145aa_litation_Flashcards___Cram_com__evice_for_the_auditory_system_
[The middle ear] Acoustic trauma
What is the leading cause of sensorineural hearing loss, besides presbyacusis?
[]
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What part of the ear functions as an impedance matching device for the auditory system?
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29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00053-ip-10-236-191-2_382865774_0.json
db0145aa_litation_Flashcards___Cram_com__evice_for_the_auditory_system_
[The middle ear] Audiometer
What instrument measures the hearing sensitivity for a range of frequencies?
[]
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What part of the ear functions as an impedance matching device for the auditory system?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/juliets-audiology-and-aural-rehabilitation-2033601
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00053-ip-10-236-191-2_382865774_0.json
db0145aa_litation_Flashcards___Cram_com__evice_for_the_auditory_system_
[The middle ear] The air-bone gap is the difference between air and bone conduction thresholds. A difference may indicate a conductive component in hearing loss.
What is the air-bone gap?
[]
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What part of the ear functions as an impedance matching device for the auditory system?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/juliets-audiology-and-aural-rehabilitation-2033601
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00053-ip-10-236-191-2_382865774_0.json
db0145aa_litation_Flashcards___Cram_com__evice_for_the_auditory_system_
[The middle ear] 1. Behind The Ear (BTE) 2. In The Ear (ITE) 3. In The Canal (ITC) 4. Completely In The Canal (CIC)
List four Hearing Aids styles.
[]
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What part of the ear functions as an impedance matching device for the auditory system?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/juliets-audiology-and-aural-rehabilitation-2033601
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00053-ip-10-236-191-2_382865774_0.json
db0145aa_litation_Flashcards___Cram_com__evice_for_the_auditory_system_
[The middle ear] 1. Degree of hearing loss 2. User preference 3. Costs 4. Life styles 5. Physical status
Name 5 factors involved in the selection of hearing aids.
[]
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What part of the ear functions as an impedance matching device for the auditory system?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/juliets-audiology-and-aural-rehabilitation-2033601
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00053-ip-10-236-191-2_382865774_0.json
db0145aa_litation_Flashcards___Cram_com__evice_for_the_auditory_system_
[The middle ear] True
True or False. A cochlear implant is effective because it replaces the hair-cell transducer system by stimulating the auditory system directly, by-passing the damaged or missing hair-cells.
[]
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What part of the ear functions as an impedance matching device for the auditory system?
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29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00053-ip-10-236-191-2_382865774_0.json
db0145aa_litation_Flashcards___Cram_com__evice_for_the_auditory_system_
[The middle ear] False. Children as young as 12 months can be fitted with cochlear implants.
True or False. Only children 5 years and older are suitable candidates for cochlear implants.
[]
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What part of the ear functions as an impedance matching device for the auditory system?
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29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00053-ip-10-236-191-2_382865774_0.json
db0145aa_litation_Flashcards___Cram_com__evice_for_the_auditory_system_
[The middle ear] Fasle
True or False. A speech-language pathologist is responsible for fitting patients for a hearing aid.
[]
Juliet's Audiology and Aural Rehabilitation Flashcards - Cram.com
What part of the ear functions as an impedance matching device for the auditory system?
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db0145aa_litation_Flashcards___Cram_com__evice_for_the_auditory_system_
[The middle ear] Tactile Aids are devices that permit sounds awareness by vibrotactile sensation to the user skin.
What are Tactile Aids?
[]
Juliet's Audiology and Aural Rehabilitation Flashcards - Cram.com
What part of the ear functions as an impedance matching device for the auditory system?
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29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00053-ip-10-236-191-2_382865774_0.json
db0145aa_litation_Flashcards___Cram_com__evice_for_the_auditory_system_
[The middle ear] 1. A microphone 2. An amplifier 3. A receiver
What are the 3 fundamental components of a hearing aid?
[]
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What part of the ear functions as an impedance matching device for the auditory system?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/juliets-audiology-and-aural-rehabilitation-2033601
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00053-ip-10-236-191-2_382865774_0.json
db0145aa_litation_Flashcards___Cram_com__evice_for_the_auditory_system_
[The middle ear] 1. Auditory Skill 2. Stimuli 3. Activity Type 4. Difficulty level
What are the four design principles of Auditory Training curricula?
[]
Juliet's Audiology and Aural Rehabilitation Flashcards - Cram.com
What part of the ear functions as an impedance matching device for the auditory system?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/juliets-audiology-and-aural-rehabilitation-2033601
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00053-ip-10-236-191-2_382865774_0.json
db0145aa_litation_Flashcards___Cram_com__evice_for_the_auditory_system_
[The middle ear] Suprasegmentals
What is the term used to define the prosodic aspects of speech including variation in pitch, rate, intensity and duration?
[]
Juliet's Audiology and Aural Rehabilitation Flashcards - Cram.com
What part of the ear functions as an impedance matching device for the auditory system?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/juliets-audiology-and-aural-rehabilitation-2033601
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00053-ip-10-236-191-2_382865774_0.json
db0145aa_litation_Flashcards___Cram_com__evice_for_the_auditory_system_
[The middle ear] Place of articulation
What is the consonant feature that is typically most difficult for persons with hearing loss to hear?
[]
Juliet's Audiology and Aural Rehabilitation Flashcards - Cram.com
What part of the ear functions as an impedance matching device for the auditory system?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/juliets-audiology-and-aural-rehabilitation-2033601
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00053-ip-10-236-191-2_382865774_0.json
db0145aa_litation_Flashcards___Cram_com__evice_for_the_auditory_system_
[The middle ear] Analytic training
An activity where a client is asked to discriminate word pairs is best described as ...
[]
Juliet's Audiology and Aural Rehabilitation Flashcards - Cram.com
What part of the ear functions as an impedance matching device for the auditory system?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/juliets-audiology-and-aural-rehabilitation-2033601
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00053-ip-10-236-191-2_382865774_0.json
db0145aa_litation_Flashcards___Cram_com__evice_for_the_auditory_system_
[The middle ear] Visemes are groups of speech sounds that appear identical on the lips for example p, b, m
What are Visemes?
[]
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What part of the ear functions as an impedance matching device for the auditory system?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/juliets-audiology-and-aural-rehabilitation-2033601
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00053-ip-10-236-191-2_382865774_0.json
db0145aa_litation_Flashcards___Cram_com__evice_for_the_auditory_system_
[The middle ear] Homophenes are words that look identical on the mouth
What are Homophenes?
[]
Juliet's Audiology and Aural Rehabilitation Flashcards - Cram.com
What part of the ear functions as an impedance matching device for the auditory system?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/juliets-audiology-and-aural-rehabilitation-2033601
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00053-ip-10-236-191-2_382865774_0.json
db0145aa_litation_Flashcards___Cram_com__evice_for_the_auditory_system_
[The middle ear] 1. Emblematic - V for victory sign 2. Iconic 3. Metaphoric 4. Deictic 5. Beat 6. Regulatory
Researchers have classified hand gestures to what six categories?
[]
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What part of the ear functions as an impedance matching device for the auditory system?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/juliets-audiology-and-aural-rehabilitation-2033601
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00053-ip-10-236-191-2_382865774_0.json
db0145aa_litation_Flashcards___Cram_com__evice_for_the_auditory_system_
[The middle ear] Repair strategies are tactics implemented by participants in a conversation to rectify breakdown in communication.
What are repair strategies?
[]
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What part of the ear functions as an impedance matching device for the auditory system?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/juliets-audiology-and-aural-rehabilitation-2033601
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00053-ip-10-236-191-2_382865774_0.json
db0145aa_litation_Flashcards___Cram_com__evice_for_the_auditory_system_
[The middle ear] 1. Passive 2. Aggressive 3. Passive-Aggressive Assertive
List 4 kinds of communication styles?
[]
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What part of the ear functions as an impedance matching device for the auditory system?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/juliets-audiology-and-aural-rehabilitation-2033601
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00053-ip-10-236-191-2_382865774_0.json
db0145aa_litation_Flashcards___Cram_com__evice_for_the_auditory_system_
[The middle ear] Personal Adjustment Counseling is focuses on the permanency of the hearing loss and the psychological, social and emotional acceptance.
What is Personal Adjustment Counseling?
[]
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What part of the ear functions as an impedance matching device for the auditory system?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/juliets-audiology-and-aural-rehabilitation-2033601
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00053-ip-10-236-191-2_382865774_0.json
db0145aa_litation_Flashcards___Cram_com__evice_for_the_auditory_system_
[The middle ear] A Noise Notch is a pattern of audiometric thresholds characterized by a dip in hearing sensitivity at 4,000Hz and is often found in someone who has a history of noise exposure
What is a Noise Notch?
[]
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What part of the ear functions as an impedance matching device for the auditory system?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/juliets-audiology-and-aural-rehabilitation-2033601
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00053-ip-10-236-191-2_382865774_0.json
f2d3425e__Exam__2_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecology
how does an organism relate to its environment [Ecology]
Organismal Ecology
[]
Biology 202 Exam #2 Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecology
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/biology-202-exam-2-1268795
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00158-ip-10-236-191-2_384765658_0.json
f2d3425e__Exam__2_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecology
reproduction [Ecology]
Population Ecology
[]
Biology 202 Exam #2 Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecology
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/biology-202-exam-2-1268795
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00158-ip-10-236-191-2_384765658_0.json
f2d3425e__Exam__2_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecology
givven area of interaction of different species [Ecology]
Community Ecology
[]
Biology 202 Exam #2 Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecology
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/biology-202-exam-2-1268795
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00158-ip-10-236-191-2_384765658_0.json
f2d3425e__Exam__2_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecology
biotic and abiotic factors [Ecology]
Ecosystem Ecology
[]
Biology 202 Exam #2 Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecology
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/biology-202-exam-2-1268795
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00158-ip-10-236-191-2_384765658_0.json
f2d3425e__Exam__2_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecology
how things interact across ecosystem boundaries [Ecology]
Landscape Ecology
[]
Biology 202 Exam #2 Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecology
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/biology-202-exam-2-1268795
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00158-ip-10-236-191-2_384765658_0.json
f2d3425e__Exam__2_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecology
Neartic Neotropical Ethiopian Australian Oriental Paleartic [Ecology]
Biogeographic Realms
[]
Biology 202 Exam #2 Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecology
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/biology-202-exam-2-1268795
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00158-ip-10-236-191-2_384765658_0.json
f2d3425e__Exam__2_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecology
areas where organisms are similar because they share an ecology and evolutionary history [Ecology]
Biogeographic Realms
[]
Biology 202 Exam #2 Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecology
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/biology-202-exam-2-1268795
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00158-ip-10-236-191-2_384765658_0.json
f2d3425e__Exam__2_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecology
an area with similar climate and vegetation (shape and density) either terrestrial or aquatic [Ecology]
Biome
[]
Biology 202 Exam #2 Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecology
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/biology-202-exam-2-1268795
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00158-ip-10-236-191-2_384765658_0.json
f2d3425e__Exam__2_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecology
an area with sufficient water cover (standing water) to support aquatic plants [Ecology]
Wetland
[]
Biology 202 Exam #2 Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecology
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/biology-202-exam-2-1268795
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00158-ip-10-236-191-2_384765658_0.json
f2d3425e__Exam__2_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecology
flowing water dependent on an outside source of biomass [Ecology]
Rivers and Streams
[]
Biology 202 Exam #2 Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecology
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/biology-202-exam-2-1268795
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00158-ip-10-236-191-2_384765658_0.json
f2d3425e__Exam__2_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecology
where a freshwater river meets a body of saltwater [Ecology]
Estuary
[]
Biology 202 Exam #2 Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecology
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/biology-202-exam-2-1268795
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00158-ip-10-236-191-2_384765658_0.json
f2d3425e__Exam__2_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecology
substrate is built from living organisms [Ecology]
Coral Reefs
[]
Biology 202 Exam #2 Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecology
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/biology-202-exam-2-1268795
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00158-ip-10-236-191-2_384765658_0.json
f2d3425e__Exam__2_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecology
open waters [Ecology]
Pelagic
[]
Biology 202 Exam #2 Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecology
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/biology-202-exam-2-1268795
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00158-ip-10-236-191-2_384765658_0.json
f2d3425e__Exam__2_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecology
deep water [Ecology]
Benthic
[]
Biology 202 Exam #2 Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecology
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/biology-202-exam-2-1268795
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00158-ip-10-236-191-2_384765658_0.json
f2d3425e__Exam__2_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecology
primary production via photosynthesis sunlight and precipitation are important factors of photosynthesis [Ecology]
Terrestrial Biomes
[]
Biology 202 Exam #2 Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecology
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/biology-202-exam-2-1268795
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00158-ip-10-236-191-2_384765658_0.json
f2d3425e__Exam__2_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecology
(jungle) 25-29 C 200-400 cm precip/yr= rain forest 150-200 cm precip/yr= dry forest [Ecology]
Tropical Forrest
[]
Biology 202 Exam #2 Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecology
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/biology-202-exam-2-1268795
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00158-ip-10-236-191-2_384765658_0.json
f2d3425e__Exam__2_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecology
near 30 degrees latitude precip < 30 cm/yr temp > 50C to < -30C temp varies because there is no moisture in the air to hold heat [Ecology]
Desert
[]
Biology 202 Exam #2 Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecology
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/biology-202-exam-2-1268795
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00158-ip-10-236-191-2_384765658_0.json
f2d3425e__Exam__2_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecology
grassland with some trees sub equitorial precip 30-50 cm temperature 24-29C [Ecology]
Savannah
[]
Biology 202 Exam #2 Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecology
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/biology-202-exam-2-1268795
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00158-ip-10-236-191-2_384765658_0.json
f2d3425e__Exam__2_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecology
mid-latitude along the coast only seasonal precip 30-50 cm (winter or late fall) temperature 10-12C winter, 30C summer [Ecology]
Chapparal
[]
Biology 202 Exam #2 Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecology
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/biology-202-exam-2-1268795
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00158-ip-10-236-191-2_384765658_0.json
f2d3425e__Exam__2_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecology
interior mid-latitude seasonal precipitation (30-100cm *summer*) temp -10C winter, 30C summer extreme temp fluxation makes it unable to grow trees maintained by fires [Ecology]
Temperate Grasslands
[]
Biology 202 Exam #2 Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecology
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/biology-202-exam-2-1268795
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00158-ip-10-236-191-2_384765658_0.json
f2d3425e__Exam__2_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecology
70-200 cm/year of precip constant rain fall temp 0C-30C trees drop leaves so that the cell wall does not freeze and therefore rupture [Ecology]
Temperate Broadleaf Forest
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Biology 202 Exam #2 Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecology
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/biology-202-exam-2-1268795
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00158-ip-10-236-191-2_384765658_0.json
f2d3425e__Exam__2_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecology
(Taiga) precip 30-70cm (winter) temp -70C-30C round leaves (needles) so they do not expose thier leaves to as much freezing temp. must photosynthesize year round largest forest [Ecology]
Borreal Forest
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Biology 202 Exam #2 Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecology
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/biology-202-exam-2-1268795
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00158-ip-10-236-191-2_384765658_0.json
f2d3425e__Exam__2_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecology
upright gait (bipedalism) large brain reduced jawbone short digestive tract FORAMEN MAGNUM [Ecology]
Derived Human Characters
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Biology 202 Exam #2 Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecology
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/biology-202-exam-2-1268795
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00158-ip-10-236-191-2_384765658_0.json
f2d3425e__Exam__2_Flashcards___Cram_com__Ecology
color vision depth perception rods- light vs. dark cones- color vision Humans and old world primates have tri-color vision (blue, green and red) [Ecology]
Retina Structure
[]
Biology 202 Exam #2 Flashcards - Cram.com
Ecology
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/biology-202-exam-2-1268795
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00158-ip-10-236-191-2_384765658_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
schizophrenia is characterized by
mixture of positive, negative, cognitive and mood symptoms
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
Onset of schizophrenia is
usually during adolescence or early adulthood; age of onset is earlier in males
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
The only effective schizophrenia treatment is
Dopamine 2 antagonist (antipsychotics) are the only effective therapeutic agents, which are currently available
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
Schizophrenia § It is often marked by
diminished drive and emotion during childhood , followed by a break in self-monitoring abilities which results in perceptions and/or ideations that deviate substantially from the individual's cultural norm, which is usually expressed as false beliefs, auditory verbal hallucinations and abnormalities of thought / langua...
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
19. Schizophrenia presents with
a. Positive symptom vs. negative symptom
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
i. Positive symptoms
hallucinations, delusions, disorganized behavior and speech
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
ii. Negative symptoms
avolition, anhedonia, flat affect iii. Drugs only help positive symptoms
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
Schizophrenia, psychosis usually emerges between
age 17 and 30 in males and age 20 and 40 in females, with the course and outcome that varies considerably between individuals.
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
Most Schizophrenia patients, however, do improve from the initial episode
continue to manifest some symptoms, and remain vulnerable to periodic exacerbation of psychotic symptoms.
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
In general, while the severity of psychosis plateaus within 5 to 10 years of the first episode, but
diminish drive and emotion may worsen over a longer period.
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
Schizophrenia late in life there is a tendency toward
decreased intensity of symptoms and some improvement of function, this does not compensate for years of lost experience and opportunity.
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
b. Phases of schizophrenia
i. goes from premorbid → prodromal → onset deterioration → chronic/residual ii. As you age, you get better (less episodes)
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
besides positive and negative symptoms what else is needed to diagnose SZ?
-Decline in role functioning, self-care -Minimum 6 months of symptoms
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
Brain volume changes in
first-episode schizophrenia
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
The Development of Chlorpromazine
Derived from methylene blue dye is the only one that seems to improve patients conditions
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
Recent large-scale studies like CATIE suggest 1st v. 2nd generation of antupsychotics distinctions probably less true due
to dosing issues
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
Cognitive enhancement” of new drugs may just be due to
switching treatment refractory patients to the newer drug, thus “releasing” them from an old drug that given at a high dose and may have interfered with cognition
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
Although cognitive dysfunction is SZ is not a diagnostic feat it is important for treatment development because
Correlation of cognitive dysfunction to poor outcome § Lack of current effective treatments for poor cognition • No antipsychotic helps cognitive function improve • “cognitive enhancing” (dementia drugs) do not help • Important for providing information about underlying neuropathology of schizophrenia
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
Pathogenesis of SZ may include
-genetic components -cellular programming -cell development -neural systems -behavioral functions
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
Genes components contributing to sz
Multiple susceptibility alleles each of small effect
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
Neural systems related to sz
Abnormal connectivity in local and associational circuits
[]
BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
Behavioral functions related to SZ
Disturbances in perception, information, processing, mood regulation, cognition
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
SZ Genetic component in twins are highly correlated
1. 50% concordance with monozygotic twins 2. 1st degree relatives without dx of SZ show many of the same traits
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
Enviromental components related to SZ
1. people in high expressed emotion households are at risk, and high marijuana users 2. prenatal events like mother having flu, rubella, pre-eclampsia, STD at time of conception..
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
The absence of a clear phenotypic distinction across diverse psychotic states such as schizophrenia, psychotic affective disorder and schizophrenia has led to one view that these disorders might represent
a continuum termed the Unitary Psychosis Model.
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
Alterations in attention and information processing in schizophrenia have been thought to result from a failure of
filter mechanisms leading to schizophrenia related psychopathology
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
Frith and Done (1988) originally proposed that symptoms of alien control (i.e. first rank symptoms) in schizophrenia might result from
problems with the central monitoring of responses.
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
Crow (2000) has proposed that nuclear symptoms of schizophrenia may be related to
a disintegration of language processes that is uniquely human and emerges in the context of speciation.
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
Kapur (2003) proposed that psychosis may result from an aberrant assignment of salience to the elements of
one's experience as a result of dopaminergic dysregulation.
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
none of the Models of Phenotypic Expression explains
the broad body of the “facts of schizophrenia”.
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
Schzisophrenic people have a delusion of control they feel someone of is controlling their movements, they show
contralateral motor and sensory activaition as if in fact someone was controlling their movemebts
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
Observations of alterations in synchronous oscillations in the gamma range (30–80 Hz) have led to the theory that psychopathology in schizophrenia may result from
dysfunction of inhibitory circuits
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
e. Corollary discharge – an explanation of hallucination
i. Corollary is sending copy of instructions to other sensory regions of the body to cancel stimulation: hallucination is when these systems go awry ii. Efference copy is an internal copy created with a motor command of its predicted movement and its resulting sensations. One role of efference copies is to enable the b...
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
It should be noted that a white matter disease such as metachromatic leukodystrophy can mimic schizophrenia with its
psychosis phenotype
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
The widely held neurochemical hypothesis, the classic hyperdopaminergic model has in recent years given way to more complex and integrative views such
as the prefrontal–limbic dopamine (DA) imbalance model and the phasic–tonic DA imbalance model
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
Dopaminergic models are strongly supported by the fact that all currently available antipsychotics work by
blocking dopaminergic receptors, and also by clinical observations of psychotic symptoms in individuals following repeated amphetamine use.
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
DA blockade may be a necessary and sufficient explanation for antipsychotic effects (Kapur and Mamo, 2003), and by inference, to
the positive symptom dimension of schizophrenia.
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
DA imbalance models provide an integrative view of
cognitive and negative symptoms with psychotic episodes, though not other aspects of the illness such as structural alterations and functional decline.
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
Amphetamine-induced sensitized state has been used as an animal model for some domains such as
symptoms, but not other domains such as negative symptoms
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
DA related genes do not appear to explain the substantive heritability of schizophrenia, and dopaminergic treatments
have little effect of cognitive and negative symptoms.
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
t is quite likely that DA alterations are involved downstream in the final common pathways that lead to psychosis (Seeman, 2010), though the primary causal events
remain elusive.
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
Alteration in the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate system, especially involving N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor function has emerged as a promising
pathophysiological model.
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
NMDA receptor model stemmed from
early observations that phencyclidine (PCP) causes symptoms closely resembling schizophrenia. Early age pcp doesn't causes psychotic effect only in later life..similar to the onset of the disease
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
Glutamatergic constructs such as the NMDA receptor hypofunction model have considerable explanatory power:
ntegrates the early and late developmental deviations § The role of dopamine § The post-illness onset deteriorative processes that occur in schizophrenia.
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
Many genes implicated in schizophrenia appear to converge on the
glutamatergic system. However, this model does not clarify why, despite the ubiquity of glutamatergic neurons in the brain, schizophrenia is not associated with more generalized neurological impairment
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
7011eb7a_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__ventricular_spaces_are_larger_
Medications that modulate the glycine site of the NMDA receptors have been reported to
improve cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
[]
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volume reduction and laterla and third ventricular spaces are larger.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json