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after the holocaust , which had been perpetrated by the nazi germany and its allies prior to and during world war ii , lemkin successfully campaigned for the universal acceptance of international laws defining and forbidding genocides . in 1946 , the first session of the united nations general assembly adopted a resolution that " affirmed " that genocide was a crime under international law , but did not provide a legal definition of the crime . in 1948 , the un general assembly adopted the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide ( cppcg ) which defined the crime of genocide for the first time . | which group convened officially for the first time in 1946 ? | united nations general assembly | 111 | 11 | 4 |
after the holocaust , which had been perpetrated by the nazi germany and its allies prior to and during world war ii , lemkin successfully campaigned for the universal acceptance of international laws defining and forbidding genocides . in 1946 , the first session of the united nations general assembly adopted a resolution that " affirmed " that genocide was a crime under international law , but did not provide a legal definition of the crime . in 1948 , the un general assembly adopted the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide ( cppcg ) which defined the crime of genocide for the first time . | while recognizing genocide , what did the un general assembly fail to do in its resolution ? | provide a legal definition of the crime | 111 | 17 | 7 |
in 2007 the european court of human rights ( echr ) , noted in its judgement on jorgic v . germany case that in 1992 the majority of legal scholars took the narrow view that " intent to destroy " in the cppcg meant the intended physical biological destruction of the protected group and that this was still the majority opinion . but the echr also noted that a minority took a broader view and did not consider biological physical destruction was necessary as the intent to destroy a national , racial , religious or ethnic group was enough to qualify as genocide . | which group was accused by the echr of having an overly constricted idea of the meaning of destruction in defining genocide ? | majority of legal scholars | 104 | 22 | 4 |
in 2007 the european court of human rights ( echr ) , noted in its judgement on jorgic v . germany case that in 1992 the majority of legal scholars took the narrow view that " intent to destroy " in the cppcg meant the intended physical biological destruction of the protected group and that this was still the majority opinion . but the echr also noted that a minority took a broader view and did not consider biological physical destruction was necessary as the intent to destroy a national , racial , religious or ethnic group was enough to qualify as genocide . | what groups did the echr feel should be included as potential victims of genocide ? | national , racial , religious or ethnic | 104 | 15 | 7 |
in 2007 the european court of human rights ( echr ) , noted in its judgement on jorgic v . germany case that in 1992 the majority of legal scholars took the narrow view that " intent to destroy " in the cppcg meant the intended physical biological destruction of the protected group and that this was still the majority opinion . but the echr also noted that a minority took a broader view and did not consider biological physical destruction was necessary as the intent to destroy a national , racial , religious or ethnic group was enough to qualify as genocide . | in 2007 what former case did the european court of human rights draw on to further refine qualifiers of genocide ? | jorgic v . germany | 104 | 21 | 4 |
in 2007 the european court of human rights ( echr ) , noted in its judgement on jorgic v . germany case that in 1992 the majority of legal scholars took the narrow view that " intent to destroy " in the cppcg meant the intended physical biological destruction of the protected group and that this was still the majority opinion . but the echr also noted that a minority took a broader view and did not consider biological physical destruction was necessary as the intent to destroy a national , racial , religious or ethnic group was enough to qualify as genocide . | what form of destruction was considered too limited by a smaller group of experts ? | biological physical | 104 | 15 | 2 |
the word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment , but not yet as a formal legal term according to lemming , genocide was defined as " a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people , a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group ' s basic existence , including language , culture , and economic infrastructure . he created a concept of mobilizing much of the international relations and community , to working together and preventing the occurrence of such events happening within history and the international society . australian anthropologist peg levine coined the term " ritualcide " to describe the destruction of a group ' s cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members . | prior to being a formal legal term , how was the word " genocide " used in an indictment scenario ? | as a descriptive term | 136 | 21 | 4 |
the word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment , but not yet as a formal legal term according to lemming , genocide was defined as " a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people , a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group ' s basic existence , including language , culture , and economic infrastructure . he created a concept of mobilizing much of the international relations and community , to working together and preventing the occurrence of such events happening within history and the international society . australian anthropologist peg levine coined the term " ritualcide " to describe the destruction of a group ' s cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members . | who ultimately defined genocide as a series of strategies leading up to the annihilation of an entire group ? | lemming | 136 | 19 | 1 |
the word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment , but not yet as a formal legal term according to lemming , genocide was defined as " a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people , a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group ' s basic existence , including language , culture , and economic infrastructure . he created a concept of mobilizing much of the international relations and community , to working together and preventing the occurrence of such events happening within history and the international society . australian anthropologist peg levine coined the term " ritualcide " to describe the destruction of a group ' s cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members . | lemming ' s concept of genocide triggered legal action in which realm ? | international relations and community | 136 | 13 | 4 |
the word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment , but not yet as a formal legal term according to lemming , genocide was defined as " a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people , a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group ' s basic existence , including language , culture , and economic infrastructure . he created a concept of mobilizing much of the international relations and community , to working together and preventing the occurrence of such events happening within history and the international society . australian anthropologist peg levine coined the term " ritualcide " to describe the destruction of a group ' s cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members . | what was the nationality of anthropologist peg levine ? | australian | 136 | 9 | 1 |
the word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment , but not yet as a formal legal term according to lemming , genocide was defined as " a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people , a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group ' s basic existence , including language , culture , and economic infrastructure . he created a concept of mobilizing much of the international relations and community , to working together and preventing the occurrence of such events happening within history and the international society . australian anthropologist peg levine coined the term " ritualcide " to describe the destruction of a group ' s cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members . | what relative term did levine coin to refer to cultural destruction , without the death of its members ? | " ritualcide " | 136 | 19 | 3 |
the word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment , but not yet as a formal legal term according to lemming , genocide was defined as " a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people , a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group ' s basic existence , including language , culture , and economic infrastructure . he created a concept of mobilizing much of the international relations and community , to working together and preventing the occurrence of such events happening within history and the international society . australian anthropologist peg levine coined the term " ritualcide " to describe the destruction of a group ' s cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members . | what term was coined to describe the destruction of culture ? | ritualcide | 136 | 11 | 1 |
the word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment , but not yet as a formal legal term according to lemming , genocide was defined as " a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people , a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group ' s basic existence , including language , culture , and economic infrastructure . he created a concept of mobilizing much of the international relations and community , to working together and preventing the occurrence of such events happening within history and the international society . australian anthropologist peg levine coined the term " ritualcide " to describe the destruction of a group ' s cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members . | what kind of scientist is peg levine ? | anthropologist | 136 | 8 | 1 |
the word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment , but not yet as a formal legal term according to lemming , genocide was defined as " a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people , a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group ' s basic existence , including language , culture , and economic infrastructure . he created a concept of mobilizing much of the international relations and community , to working together and preventing the occurrence of such events happening within history and the international society . australian anthropologist peg levine coined the term " ritualcide " to describe the destruction of a group ' s cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members . | what elements of group existence , other than people themselves , can be targets of genocide ? | language , culture , and economic infrastructure | 136 | 17 | 7 |
the study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term . by formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime , involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relations . when genocide is looked at in a general aspect it is viewed as the deliberate killing of a certain group . yet is commonly seen to escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area . in 1648 before the term genocide had been coined , the peace of westphalia was established to protect ethnic , national , racial and in some instances religious groups . during the 19th century humanitarian intervention was needed due to the fact of conflict and justification of some of the actions executed by the military . | what has been the primary focus in the study of genocide ? | legal aspect of the term | 167 | 12 | 5 |
the study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term . by formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime , involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relations . when genocide is looked at in a general aspect it is viewed as the deliberate killing of a certain group . yet is commonly seen to escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area . in 1648 before the term genocide had been coined , the peace of westphalia was established to protect ethnic , national , racial and in some instances religious groups . during the 19th century humanitarian intervention was needed due to the fact of conflict and justification of some of the actions executed by the military . | in prosecuting genocide , what must the act be formally acknowledged as ? | a crime | 167 | 13 | 2 |
the study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term . by formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime , involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relations . when genocide is looked at in a general aspect it is viewed as the deliberate killing of a certain group . yet is commonly seen to escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area . in 1648 before the term genocide had been coined , the peace of westphalia was established to protect ethnic , national , racial and in some instances religious groups . during the 19th century humanitarian intervention was needed due to the fact of conflict and justification of some of the actions executed by the military . | in a general aspect , what is genocide viewed as ? | the deliberate killing of a certain group | 167 | 11 | 7 |
the study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term . by formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime , involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relations . when genocide is looked at in a general aspect it is viewed as the deliberate killing of a certain group . yet is commonly seen to escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area . in 1648 before the term genocide had been coined , the peace of westphalia was established to protect ethnic , national , racial and in some instances religious groups . during the 19th century humanitarian intervention was needed due to the fact of conflict and justification of some of the actions executed by the military . | in trials of genocidal crimes , what responsibly party is difficult to prosecute ? | officials in power of a state or area | 167 | 14 | 8 |
the study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term . by formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime , involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relations . when genocide is looked at in a general aspect it is viewed as the deliberate killing of a certain group . yet is commonly seen to escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area . in 1648 before the term genocide had been coined , the peace of westphalia was established to protect ethnic , national , racial and in some instances religious groups . during the 19th century humanitarian intervention was needed due to the fact of conflict and justification of some of the actions executed by the military . | long before genocide was established as a legal term , what treaty was in place to protect various groups from persecution and mass killings ? | the peace of westphalia | 167 | 25 | 4 |
the study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term . by formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime , involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relations . when genocide is looked at in a general aspect it is viewed as the deliberate killing of a certain group . yet is commonly seen to escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area . in 1648 before the term genocide had been coined , the peace of westphalia was established to protect ethnic , national , racial and in some instances religious groups . during the 19th century humanitarian intervention was needed due to the fact of conflict and justification of some of the actions executed by the military . | why does genocide often go unpunished ? | genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power | 167 | 7 | 12 |
the study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term . by formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime , involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relations . when genocide is looked at in a general aspect it is viewed as the deliberate killing of a certain group . yet is commonly seen to escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area . in 1648 before the term genocide had been coined , the peace of westphalia was established to protect ethnic , national , racial and in some instances religious groups . during the 19th century humanitarian intervention was needed due to the fact of conflict and justification of some of the actions executed by the military . | who was the peace of westphalia designed to protect ? | ethnic , national , racial and in some instances religious groups | 167 | 10 | 11 |
the study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term . by formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime , involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relations . when genocide is looked at in a general aspect it is viewed as the deliberate killing of a certain group . yet is commonly seen to escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area . in 1648 before the term genocide had been coined , the peace of westphalia was established to protect ethnic , national , racial and in some instances religious groups . during the 19th century humanitarian intervention was needed due to the fact of conflict and justification of some of the actions executed by the military . | what year was the peace of westphalia signed ? | 1648 | 167 | 9 | 1 |
genocide has become an official term used in international relations . the word genocide was not in use before 1944 . before this , in 1941 , winston churchill described the mass killing of russian prisoners of war and civilians as " a crime without a name " . in that year , a polish jewish lawyer named raphael lemkin , described the policies of systematic murder founded by the nazis as genocide . the word genocide is the combination of the greek prefix geno ( meaning tribe or race ) and caedere ( the latin word for to kill ) . the word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them . | when was the word " genocide " first used ? | 1944 | 135 | 10 | 1 |
genocide has become an official term used in international relations . the word genocide was not in use before 1944 . before this , in 1941 , winston churchill described the mass killing of russian prisoners of war and civilians as " a crime without a name " . in that year , a polish jewish lawyer named raphael lemkin , described the policies of systematic murder founded by the nazis as genocide . the word genocide is the combination of the greek prefix geno ( meaning tribe or race ) and caedere ( the latin word for to kill ) . the word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them . | what is the etymology of the term " genocide " ? | the word genocide is the combination of the greek prefix geno ( meaning tribe or race ) and caedere ( the latin word for to kill ) . | 135 | 11 | 28 |
genocide has become an official term used in international relations . the word genocide was not in use before 1944 . before this , in 1941 , winston churchill described the mass killing of russian prisoners of war and civilians as " a crime without a name " . in that year , a polish jewish lawyer named raphael lemkin , described the policies of systematic murder founded by the nazis as genocide . the word genocide is the combination of the greek prefix geno ( meaning tribe or race ) and caedere ( the latin word for to kill ) . the word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them . | what is the definition of genocide ? | a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them | 135 | 7 | 27 |
genocide has become an official term used in international relations . the word genocide was not in use before 1944 . before this , in 1941 , winston churchill described the mass killing of russian prisoners of war and civilians as " a crime without a name " . in that year , a polish jewish lawyer named raphael lemkin , described the policies of systematic murder founded by the nazis as genocide . the word genocide is the combination of the greek prefix geno ( meaning tribe or race ) and caedere ( the latin word for to kill ) . the word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them . | who coined the term " genocide " ? | raphael lemkin | 135 | 8 | 2 |
genocide has become an official term used in international relations . the word genocide was not in use before 1944 . before this , in 1941 , winston churchill described the mass killing of russian prisoners of war and civilians as " a crime without a name " . in that year , a polish jewish lawyer named raphael lemkin , described the policies of systematic murder founded by the nazis as genocide . the word genocide is the combination of the greek prefix geno ( meaning tribe or race ) and caedere ( the latin word for to kill ) . the word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them . | who referred to acts of genocide in 1941 ? | winston churchill | 135 | 9 | 2 |
genocide has become an official term used in international relations . the word genocide was not in use before 1944 . before this , in 1941 , winston churchill described the mass killing of russian prisoners of war and civilians as " a crime without a name " . in that year , a polish jewish lawyer named raphael lemkin , described the policies of systematic murder founded by the nazis as genocide . the word genocide is the combination of the greek prefix geno ( meaning tribe or race ) and caedere ( the latin word for to kill ) . the word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them . | the word " genocide " was unknown until what year ? | 1944 | 135 | 11 | 1 |
genocide has become an official term used in international relations . the word genocide was not in use before 1944 . before this , in 1941 , winston churchill described the mass killing of russian prisoners of war and civilians as " a crime without a name " . in that year , a polish jewish lawyer named raphael lemkin , described the policies of systematic murder founded by the nazis as genocide . the word genocide is the combination of the greek prefix geno ( meaning tribe or race ) and caedere ( the latin word for to kill ) . the word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them . | in 1941 , how did winston churchill refer to the mass killings of russian prisoners of war ? | as " a crime without a name " | 135 | 18 | 8 |
genocide has become an official term used in international relations . the word genocide was not in use before 1944 . before this , in 1941 , winston churchill described the mass killing of russian prisoners of war and civilians as " a crime without a name " . in that year , a polish jewish lawyer named raphael lemkin , described the policies of systematic murder founded by the nazis as genocide . the word genocide is the combination of the greek prefix geno ( meaning tribe or race ) and caedere ( the latin word for to kill ) . the word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them . | what was the name of the polish jewish lawyer who first described nazi atrocities as " genocide ? " | raphael lemkin | 135 | 19 | 2 |
genocide has become an official term used in international relations . the word genocide was not in use before 1944 . before this , in 1941 , winston churchill described the mass killing of russian prisoners of war and civilians as " a crime without a name " . in that year , a polish jewish lawyer named raphael lemkin , described the policies of systematic murder founded by the nazis as genocide . the word genocide is the combination of the greek prefix geno ( meaning tribe or race ) and caedere ( the latin word for to kill ) . the word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them . | what is the etymological basis of the word " genocide ? " | greek prefix geno ( meaning tribe or race ) and caedere ( the latin word for to kill ) | 135 | 12 | 19 |
genocide has become an official term used in international relations . the word genocide was not in use before 1944 . before this , in 1941 , winston churchill described the mass killing of russian prisoners of war and civilians as " a crime without a name " . in that year , a polish jewish lawyer named raphael lemkin , described the policies of systematic murder founded by the nazis as genocide . the word genocide is the combination of the greek prefix geno ( meaning tribe or race ) and caedere ( the latin word for to kill ) . the word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them . | as it pertains to violent crimes against targeted groups , what is the ultimate motivation within the actions of genocide ? | to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them | 135 | 21 | 11 |
the judges continue in paragraph 12 , " the determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations . the numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point , though not in all cases the ending point of the inquiry . the number of individuals targeted should be evaluated not only in absolute terms , but also in relation to the overall size of the entire group . in addition to the numeric size of the targeted portion , its prominence within the group can be a useful consideration . if a specific part of the group is emblematic of the overall group , or is essential to its survival , that may support a finding that the part qualifies as substantial within the meaning of article 4 of the tribunal ' s statute . " | several considerations were involved in meeting the requirement to determine what ? | when the targeted part is substantial enough | 154 | 12 | 7 |
the judges continue in paragraph 12 , " the determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations . the numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point , though not in all cases the ending point of the inquiry . the number of individuals targeted should be evaluated not only in absolute terms , but also in relation to the overall size of the entire group . in addition to the numeric size of the targeted portion , its prominence within the group can be a useful consideration . if a specific part of the group is emblematic of the overall group , or is essential to its survival , that may support a finding that the part qualifies as substantial within the meaning of article 4 of the tribunal ' s statute . " | what is the key aspect of the targeted part of the group at the starting point of the inquiry ? | the numeric size | 154 | 20 | 3 |
the judges continue in paragraph 12 , " the determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations . the numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point , though not in all cases the ending point of the inquiry . the number of individuals targeted should be evaluated not only in absolute terms , but also in relation to the overall size of the entire group . in addition to the numeric size of the targeted portion , its prominence within the group can be a useful consideration . if a specific part of the group is emblematic of the overall group , or is essential to its survival , that may support a finding that the part qualifies as substantial within the meaning of article 4 of the tribunal ' s statute . " | the number of people targeted in a genocide should not be solely evaluated by what ? | absolute terms | 154 | 16 | 2 |
the judges continue in paragraph 12 , " the determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations . the numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point , though not in all cases the ending point of the inquiry . the number of individuals targeted should be evaluated not only in absolute terms , but also in relation to the overall size of the entire group . in addition to the numeric size of the targeted portion , its prominence within the group can be a useful consideration . if a specific part of the group is emblematic of the overall group , or is essential to its survival , that may support a finding that the part qualifies as substantial within the meaning of article 4 of the tribunal ' s statute . " | in addition to the numeric size of a targeted group , what other consideration was useful to the icty ? | prominence within the group | 154 | 20 | 4 |
in paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators ' access to the victims : " the historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators activity and control , as well as the possible extent of their reach , should be considered . . . . the intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him . while this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial , it can in combination with other factors inform the analysis . " | the issue of what is raised by judges in paragraph 13 ? | perpetrators ' access to the victims | 99 | 12 | 6 |
in paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators ' access to the victims : " the historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators activity and control , as well as the possible extent of their reach , should be considered . . . . the intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him . while this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial , it can in combination with other factors inform the analysis . " | what is the basis for suggesting that several factors regarding the activity of the perpetrators be considered ? | historical examples of genocide | 99 | 18 | 4 |
in paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators ' access to the victims : " the historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators activity and control , as well as the possible extent of their reach , should be considered . . . . the intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him . while this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial , it can in combination with other factors inform the analysis . " | the extent of what by the perpetrators was considered in an examination of their activity and level of control ? | possible extent of their reach | 99 | 20 | 5 |
in paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators ' access to the victims : " the historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators activity and control , as well as the possible extent of their reach , should be considered . . . . the intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him . while this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial , it can in combination with other factors inform the analysis . " | what will always be restricted in terms of a perpetrator ' s intent to destroy ? | the opportunity presented to him | 99 | 16 | 5 |
in paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators ' access to the victims : " the historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators activity and control , as well as the possible extent of their reach , should be considered . . . . the intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him . while this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial , it can in combination with other factors inform the analysis . " | while the factor cannot independently indicate if the targeted group is substantial , it can do what ? | inform the analysis | 99 | 18 | 3 |
the convention came into force as international law on 12 january 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties . at that time however , only two of the five permanent members of the un security council were parties to the treaty : france and the republic of china . the soviet union ratified in 1954 , the united kingdom in 1970 , the people ' s republic of china in 1983 ( having replaced the taiwan based republic of china on the unsc in 1971 ) , and the united states in 1988 . this long delay in support for the convention by the world ' s most powerful nations caused the convention to languish for over four decades . only in the 1990s did the international law on the crime of genocide begin to be enforced . | on which date did the genocide convention become effective ? | 12 january 1951 | 139 | 10 | 3 |
the convention came into force as international law on 12 january 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties . at that time however , only two of the five permanent members of the un security council were parties to the treaty : france and the republic of china . the soviet union ratified in 1954 , the united kingdom in 1970 , the people ' s republic of china in 1983 ( having replaced the taiwan based republic of china on the unsc in 1971 ) , and the united states in 1988 . this long delay in support for the convention by the world ' s most powerful nations caused the convention to languish for over four decades . only in the 1990s did the international law on the crime of genocide begin to be enforced . | what was the minimum number of countries necessary to form parties ? | 20 | 139 | 12 | 1 |
the convention came into force as international law on 12 january 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties . at that time however , only two of the five permanent members of the un security council were parties to the treaty : france and the republic of china . the soviet union ratified in 1954 , the united kingdom in 1970 , the people ' s republic of china in 1983 ( having replaced the taiwan based republic of china on the unsc in 1971 ) , and the united states in 1988 . this long delay in support for the convention by the world ' s most powerful nations caused the convention to languish for over four decades . only in the 1990s did the international law on the crime of genocide begin to be enforced . | of the five permanent members of the un security council , how many were parties to the treaty ? | only two | 139 | 19 | 2 |
the convention came into force as international law on 12 january 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties . at that time however , only two of the five permanent members of the un security council were parties to the treaty : france and the republic of china . the soviet union ratified in 1954 , the united kingdom in 1970 , the people ' s republic of china in 1983 ( having replaced the taiwan based republic of china on the unsc in 1971 ) , and the united states in 1988 . this long delay in support for the convention by the world ' s most powerful nations caused the convention to languish for over four decades . only in the 1990s did the international law on the crime of genocide begin to be enforced . | what member ratified in 1970 ? | the united kingdom | 139 | 6 | 3 |
the convention came into force as international law on 12 january 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties . at that time however , only two of the five permanent members of the un security council were parties to the treaty : france and the republic of china . the soviet union ratified in 1954 , the united kingdom in 1970 , the people ' s republic of china in 1983 ( having replaced the taiwan based republic of china on the unsc in 1971 ) , and the united states in 1988 . this long delay in support for the convention by the world ' s most powerful nations caused the convention to languish for over four decades . only in the 1990s did the international law on the crime of genocide begin to be enforced . | the delay in support by certain powerful members meant the convention was largely powerless for over how many decades ? | four | 139 | 20 | 1 |
writing in 1998 kurt jonassohn and karin bj rnson stated that the cppcg was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise . as such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool , and although it is used for this purpose , as it has an international legal credibility that others lack , other definitions have also been postulated . jonassohn and bj rnson go on to say that none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support for various reasons . | in 1998 it was written that the cppcg was a legal entity resulting in which type of compromise ? | a diplomatic compromise | 92 | 19 | 3 |
writing in 1998 kurt jonassohn and karin bj rnson stated that the cppcg was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise . as such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool , and although it is used for this purpose , as it has an international legal credibility that others lack , other definitions have also been postulated . jonassohn and bj rnson go on to say that none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support for various reasons . | rather than a definition , the text of the treaty is considered as what type of tool ? | a research tool | 92 | 18 | 3 |
writing in 1998 kurt jonassohn and karin bj rnson stated that the cppcg was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise . as such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool , and although it is used for this purpose , as it has an international legal credibility that others lack , other definitions have also been postulated . jonassohn and bj rnson go on to say that none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support for various reasons . | what does the treaty possess that others lack ? | international legal credibility | 92 | 9 | 3 |
writing in 1998 kurt jonassohn and karin bj rnson stated that the cppcg was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise . as such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool , and although it is used for this purpose , as it has an international legal credibility that others lack , other definitions have also been postulated . jonassohn and bj rnson go on to say that none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support for various reasons . | the writers jonassohn and bjornson cite various reasons for the lack of widespread support of what ? | alternative definitions | 92 | 17 | 2 |
jonassohn and bj rnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events . for example , frank chalk and kurt jonassohn studied the whole of human history , while leo kuper and r . j . rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century , and helen fein , barbara harff and ted gurr have looked at post world war ii events . jonassohn and bj rnson are critical of some of these studies , arguing that they are too expansive , and conclude that the academic discipline of genocide studies is too young to have a canon of work on which to build an academic paradigm . | what two writers examined the lack of an accepted and singular definition for genocide ? | jonassohn and bj rnson | 143 | 15 | 4 |
jonassohn and bj rnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events . for example , frank chalk and kurt jonassohn studied the whole of human history , while leo kuper and r . j . rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century , and helen fein , barbara harff and ted gurr have looked at post world war ii events . jonassohn and bj rnson are critical of some of these studies , arguing that they are too expansive , and conclude that the academic discipline of genocide studies is too young to have a canon of work on which to build an academic paradigm . | the two writers suggested that academics adjusted what in their different definitions to assist them in interpreting events ? | their focus | 143 | 19 | 2 |
jonassohn and bj rnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events . for example , frank chalk and kurt jonassohn studied the whole of human history , while leo kuper and r . j . rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century , and helen fein , barbara harff and ted gurr have looked at post world war ii events . jonassohn and bj rnson are critical of some of these studies , arguing that they are too expansive , and conclude that the academic discipline of genocide studies is too young to have a canon of work on which to build an academic paradigm . | what writer joined jonassohn in the study of the whole of human history ? | frank chalk | 143 | 14 | 2 |
jonassohn and bj rnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events . for example , frank chalk and kurt jonassohn studied the whole of human history , while leo kuper and r . j . rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century , and helen fein , barbara harff and ted gurr have looked at post world war ii events . jonassohn and bj rnson are critical of some of these studies , arguing that they are too expansive , and conclude that the academic discipline of genocide studies is too young to have a canon of work on which to build an academic paradigm . | with whom was leo kuper paired in research that focused on 20th century works ? | r . j . rummel | 143 | 15 | 5 |
jonassohn and bj rnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events . for example , frank chalk and kurt jonassohn studied the whole of human history , while leo kuper and r . j . rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century , and helen fein , barbara harff and ted gurr have looked at post world war ii events . jonassohn and bj rnson are critical of some of these studies , arguing that they are too expansive , and conclude that the academic discipline of genocide studies is too young to have a canon of work on which to build an academic paradigm . | two women and what man concentrated on post world war ii events ? | ted gurr | 143 | 13 | 2 |
the exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the cppcg legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists , for example m . hassan kakar in his book the soviet invasion and the afghan response , 1979 1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted , and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes chalk and jonassohn : " genocide is a form of one sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group , as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator . " while there are various definitions of the term , adam jones states that the majority of genocide scholars consider that " intent to destroy " is a requirement for any act to be labelled genocide , and that there is growing agreement on the inclusion of the physical destruction criterion . | some historians were critical of what exclusion in the definition of victims of genocide ? | social and political groups | 164 | 15 | 4 |
the exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the cppcg legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists , for example m . hassan kakar in his book the soviet invasion and the afghan response , 1979 1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted , and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes chalk and jonassohn : " genocide is a form of one sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group , as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator . " while there are various definitions of the term , adam jones states that the majority of genocide scholars consider that " intent to destroy " is a requirement for any act to be labelled genocide , and that there is growing agreement on the inclusion of the physical destruction criterion . | in what book did kakar contend that the international definition of genocide was too narrow ? | the soviet invasion and the afghan response | 164 | 16 | 7 |
the exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the cppcg legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists , for example m . hassan kakar in his book the soviet invasion and the afghan response , 1979 1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted , and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes chalk and jonassohn : " genocide is a form of one sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group , as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator . " while there are various definitions of the term , adam jones states that the majority of genocide scholars consider that " intent to destroy " is a requirement for any act to be labelled genocide , and that there is growing agreement on the inclusion of the physical destruction criterion . | kakar argued that the definition should include any group defined by the perpetrator and which other group ? | political groups | 164 | 18 | 2 |
the exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the cppcg legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists , for example m . hassan kakar in his book the soviet invasion and the afghan response , 1979 1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted , and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes chalk and jonassohn : " genocide is a form of one sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group , as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator . " while there are various definitions of the term , adam jones states that the majority of genocide scholars consider that " intent to destroy " is a requirement for any act to be labelled genocide , and that there is growing agreement on the inclusion of the physical destruction criterion . | in the writing of chalk and jonassohn , what is stated to be a form of one sided mass killing ? | genocide | 164 | 21 | 1 |
the exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the cppcg legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists , for example m . hassan kakar in his book the soviet invasion and the afghan response , 1979 1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted , and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes chalk and jonassohn : " genocide is a form of one sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group , as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator . " while there are various definitions of the term , adam jones states that the majority of genocide scholars consider that " intent to destroy " is a requirement for any act to be labelled genocide , and that there is growing agreement on the inclusion of the physical destruction criterion . | in further elaborating on the definition , how did chalk and jonassohn phrase the intention of the perpetrator ? | intends to destroy a group | 164 | 19 | 5 |
according to r . j . rummel , genocide has 3 different meanings . the ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national , ethnic , racial , or religious group membership . the legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty , the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide . this also includes non killings that in the end eliminate the group , such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group . a generalized meaning of genocide is similar to the ordinary meaning but also includes government killings of political opponents or otherwise intentional murder . it is to avoid confusion regarding what meaning is intended that rummel created the term democide for the third meaning . | in the writings of rummel , what is the first and ordinary meaning of genocide ? | murder by government | 135 | 16 | 3 |
according to r . j . rummel , genocide has 3 different meanings . the ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national , ethnic , racial , or religious group membership . the legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty , the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide . this also includes non killings that in the end eliminate the group , such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group . a generalized meaning of genocide is similar to the ordinary meaning but also includes government killings of political opponents or otherwise intentional murder . it is to avoid confusion regarding what meaning is intended that rummel created the term democide for the third meaning . | rummel postulates that murder of people of government is due to national , ethnic , racial and which other membership ? | religious group | 135 | 21 | 2 |
according to r . j . rummel , genocide has 3 different meanings . the ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national , ethnic , racial , or religious group membership . the legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty , the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide . this also includes non killings that in the end eliminate the group , such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group . a generalized meaning of genocide is similar to the ordinary meaning but also includes government killings of political opponents or otherwise intentional murder . it is to avoid confusion regarding what meaning is intended that rummel created the term democide for the third meaning . | the legal meaning of genocide is contained in which international treaty ? | convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide | 135 | 12 | 11 |
according to r . j . rummel , genocide has 3 different meanings . the ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national , ethnic , racial , or religious group membership . the legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty , the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide . this also includes non killings that in the end eliminate the group , such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group . a generalized meaning of genocide is similar to the ordinary meaning but also includes government killings of political opponents or otherwise intentional murder . it is to avoid confusion regarding what meaning is intended that rummel created the term democide for the third meaning . | included in the cppcg is non killings that ultimately achieve what end ? | eliminate the group | 135 | 13 | 3 |
according to r . j . rummel , genocide has 3 different meanings . the ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national , ethnic , racial , or religious group membership . the legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty , the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide . this also includes non killings that in the end eliminate the group , such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group . a generalized meaning of genocide is similar to the ordinary meaning but also includes government killings of political opponents or otherwise intentional murder . it is to avoid confusion regarding what meaning is intended that rummel created the term democide for the third meaning . | in the interpretation of non killings , the cppcg cites the forceful relocation of children along with what other factor ? | preventing births | 135 | 21 | 2 |
highlighting the potential for state and non state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century , for example , in failed states or as non state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction , adrian gallagher defined genocide as ' when a source of collective power ( usually a state ) intentionally uses its power base to implement a process of destruction in order to destroy a group ( as defined by the perpetrator ) , in whole or in substantial part , dependent upon relative group size ' . the definition upholds the centrality of intent , the multidimensional understanding of destroy , broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the 1948 definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide ( dependent on relative group size ) . | in terms of failed states and non state actors , the possession of weapons of mass destruction was an issue examined by which writer ? | adrian gallagher | 144 | 25 | 2 |
highlighting the potential for state and non state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century , for example , in failed states or as non state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction , adrian gallagher defined genocide as ' when a source of collective power ( usually a state ) intentionally uses its power base to implement a process of destruction in order to destroy a group ( as defined by the perpetrator ) , in whole or in substantial part , dependent upon relative group size ' . the definition upholds the centrality of intent , the multidimensional understanding of destroy , broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the 1948 definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide ( dependent on relative group size ) . | in gallagher ' s definition of genocide , a source of what is malicious in it implementation of the destruction of a group ? | collective power | 144 | 24 | 2 |
highlighting the potential for state and non state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century , for example , in failed states or as non state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction , adrian gallagher defined genocide as ' when a source of collective power ( usually a state ) intentionally uses its power base to implement a process of destruction in order to destroy a group ( as defined by the perpetrator ) , in whole or in substantial part , dependent upon relative group size ' . the definition upholds the centrality of intent , the multidimensional understanding of destroy , broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the 1948 definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide ( dependent on relative group size ) . | gallagher ' s definition upholds the centrality of what ? | intent | 144 | 10 | 1 |
highlighting the potential for state and non state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century , for example , in failed states or as non state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction , adrian gallagher defined genocide as ' when a source of collective power ( usually a state ) intentionally uses its power base to implement a process of destruction in order to destroy a group ( as defined by the perpetrator ) , in whole or in substantial part , dependent upon relative group size ' . the definition upholds the centrality of intent , the multidimensional understanding of destroy , broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the 1948 definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide ( dependent on relative group size ) . | the centrality of intent broadens what definition , beyond the 1948 one ? | group identity | 144 | 13 | 2 |
highlighting the potential for state and non state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century , for example , in failed states or as non state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction , adrian gallagher defined genocide as ' when a source of collective power ( usually a state ) intentionally uses its power base to implement a process of destruction in order to destroy a group ( as defined by the perpetrator ) , in whole or in substantial part , dependent upon relative group size ' . the definition upholds the centrality of intent , the multidimensional understanding of destroy , broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the 1948 definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide ( dependent on relative group size ) . | in order for a genocide classification to happen , a major part of a group has to be what ? | destroyed | 144 | 20 | 1 |
all signatories to the cppcg are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide , both in peace and wartime , though some barriers make this enforcement difficult . in particular , some of the signatories namely , bahrain , bangladesh , india , malaysia , the philippines , singapore , the united states , vietnam , yemen , and former yugoslavia signed with the proviso that no claim of genocide could be brought against them at the international court of justice without their consent . despite official protests from other signatories ( notably cyprus and norway ) on the ethics and legal standing of these reservations , the immunity from prosecution they grant has been invoked from time to time , as when the united states refused to allow a charge of genocide brought against it by former yugoslavia following the 1999 kosovo war . | signatories to the cppc are required to prevent and punish what ? | acts of genocide | 146 | 12 | 3 |
all signatories to the cppcg are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide , both in peace and wartime , though some barriers make this enforcement difficult . in particular , some of the signatories namely , bahrain , bangladesh , india , malaysia , the philippines , singapore , the united states , vietnam , yemen , and former yugoslavia signed with the proviso that no claim of genocide could be brought against them at the international court of justice without their consent . despite official protests from other signatories ( notably cyprus and norway ) on the ethics and legal standing of these reservations , the immunity from prosecution they grant has been invoked from time to time , as when the united states refused to allow a charge of genocide brought against it by former yugoslavia following the 1999 kosovo war . | during which times can a perpetrator of genocide be charged ? | both in peace and wartime | 146 | 11 | 5 |
all signatories to the cppcg are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide , both in peace and wartime , though some barriers make this enforcement difficult . in particular , some of the signatories namely , bahrain , bangladesh , india , malaysia , the philippines , singapore , the united states , vietnam , yemen , and former yugoslavia signed with the proviso that no claim of genocide could be brought against them at the international court of justice without their consent . despite official protests from other signatories ( notably cyprus and norway ) on the ethics and legal standing of these reservations , the immunity from prosecution they grant has been invoked from time to time , as when the united states refused to allow a charge of genocide brought against it by former yugoslavia following the 1999 kosovo war . | in enforcing a charge of genocide , what loophole do many of the signatories possess ? | no claim of genocide could be brought against them | 146 | 16 | 9 |
all signatories to the cppcg are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide , both in peace and wartime , though some barriers make this enforcement difficult . in particular , some of the signatories namely , bahrain , bangladesh , india , malaysia , the philippines , singapore , the united states , vietnam , yemen , and former yugoslavia signed with the proviso that no claim of genocide could be brought against them at the international court of justice without their consent . despite official protests from other signatories ( notably cyprus and norway ) on the ethics and legal standing of these reservations , the immunity from prosecution they grant has been invoked from time to time , as when the united states refused to allow a charge of genocide brought against it by former yugoslavia following the 1999 kosovo war . | what major western power is exempt from charges or claims of genocide against itself ? | the united states | 146 | 15 | 3 |
all signatories to the cppcg are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide , both in peace and wartime , though some barriers make this enforcement difficult . in particular , some of the signatories namely , bahrain , bangladesh , india , malaysia , the philippines , singapore , the united states , vietnam , yemen , and former yugoslavia signed with the proviso that no claim of genocide could be brought against them at the international court of justice without their consent . despite official protests from other signatories ( notably cyprus and norway ) on the ethics and legal standing of these reservations , the immunity from prosecution they grant has been invoked from time to time , as when the united states refused to allow a charge of genocide brought against it by former yugoslavia following the 1999 kosovo war . | along with cyprus , what other major signatory official protested the the immunity of others from prosecution of genocide ? | norway | 146 | 20 | 1 |
because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide ( cppcg ) , those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the holocaust were found guilty of crimes against humanity and other more specific crimes like murder . nevertheless , the holocaust is universally recognized to have been a genocide and the term , that had been coined the year before by raphael lemkin , appeared in the indictment of the 24 nazi leaders , count 3 , which stated that all the defendants had " conducted deliberate and systematic genocide namely , the extermination of racial and national groups . . . " | in 1948 the worldwide acceptance of international laws that defined and forbade genocide was promulgated by which treaty ? | convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide | 132 | 19 | 11 |
because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide ( cppcg ) , those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the holocaust were found guilty of crimes against humanity and other more specific crimes like murder . nevertheless , the holocaust is universally recognized to have been a genocide and the term , that had been coined the year before by raphael lemkin , appeared in the indictment of the 24 nazi leaders , count 3 , which stated that all the defendants had " conducted deliberate and systematic genocide namely , the extermination of racial and national groups . . . " | perpetrators who were tried after world war ii were in general found guilty of crimes against what ? | humanity | 132 | 18 | 1 |
because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide ( cppcg ) , those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the holocaust were found guilty of crimes against humanity and other more specific crimes like murder . nevertheless , the holocaust is universally recognized to have been a genocide and the term , that had been coined the year before by raphael lemkin , appeared in the indictment of the 24 nazi leaders , count 3 , which stated that all the defendants had " conducted deliberate and systematic genocide namely , the extermination of racial and national groups . . . " | an example of a more specific genocidal crime of which one could be accused was what ? | crimes like murder | 132 | 17 | 3 |
because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide ( cppcg ) , those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the holocaust were found guilty of crimes against humanity and other more specific crimes like murder . nevertheless , the holocaust is universally recognized to have been a genocide and the term , that had been coined the year before by raphael lemkin , appeared in the indictment of the 24 nazi leaders , count 3 , which stated that all the defendants had " conducted deliberate and systematic genocide namely , the extermination of racial and national groups . . . " | after wwii criminals were largely prosecuted under cppcg for their involvement in what massive genocidal effort ? | the holocaust | 132 | 17 | 2 |
because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide ( cppcg ) , those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the holocaust were found guilty of crimes against humanity and other more specific crimes like murder . nevertheless , the holocaust is universally recognized to have been a genocide and the term , that had been coined the year before by raphael lemkin , appeared in the indictment of the 24 nazi leaders , count 3 , which stated that all the defendants had " conducted deliberate and systematic genocide namely , the extermination of racial and national groups . . . " | who is notable for coining the term " holocaust ? " | raphael lemkin | 132 | 11 | 2 |
about 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in bosnia . to date , after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men , vujadin popovi and ljubi a beara , have been found guilty of committing genocide , zdravko tolimir has been found guilty of committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide , and two others , radislav krsti and drago nikoli , have been found guilty of aiding and abetting genocide . three others have been found guilty of participating in genocides in bosnia by german courts , one of whom nikola jorgi lost an appeal against his conviction in the european court of human rights . a further eight men , former members of the bosnian serb security forces were found guilty of genocide by the state court of bosnia and herzegovina ( see list of bosnian genocide prosecutions ) . | in the 1990s , how many people were indicted for war crimes that were officially defined as genocide ? | about 30 | 160 | 19 | 2 |
about 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in bosnia . to date , after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men , vujadin popovi and ljubi a beara , have been found guilty of committing genocide , zdravko tolimir has been found guilty of committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide , and two others , radislav krsti and drago nikoli , have been found guilty of aiding and abetting genocide . three others have been found guilty of participating in genocides in bosnia by german courts , one of whom nikola jorgi lost an appeal against his conviction in the european court of human rights . a further eight men , former members of the bosnian serb security forces were found guilty of genocide by the state court of bosnia and herzegovina ( see list of bosnian genocide prosecutions ) . | convicted perpetrators popovic and beara were found guilty of genocide despite what evasive action ? | several plea bargains | 160 | 15 | 3 |
about 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in bosnia . to date , after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men , vujadin popovi and ljubi a beara , have been found guilty of committing genocide , zdravko tolimir has been found guilty of committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide , and two others , radislav krsti and drago nikoli , have been found guilty of aiding and abetting genocide . three others have been found guilty of participating in genocides in bosnia by german courts , one of whom nikola jorgi lost an appeal against his conviction in the european court of human rights . a further eight men , former members of the bosnian serb security forces were found guilty of genocide by the state court of bosnia and herzegovina ( see list of bosnian genocide prosecutions ) . | tolimir was found guilty of both genocide and what other charge ? | conspiracy to commit genocide | 160 | 12 | 4 |
about 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in bosnia . to date , after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men , vujadin popovi and ljubi a beara , have been found guilty of committing genocide , zdravko tolimir has been found guilty of committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide , and two others , radislav krsti and drago nikoli , have been found guilty of aiding and abetting genocide . three others have been found guilty of participating in genocides in bosnia by german courts , one of whom nikola jorgi lost an appeal against his conviction in the european court of human rights . a further eight men , former members of the bosnian serb security forces were found guilty of genocide by the state court of bosnia and herzegovina ( see list of bosnian genocide prosecutions ) . | another charge beyond the act of genocide and for which krstic and nikolic were found guilty was what ? | aiding and abetting genocide | 160 | 19 | 4 |
about 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in bosnia . to date , after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men , vujadin popovi and ljubi a beara , have been found guilty of committing genocide , zdravko tolimir has been found guilty of committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide , and two others , radislav krsti and drago nikoli , have been found guilty of aiding and abetting genocide . three others have been found guilty of participating in genocides in bosnia by german courts , one of whom nikola jorgi lost an appeal against his conviction in the european court of human rights . a further eight men , former members of the bosnian serb security forces were found guilty of genocide by the state court of bosnia and herzegovina ( see list of bosnian genocide prosecutions ) . | three others were charged with participating in genocides in bosnia by which country ' s courts ? | german courts | 160 | 17 | 2 |
slobodan milo evi , as the former president of serbia and of yugoslavia , was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the icty . he died on 11 march 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within bosnia and herzegovina , so no verdict was returned . in 1995 , the icty issued a warrant for the arrest of bosnian serbs radovan karad i and ratko mladi on several charges including genocide . on 21 july 2008 , karad i was arrested in belgrade , and he is currently in the hague on trial accused of genocide among other crimes . ratko mladi was arrested on 26 may 2011 by serbian special police in lazarevo , serbia . karadzic was convicted of ten of the eleven charges laid against him and sentenced to 40 years in prison on march 24 2016 . | what event occurred in march 2006 that essentially ended milosevic ' s trial ? | he died | 154 | 14 | 2 |
slobodan milo evi , as the former president of serbia and of yugoslavia , was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the icty . he died on 11 march 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within bosnia and herzegovina , so no verdict was returned . in 1995 , the icty issued a warrant for the arrest of bosnian serbs radovan karad i and ratko mladi on several charges including genocide . on 21 july 2008 , karad i was arrested in belgrade , and he is currently in the hague on trial accused of genocide among other crimes . ratko mladi was arrested on 26 may 2011 by serbian special police in lazarevo , serbia . karadzic was convicted of ten of the eleven charges laid against him and sentenced to 40 years in prison on march 24 2016 . | where was karadzic when he was finally arrested ? | belgrade | 154 | 9 | 1 |
slobodan milo evi , as the former president of serbia and of yugoslavia , was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the icty . he died on 11 march 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within bosnia and herzegovina , so no verdict was returned . in 1995 , the icty issued a warrant for the arrest of bosnian serbs radovan karad i and ratko mladi on several charges including genocide . on 21 july 2008 , karad i was arrested in belgrade , and he is currently in the hague on trial accused of genocide among other crimes . ratko mladi was arrested on 26 may 2011 by serbian special police in lazarevo , serbia . karadzic was convicted of ten of the eleven charges laid against him and sentenced to 40 years in prison on march 24 2016 . | with milosevic dead , who did the icty next charge with crimes of genocide in 1995 ? | radovan karad i and ratko mladi | 154 | 17 | 6 |
slobodan milo evi , as the former president of serbia and of yugoslavia , was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the icty . he died on 11 march 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within bosnia and herzegovina , so no verdict was returned . in 1995 , the icty issued a warrant for the arrest of bosnian serbs radovan karad i and ratko mladi on several charges including genocide . on 21 july 2008 , karad i was arrested in belgrade , and he is currently in the hague on trial accused of genocide among other crimes . ratko mladi was arrested on 26 may 2011 by serbian special police in lazarevo , serbia . karadzic was convicted of ten of the eleven charges laid against him and sentenced to 40 years in prison on march 24 2016 . | had milosevic not died , what charges might he have been convicted of ? | genocide or complicity in genocide | 154 | 14 | 5 |
slobodan milo evi , as the former president of serbia and of yugoslavia , was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the icty . he died on 11 march 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within bosnia and herzegovina , so no verdict was returned . in 1995 , the icty issued a warrant for the arrest of bosnian serbs radovan karad i and ratko mladi on several charges including genocide . on 21 july 2008 , karad i was arrested in belgrade , and he is currently in the hague on trial accused of genocide among other crimes . ratko mladi was arrested on 26 may 2011 by serbian special police in lazarevo , serbia . karadzic was convicted of ten of the eleven charges laid against him and sentenced to 40 years in prison on march 24 2016 . | which former president was by far the most senior politician to be accused of genocidal crimes by the icty ? | slobodan milo evi | 154 | 20 | 3 |
the international criminal tribunal for rwanda ( ictr ) is a court under the auspices of the united nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during april 1994 , commencing on 6 april . the ictr was created on 8 november 1994 by the security council of the united nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of rwanda , or by rwandan citizens in nearby states , between 1 january and 31 december 1994 . | what court was established under the aegis of the united nations to prosecute genocidal crimes in rwanda ? | international criminal tribunal for rwanda ( ictr ) | 101 | 18 | 8 |
the international criminal tribunal for rwanda ( ictr ) is a court under the auspices of the united nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during april 1994 , commencing on 6 april . the ictr was created on 8 november 1994 by the security council of the united nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of rwanda , or by rwandan citizens in nearby states , between 1 january and 31 december 1994 . | the prosecutorial efforts of the ictr focused on genocidal acts that took place during which time period ? | april 1994 | 101 | 18 | 2 |
the international criminal tribunal for rwanda ( ictr ) is a court under the auspices of the united nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during april 1994 , commencing on 6 april . the ictr was created on 8 november 1994 by the security council of the united nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of rwanda , or by rwandan citizens in nearby states , between 1 january and 31 december 1994 . | the ictr was created in november 1995 by which branch of the un ? | the security council of the united nations | 101 | 14 | 7 |
the international criminal tribunal for rwanda ( ictr ) is a court under the auspices of the united nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during april 1994 , commencing on 6 april . the ictr was created on 8 november 1994 by the security council of the united nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of rwanda , or by rwandan citizens in nearby states , between 1 january and 31 december 1994 . | the ictr was established for the purpose of convicting those responsible for acts of genocide and what other charges ? | serious violations of the international law | 101 | 20 | 6 |
the international criminal tribunal for rwanda ( ictr ) is a court under the auspices of the united nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during april 1994 , commencing on 6 april . the ictr was created on 8 november 1994 by the security council of the united nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of rwanda , or by rwandan citizens in nearby states , between 1 january and 31 december 1994 . | the charges of genocide brought up by the ictr were against what group of people ? | rwandan citizens | 101 | 16 | 2 |
in march 2005 , the security council formally referred the situation in darfur to the prosecutor of the international criminal court , taking into account the commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes . two permanent members of the security council , the united states and china , abstained from the vote on the referral resolution . as of his fourth report to the security council , the prosecutor has found " reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified in the un security council resolution 1593 have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes , " but did not find sufficient evidence to prosecute for genocide . | to whom did the security council officially refer the situation in darfur ? | prosecutor of the international criminal court | 109 | 13 | 6 |
in march 2005 , the security council formally referred the situation in darfur to the prosecutor of the international criminal court , taking into account the commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes . two permanent members of the security council , the united states and china , abstained from the vote on the referral resolution . as of his fourth report to the security council , the prosecutor has found " reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified in the un security council resolution 1593 have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes , " but did not find sufficient evidence to prosecute for genocide . | what was taken into account , without mentioning specific crimes ? | the commission report | 109 | 11 | 3 |
in march 2005 , the security council formally referred the situation in darfur to the prosecutor of the international criminal court , taking into account the commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes . two permanent members of the security council , the united states and china , abstained from the vote on the referral resolution . as of his fourth report to the security council , the prosecutor has found " reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified in the un security council resolution 1593 have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes , " but did not find sufficient evidence to prosecute for genocide . | china and what other permanent member of the security council abstained from the vote on the referral resolution ? | the united states | 109 | 19 | 3 |
in march 2005 , the security council formally referred the situation in darfur to the prosecutor of the international criminal court , taking into account the commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes . two permanent members of the security council , the united states and china , abstained from the vote on the referral resolution . as of his fourth report to the security council , the prosecutor has found " reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified in the un security council resolution 1593 have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes , " but did not find sufficient evidence to prosecute for genocide . | in which number report to the council did the prosecutor concede that crimes had been committed but evidence for prosecution was insufficient ? | his fourth report | 109 | 23 | 3 |
the emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon . emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy . the antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics . under certain conditions , it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria , while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug . for example , antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the luria delbr ck experiment . antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin , which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains , have become less effective , due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains . | what is a modern common occurence with antibiotics ? | resistance of bacteria | 133 | 9 | 3 |
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