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infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions ( e . g . , influenza ) . thus , a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or easily transmitted . other types of infectious transmissi...
what sets a contagious disease after from a standard infectious disease ?
especially infective or easily transmitted
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infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions ( e . g . , influenza ) . thus , a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or easily transmitted . other types of infectious transmissi...
diseases with vector transmission or sexual transmission don ' t often require what type of isolation ?
medical
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infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions ( e . g . , influenza ) . thus , a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or easily transmitted . other types of infectious transmissi...
what is not always respected in popular use ?
specialized connotation of the word " contagious "
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infection begins when an organism successfully enters the body , grows and multiplies . this is referred to as colonization . most humans are not easily infected . those who are weak , sick , malnourished , have cancer or are diabetic have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections . individuals who h...
when does infection begin ?
when an organism successfully enters the body , grows and multiplies .
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infection begins when an organism successfully enters the body , grows and multiplies . this is referred to as colonization . most humans are not easily infected . those who are weak , sick , malnourished , have cancer or are diabetic have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections . individuals who h...
what group is not easily infected ?
humans
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infection begins when an organism successfully enters the body , grows and multiplies . this is referred to as colonization . most humans are not easily infected . those who are weak , sick , malnourished , have cancer or are diabetic have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections . individuals who h...
what group of humans have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections ?
weak , sick , malnourished , have cancer or are diabetic
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13
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infection begins when an organism successfully enters the body , grows and multiplies . this is referred to as colonization . most humans are not easily infected . those who are weak , sick , malnourished , have cancer or are diabetic have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections . individuals who h...
what individuals are particularly susceptible to opportunistic infections ?
individuals who have a suppressed immune system
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infection begins when an organism successfully enters the body , grows and multiplies . this is referred to as colonization . most humans are not easily infected . those who are weak , sick , malnourished , have cancer or are diabetic have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections . individuals who h...
what is it called when a pathogen grows within the host cells ?
intracellular
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wound colonization refers to nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound , while in infected wounds , replicating organisms exist and tissue is injured . all multicellular organisms are colonized to some degree by extrinsic organisms , and the vast majority of these exist in either a mutualistic or commensal relatio...
what does wound colonization refer to ?
nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound
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wound colonization refers to nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound , while in infected wounds , replicating organisms exist and tissue is injured . all multicellular organisms are colonized to some degree by extrinsic organisms , and the vast majority of these exist in either a mutualistic or commensal relatio...
what type of organisms exist and injure tissue in infected wounds ?
replicating
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wound colonization refers to nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound , while in infected wounds , replicating organisms exist and tissue is injured . all multicellular organisms are colonized to some degree by extrinsic organisms , and the vast majority of these exist in either a mutualistic or commensal relatio...
what are all multcellular organisms colonized to some degree by ?
extrinsic organisms
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11
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wound colonization refers to nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound , while in infected wounds , replicating organisms exist and tissue is injured . all multicellular organisms are colonized to some degree by extrinsic organisms , and the vast majority of these exist in either a mutualistic or commensal relatio...
what ' s the difference between an infection and a colonization ?
only a matter of circumstance
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wound colonization refers to nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound , while in infected wounds , replicating organisms exist and tissue is injured . all multicellular organisms are colonized to some degree by extrinsic organisms , and the vast majority of these exist in either a mutualistic or commensal relatio...
what species colonizes the mammalian colon ?
anaerobic bacteria
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because it is normal to have bacterial colonization , it is difficult to know which chronic wounds are infected . despite the huge number of wounds seen in clinical practice , there are limited quality data for evaluated symptoms and signs . a review of chronic wounds in the journal of the american medical association ...
why is it difficult to now which chronic wounds are infected ?
because it is normal to have bacterial colonization
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because it is normal to have bacterial colonization , it is difficult to know which chronic wounds are infected . despite the huge number of wounds seen in clinical practice , there are limited quality data for evaluated symptoms and signs . a review of chronic wounds in the journal of the american medical association ...
what is there limited quality data for evaluating despite the huge number of wounds seen in a clinical practice ?
symptoms and signs
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because it is normal to have bacterial colonization , it is difficult to know which chronic wounds are infected . despite the huge number of wounds seen in clinical practice , there are limited quality data for evaluated symptoms and signs . a review of chronic wounds in the journal of the american medical association ...
what is increased pain an indicator of ?
infection
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because it is normal to have bacterial colonization , it is difficult to know which chronic wounds are infected . despite the huge number of wounds seen in clinical practice , there are limited quality data for evaluated symptoms and signs . a review of chronic wounds in the journal of the american medical association ...
what does not rule out infection ?
absence of pain
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disease can arise if the host ' s protective immune mechanisms are compromised and the organism inflicts damage on the host . microorganisms can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes . for example , clostridium tetani releases a toxin that paralyzes muscles , and staphylococcus rel...
disease can arise when an organism inflicts what on the host ?
damage
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disease can arise if the host ' s protective immune mechanisms are compromised and the organism inflicts damage on the host . microorganisms can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes . for example , clostridium tetani releases a toxin that paralyzes muscles , and staphylococcus rel...
what can a microorganism cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of ?
toxins
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disease can arise if the host ' s protective immune mechanisms are compromised and the organism inflicts damage on the host . microorganisms can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes . for example , clostridium tetani releases a toxin that paralyzes muscles , and staphylococcus rel...
what does the of toxin clostridium tetani releases do ?
paralyzes muscles
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disease can arise if the host ' s protective immune mechanisms are compromised and the organism inflicts damage on the host . microorganisms can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes . for example , clostridium tetani releases a toxin that paralyzes muscles , and staphylococcus rel...
what releases toxins which product shock and sepsis ?
staphylococcus
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1
disease can arise if the host ' s protective immune mechanisms are compromised and the organism inflicts damage on the host . microorganisms can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes . for example , clostridium tetani releases a toxin that paralyzes muscles , and staphylococcus rel...
what percentage of people infected with polio develop disease ?
less than 5
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persistent infections occur because the body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection . persistent infections are characterized by the continual presence of the infectious organism , often as latent infection with occasional recurrent relapses of active infection . there are some viruses that can mai...
why do persistent infections occur ?
body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection
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persistent infections occur because the body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection . persistent infections are characterized by the continual presence of the infectious organism , often as latent infection with occasional recurrent relapses of active infection . there are some viruses that can mai...
what are persistent infections characterized by the continual presence of ?
the infectious organism
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persistent infections occur because the body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection . persistent infections are characterized by the continual presence of the infectious organism , often as latent infection with occasional recurrent relapses of active infection . there are some viruses that can mai...
how can some viruses main a persistent infection ?
by infecting different cells of the body
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persistent infections occur because the body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection . persistent infections are characterized by the continual presence of the infectious organism , often as latent infection with occasional recurrent relapses of active infection . there are some viruses that can mai...
what never leave the body when acquired ?
some viruses
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persistent infections occur because the body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection . persistent infections are characterized by the continual presence of the infectious organism , often as latent infection with occasional recurrent relapses of active infection . there are some viruses that can mai...
where does the herpes virus hide ?
in nerves
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diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent either directly or indirectly . in practice most minor infectious diseases such as warts , cutaneous abscesses , respiratory system infections and diarrheal diseases are diagnosed by their clinical presentation and treated without knowle...
what does diagnosis of an infectious sometimes involve identifying ?
an infectious agent either directly or indirectly
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diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent either directly or indirectly . in practice most minor infectious diseases such as warts , cutaneous abscesses , respiratory system infections and diarrheal diseases are diagnosed by their clinical presentation and treated without knowle...
many minor infectious diseases are diagnosed by what type of presentation ?
clinical
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diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent either directly or indirectly . in practice most minor infectious diseases such as warts , cutaneous abscesses , respiratory system infections and diarrheal diseases are diagnosed by their clinical presentation and treated without knowle...
how are minor infectious diseases treated ?
without knowledge of the specific causative agent
137
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diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent either directly or indirectly . in practice most minor infectious diseases such as warts , cutaneous abscesses , respiratory system infections and diarrheal diseases are diagnosed by their clinical presentation and treated without knowle...
what can be identified given sufficient effort ?
all known infectious agents
137
8
4
diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent either directly or indirectly . in practice most minor infectious diseases such as warts , cutaneous abscesses , respiratory system infections and diarrheal diseases are diagnosed by their clinical presentation and treated without knowle...
why is it often not worth bothering to identify an infectious agent ?
greatly outweighed by the cost
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diagnosis of infectious disease is nearly always initiated by medical history and physical examination . more detailed identification techniques involve the culture of infectious agents isolated from a patient . culture allows identification of infectious organisms by examining their microscopic features , by detecting...
how is diagnosis of infectious disease almost always initiated ?
by medical history and physical examination
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diagnosis of infectious disease is nearly always initiated by medical history and physical examination . more detailed identification techniques involve the culture of infectious agents isolated from a patient . culture allows identification of infectious organisms by examining their microscopic features , by detecting...
what does taking a culture of an infectious agent isolated from a patient allow ?
detailed identification
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diagnosis of infectious disease is nearly always initiated by medical history and physical examination . more detailed identification techniques involve the culture of infectious agents isolated from a patient . culture allows identification of infectious organisms by examining their microscopic features , by detecting...
what features of an infectious organism does a culture allow examining ?
microscopic features
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12
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diagnosis of infectious disease is nearly always initiated by medical history and physical examination . more detailed identification techniques involve the culture of infectious agents isolated from a patient . culture allows identification of infectious organisms by examining their microscopic features , by detecting...
what can organisms be directly identified by ?
its genotype
118
8
2
diagnosis of infectious disease is nearly always initiated by medical history and physical examination . more detailed identification techniques involve the culture of infectious agents isolated from a patient . culture allows identification of infectious organisms by examining their microscopic features , by detecting...
what technique can be used to produce images of internal abnormalities ?
x rays , cat scans , pet scans or nmr
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12
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other microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents . almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye . a cell is normally transparent under a microscope , and using a s...
what do almost all cells readily stain with ?
a number of basic dyes
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other microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents . almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye . a cell is normally transparent under a microscope , and using a s...
why do cells easily stain with dyes ?
electrostatic attraction
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8
2
other microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents . almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye . a cell is normally transparent under a microscope , and using a s...
what electronic charge do cellular molecules have ?
negatively charged
175
8
2
other microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents . almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye . a cell is normally transparent under a microscope , and using a s...
what is geimsa stain ?
a dye
175
5
2
other microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents . almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye . a cell is normally transparent under a microscope , and using a s...
how many methods comprise standard approaches used to classify bacteria and diagnose disease ?
two
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1
the isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease . for example , humans can make neither rna replicases nor reverse transcriptase , and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections . the ability of the ...
what needs to be isolated from infected tissue to provide a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease ?
enzymes
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the isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease . for example , humans can make neither rna replicases nor reverse transcriptase , and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections . the ability of the ...
what enzyme ' s presence is characteristic of specific types of viral infections ?
rna replicases
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14
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the isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease . for example , humans can make neither rna replicases nor reverse transcriptase , and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections . the ability of the ...
what does the protein hemagglutinin bind together ?
red blood cells
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the isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease . for example , humans can make neither rna replicases nor reverse transcriptase , and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections . the ability of the ...
why are the presence of certain enymzes a tell tale sign of a virus ?
humans can make neither rna replicases nor reverse transcriptase
92
15
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complex serological techniques have been developed into what are known as immunoassays . immunoassays can use the basic antibody antigen binding as the basis to produce an electro magnetic or particle radiation signal , which can be detected by some form of instrumentation . signal of unknowns can be compared to that o...
what are immunoassays ?
complex serological techniques
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4
3
complex serological techniques have been developed into what are known as immunoassays . immunoassays can use the basic antibody antigen binding as the basis to produce an electro magnetic or particle radiation signal , which can be detected by some form of instrumentation . signal of unknowns can be compared to that o...
what type of signal do immunoassays produce ?
electro magnetic or particle radiation
144
8
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complex serological techniques have been developed into what are known as immunoassays . immunoassays can use the basic antibody antigen binding as the basis to produce an electro magnetic or particle radiation signal , which can be detected by some form of instrumentation . signal of unknowns can be compared to that o...
what allows quantitation of the target antigen ?
unknowns can be compared to that of standards
144
8
8
complex serological techniques have been developed into what are known as immunoassays . immunoassays can use the basic antibody antigen binding as the basis to produce an electro magnetic or particle radiation signal , which can be detected by some form of instrumentation . signal of unknowns can be compared to that o...
immunoassays are able to detect what type of proteins ?
generated by an infected organism in response to a foreign agent
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technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future , for several reasons . first , the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have...
what does the acronym pcr expand to ?
polymerase chain reaction
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8
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technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future , for several reasons . first , the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have...
what will be the ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics in the near future ?
pcr
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technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future , for several reasons . first , the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have...
what has the catalog of infectious agents grown to the point of ?
virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been identified
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technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future , for several reasons . first , the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have...
what must an infectious agent do to cause disease ?
grow within the human body
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5
technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future , for several reasons . first , the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have...
what are primers derived from the genomes of ?
infectious agents
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thus , the technological ability to detect any infectious agent rapidly and specifically are currently available . the only remaining blockades to the use of pcr as a standard tool of diagnosis are in its cost and application , neither of which is insurmountable . the diagnosis of a few diseases will not benefit from t...
what technological ability with regards to detection is currently available ?
ability to detect any infectious agent
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thus , the technological ability to detect any infectious agent rapidly and specifically are currently available . the only remaining blockades to the use of pcr as a standard tool of diagnosis are in its cost and application , neither of which is insurmountable . the diagnosis of a few diseases will not benefit from t...
what are the remaining blockades to the use or pcr as a standard tool of diagnosis ?
cost and application
118
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3
thus , the technological ability to detect any infectious agent rapidly and specifically are currently available . the only remaining blockades to the use of pcr as a standard tool of diagnosis are in its cost and application , neither of which is insurmountable . the diagnosis of a few diseases will not benefit from t...
what are some diseases which won ' t benefit from pcr methods ?
clostridial diseases
118
13
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thus , the technological ability to detect any infectious agent rapidly and specifically are currently available . the only remaining blockades to the use of pcr as a standard tool of diagnosis are in its cost and application , neither of which is insurmountable . the diagnosis of a few diseases will not benefit from t...
pcr can ' t detect the presence of any bacteria when what doesn ' t occur ?
significant proliferation of the infectious agent
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techniques like hand washing , wearing gowns , and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another . frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms . there are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use of illicit dru...
what can wearing gowns and face masks help prevent ?
infections from being passed from one person to another
91
10
9
techniques like hand washing , wearing gowns , and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another . frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms . there are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use of illicit dru...
what is the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms ?
frequent hand washing
91
13
3
techniques like hand washing , wearing gowns , and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another . frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms . there are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use of illicit dru...
avoiding drugs and using condoms are other forms of what ?
prevention
91
11
1
techniques like hand washing , wearing gowns , and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another . frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms . there are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use of illicit dru...
why is it important to cook foods well ?
prevention
91
9
1
techniques like hand washing , wearing gowns , and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another . frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms . there are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use of illicit dru...
what should one do with foods that have been left outside for a long time ?
avoiding
91
16
1
resistance to infection ( immunity ) may be acquired following a disease , by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen , by harboring an organism with a similar structure ( crossreacting ) , or by vaccination . knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for primary path...
what is resistance to infection known technically as ?
immunity
92
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resistance to infection ( immunity ) may be acquired following a disease , by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen , by harboring an organism with a similar structure ( crossreacting ) , or by vaccination . knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for primary path...
when may immunity be acquired ?
following a disease
92
6
3
resistance to infection ( immunity ) may be acquired following a disease , by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen , by harboring an organism with a similar structure ( crossreacting ) , or by vaccination . knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for primary path...
what is knowledge of protective antigens more complete for ?
primary pathogens
92
10
2
resistance to infection ( immunity ) may be acquired following a disease , by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen , by harboring an organism with a similar structure ( crossreacting ) , or by vaccination . knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for primary path...
what does herd immunity offer to vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity ?
a measure of protection
92
20
4
resistance to infection ( immunity ) may be acquired following a disease , by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen , by harboring an organism with a similar structure ( crossreacting ) , or by vaccination . knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for primary path...
vaccination is a way in which what may be acquired ?
immunity
92
11
1
the clearance of the pathogens , either treatment induced or spontaneous , it can be influenced by the genetic variants carried by the individual patients . for instance , for genotype 1 hepatitis c treated with pegylated interferon alpha 2a or pegylated interferon alpha 2b ( brand names pegasys or peg intron ) combine...
what can the clearance of pathogens be influenced by in an individual ?
genetic variants
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13
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the clearance of the pathogens , either treatment induced or spontaneous , it can be influenced by the genetic variants carried by the individual patients . for instance , for genotype 1 hepatitis c treated with pegylated interferon alpha 2a or pegylated interferon alpha 2b ( brand names pegasys or peg intron ) combine...
what is the brand name pegasys for ?
pegylated interferon alpha 2b
152
8
4
the clearance of the pathogens , either treatment induced or spontaneous , it can be influenced by the genetic variants carried by the individual patients . for instance , for genotype 1 hepatitis c treated with pegylated interferon alpha 2a or pegylated interferon alpha 2b ( brand names pegasys or peg intron ) combine...
what are patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the il28b gene more likely to achieve ?
sustained virological response
152
17
3
when infection attacks the body , anti infective drugs can suppress the infection . several broad types of anti infective drugs exist , depending on the type of organism targeted they include antibacterial ( antibiotic including antitubercular ) , antiviral , antifungal and antiparasitic ( including antiprotozoal and a...
what type of drugs can suppress an infection when it attacks the body ?
anti infective
155
14
2
when infection attacks the body , anti infective drugs can suppress the infection . several broad types of anti infective drugs exist , depending on the type of organism targeted they include antibacterial ( antibiotic including antitubercular ) , antiviral , antifungal and antiparasitic ( including antiprotozoal and a...
how many broad types of anti infective drugs exist ?
several
155
10
1
when infection attacks the body , anti infective drugs can suppress the infection . several broad types of anti infective drugs exist , depending on the type of organism targeted they include antibacterial ( antibiotic including antitubercular ) , antiviral , antifungal and antiparasitic ( including antiprotozoal and a...
what depends on the method an antibiotic is given ?
severity and the type of infection
155
10
6
when infection attacks the body , anti infective drugs can suppress the infection . several broad types of anti infective drugs exist , depending on the type of organism targeted they include antibacterial ( antibiotic including antitubercular ) , antiviral , antifungal and antiparasitic ( including antiprotozoal and a...
how are severe infections of the brain usually treated ?
with intravenous antibiotics
155
10
3
when infection attacks the body , anti infective drugs can suppress the infection . several broad types of anti infective drugs exist , depending on the type of organism targeted they include antibacterial ( antibiotic including antitubercular ) , antiviral , antifungal and antiparasitic ( including antiprotozoal and a...
how do antibiotics work ?
slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria
155
5
10
the top three single agent disease killers are hiv aids , tb and malaria . while the number of deaths due to nearly every disease have decreased , deaths due to hiv aids have increased fourfold . childhood diseases include pertussis , poliomyelitis , diphtheria , measles and tetanus . children also make up a large perc...
what are the top three killer diseases ?
hiv aids , tb and malaria
94
8
6
the top three single agent disease killers are hiv aids , tb and malaria . while the number of deaths due to nearly every disease have decreased , deaths due to hiv aids have increased fourfold . childhood diseases include pertussis , poliomyelitis , diphtheria , measles and tetanus . children also make up a large perc...
how much have deaths due to hiv aids increased ?
fourfold
94
10
1
the top three single agent disease killers are hiv aids , tb and malaria . while the number of deaths due to nearly every disease have decreased , deaths due to hiv aids have increased fourfold . childhood diseases include pertussis , poliomyelitis , diphtheria , measles and tetanus . children also make up a large perc...
what are some popular childhood diseases ?
pertussis , poliomyelitis , diphtheria , measles and tetanus
94
7
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the top three single agent disease killers are hiv aids , tb and malaria . while the number of deaths due to nearly every disease have decreased , deaths due to hiv aids have increased fourfold . childhood diseases include pertussis , poliomyelitis , diphtheria , measles and tetanus . children also make up a large perc...
who makes up a large percentage of diarrheal deaths ?
children
94
10
1
the top three single agent disease killers are hiv aids , tb and malaria . while the number of deaths due to nearly every disease have decreased , deaths due to hiv aids have increased fourfold . childhood diseases include pertussis , poliomyelitis , diphtheria , measles and tetanus . children also make up a large perc...
what is the number 4 leading cause of death in the world ?
lower respiratory infections
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13
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the medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of infectious disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of epidemiology . generally , infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists . for example , an " uncomplicated...
what medical field does the treatment of infectious diseases fall into ?
field of infectious disease
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12
4
the medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of infectious disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of epidemiology . generally , infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists . for example , an " uncomplicated...
disease propagation can fall under the purview of what field of study ?
epidemiology
97
13
1
the medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of infectious disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of epidemiology . generally , infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists . for example , an " uncomplicated...
who tends to initially diagnose an infection ?
primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists
97
8
7
the medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of infectious disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of epidemiology . generally , infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists . for example , an " uncomplicated...
what is the non medical mumbo jumbo term for pulmonologist ?
lung physician
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11
2
the medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of infectious disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of epidemiology . generally , infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists . for example , an " uncomplicated...
who works with both patients and general practitioners to identify a disease ?
infectious diseases specialist
97
13
3
evidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists , scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms . signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs . when present , however , these infections seem to tend to be confined ...
what profession finds evidence of infection in fossil remains to be interesting ?
paleopathologists
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evidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists , scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms . signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs . when present , however , these infections seem to tend to be confined ...
what do paleopathologists study ?
occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms
164
5
9
evidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists , scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms . signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs . when present , however , these infections seem to tend to be confined ...
what has been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs ?
signs of infection
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evidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists , scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms . signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs . when present , however , these infections seem to tend to be confined ...
what dinosaur ' s skull had pit like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone ?
herrerasaurus ischigualastensis
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evidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists , scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms . signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs . when present , however , these infections seem to tend to be confined ...
how did tyrannosaurs become infected ?
being bitten during a fight
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hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal , or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so . hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food , recreation , to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals , or for trade . in the 2010s , lawful hunt...
what is the practice of killing or trapping any animal ?
hunting
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hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal , or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so . hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food , recreation , to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals , or for trade . in the 2010s , lawful hunt...
why do humans most commonly hunt wildlife ?
food
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hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal , or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so . hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food , recreation , to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals , or for trade . in the 2010s , lawful hunt...
what is there a distinction between lawful hunting and ?
poaching
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hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal , or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so . hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food , recreation , to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals , or for trade . in the 2010s , lawful hunt...
what is poaching ?
illegal killing , trapping or capture of the hunted species
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hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal , or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so . hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food , recreation , to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals , or for trade . in the 2010s , lawful hunt...
what is the species which is hunted referred to as ?
prey
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hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal , or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so . hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food , recreation , to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals , or for trade . in the 2010s , lawful hunt...
what is the practice of killing or trapping any animal called ?
hunting
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hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal , or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so . hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food , recreation , to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals , or for trade . in the 2010s , lawful hunt...
when was lawful hunting distinguished from poaching ?
2010s
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hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal , or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so . hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food , recreation , to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals , or for trade . in the 2010s , lawful hunt...
illegally killing , capturing or trapping an hunted species is called what ?
poaching
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