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the emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon . emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy . the antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics . under certain conditions , it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria , while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug . for example , antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the luria delbr ck experiment . antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin , which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains , have become less effective , due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains . | what is resistance to antibiotics a cause of ? | evolution | 133 | 9 | 1 |
the emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon . emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy . the antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics . under certain conditions , it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria , while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug . for example , antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the luria delbr ck experiment . antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin , which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains , have become less effective , due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains . | when was the luria delbruck experiment ? | 1943 | 133 | 7 | 1 |
the emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon . emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy . the antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics . under certain conditions , it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria , while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug . for example , antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the luria delbr ck experiment . antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin , which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains , have become less effective , due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains . | which two antibiotics that have high efficacy are much less useful now ? | penicillin and erythromycin | 133 | 13 | 3 |
the emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon . emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy . the antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics . under certain conditions , it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria , while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug . for example , antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the luria delbr ck experiment . antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin , which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains , have become less effective , due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains . | what does emergence of resistance reflect ? | evolutionary processes | 133 | 7 | 2 |
the emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon . emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy . the antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics . under certain conditions , it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria , while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug . for example , antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the luria delbr ck experiment . antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin , which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains , have become less effective , due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains . | what is the purpose of antibiotic treatment ? | survive high doses of antibiotics | 133 | 8 | 5 |
the emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon . emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy . the antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics . under certain conditions , it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria , while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug . for example , antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the luria delbr ck experiment . antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin , which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains , have become less effective , due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains . | when was antibacterial resistance demonstrated ? | 1943 | 133 | 6 | 1 |
the emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon . emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy . the antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics . under certain conditions , it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria , while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug . for example , antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the luria delbr ck experiment . antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin , which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains , have become less effective , due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains . | who made the demonstration in 1943 ? | luria delbr ck | 133 | 7 | 3 |
the successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors . these include host defense mechanisms , the location of infection , and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial . a bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase , and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells . these findings are based on laboratory studies , and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection . since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration , in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial . to predict clinical outcome , the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile , and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy . | what does the potency of antibacterials depend upon ? | concentration | 147 | 9 | 1 |
the successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors . these include host defense mechanisms , the location of infection , and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial . a bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase , and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells . these findings are based on laboratory studies , and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection . since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration , in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial . to predict clinical outcome , the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile , and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy . | what does this eliminate ? | bacterial infection | 147 | 5 | 2 |
the successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors . these include host defense mechanisms , the location of infection , and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial . a bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase , and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells . these findings are based on laboratory studies , and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection . since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration , in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial . to predict clinical outcome , the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile , and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy . | what does the bactericidal activitty of antibacterials depend on what ? | bacterial growth phase | 147 | 11 | 3 |
the successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors . these include host defense mechanisms , the location of infection , and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial . a bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase , and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells . these findings are based on laboratory studies , and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection . since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration , in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial . to predict clinical outcome , the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile , and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy . | what besides ongoing metabolic activity is required in bactericidal activity ? | division of bacterial cells | 147 | 11 | 4 |
the successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors . these include host defense mechanisms , the location of infection , and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial . a bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase , and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells . these findings are based on laboratory studies , and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection . since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration , in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial . to predict clinical outcome , the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile , and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy . | what does the activity of antibacterials depends on ? | concentration | 147 | 9 | 1 |
the successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors . these include host defense mechanisms , the location of infection , and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial . a bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase , and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells . these findings are based on laboratory studies , and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection . since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration , in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial . to predict clinical outcome , the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile , and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy . | what does a successful treatment using antibiotics entail ? | host defense mechanisms , the location of infection , and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial | 147 | 9 | 18 |
the successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors . these include host defense mechanisms , the location of infection , and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial . a bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase , and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells . these findings are based on laboratory studies , and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection . since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration , in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial . to predict clinical outcome , the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile , and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy . | how do you predict the clinical result ? | several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy | 147 | 8 | 10 |
with advances in medicinal chemistry , most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds . these include , for example , the beta lactam antibiotics , which include the penicillins ( produced by fungi in the genus penicillium ) , the cephalosporins , and the carbapenems . compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides , whereas other antibacterials for example , the sulfonamides , the quinolones , and the oxazolidinones are produced solely by chemical synthesis . many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units . citation needed | what are antibiotics in chemical terms ? | semisynthetic modifications | 104 | 7 | 2 |
with advances in medicinal chemistry , most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds . these include , for example , the beta lactam antibiotics , which include the penicillins ( produced by fungi in the genus penicillium ) , the cephalosporins , and the carbapenems . compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides , whereas other antibacterials for example , the sulfonamides , the quinolones , and the oxazolidinones are produced solely by chemical synthesis . many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units . citation needed | what type of antibiotics include penicilin ? | beta lactam antibiotics | 104 | 7 | 3 |
with advances in medicinal chemistry , most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds . these include , for example , the beta lactam antibiotics , which include the penicillins ( produced by fungi in the genus penicillium ) , the cephalosporins , and the carbapenems . compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides , whereas other antibacterials for example , the sulfonamides , the quinolones , and the oxazolidinones are produced solely by chemical synthesis . many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units . citation needed | what are the type of antibiotics which are taken from still living things ? | aminoglycosides | 104 | 14 | 1 |
with advances in medicinal chemistry , most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds . these include , for example , the beta lactam antibiotics , which include the penicillins ( produced by fungi in the genus penicillium ) , the cephalosporins , and the carbapenems . compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides , whereas other antibacterials for example , the sulfonamides , the quinolones , and the oxazolidinones are produced solely by chemical synthesis . many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units . citation needed | how are the slufonamides , quinolones , and oxazolidinones created ? | synthesis | 104 | 11 | 1 |
with advances in medicinal chemistry , most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds . these include , for example , the beta lactam antibiotics , which include the penicillins ( produced by fungi in the genus penicillium ) , the cephalosporins , and the carbapenems . compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides , whereas other antibacterials for example , the sulfonamides , the quinolones , and the oxazolidinones are produced solely by chemical synthesis . many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units . citation needed | besides semisytetic modifications , what advances in medicinal chemistry regarding antibacterials ? | various natural compounds | 104 | 12 | 3 |
with advances in medicinal chemistry , most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds . these include , for example , the beta lactam antibiotics , which include the penicillins ( produced by fungi in the genus penicillium ) , the cephalosporins , and the carbapenems . compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides , whereas other antibacterials for example , the sulfonamides , the quinolones , and the oxazolidinones are produced solely by chemical synthesis . many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units . citation needed | what is the molecular weight loss of antibacterial compounds ? | 2000 atomic mass units | 104 | 10 | 4 |
with advances in medicinal chemistry , most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds . these include , for example , the beta lactam antibiotics , which include the penicillins ( produced by fungi in the genus penicillium ) , the cephalosporins , and the carbapenems . compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides , whereas other antibacterials for example , the sulfonamides , the quinolones , and the oxazolidinones are produced solely by chemical synthesis . many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units . citation needed | what is included in the beta lactam antibiotics ? | penicillins | 104 | 9 | 1 |
with advances in medicinal chemistry , most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds . these include , for example , the beta lactam antibiotics , which include the penicillins ( produced by fungi in the genus penicillium ) , the cephalosporins , and the carbapenems . compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides , whereas other antibacterials for example , the sulfonamides , the quinolones , and the oxazolidinones are produced solely by chemical synthesis . many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units . citation needed | what is penicillins produced by ? | fungi | 104 | 6 | 1 |
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat that is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . | what is one disease that has been nearly eradicated thanks to vaccines and antibiotics ? | tuberculosis | 116 | 15 | 1 |
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat that is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . | what is one issue that can arise from overuse of antibiotics ? | overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance | 116 | 12 | 12 |
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat that is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . | what organization called antimicrobial resistance a ' serious threat ? ' | world health organization | 116 | 11 | 3 |
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat that is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . | in which century were antibiotics first introduced ? | 20th century | 116 | 8 | 2 |
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat that is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . | what can be affected by issues resulting from overuse of antibiotics ? | anyone , of any age , in any country | 116 | 12 | 9 |
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat that is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . | what does there medicines do for livestock ? | develop resistance | 116 | 8 | 2 |
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat that is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . | what organization classifies this as a current serious threat in the whole world ? ? | world health organization | 116 | 15 | 3 |
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat that is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . | in what century did antibiotics revolutionized medicine ? | 20th | 116 | 8 | 1 |
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat that is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . | besides antimicrobial , what did the overused medicine cause ? | antibiotic resistance | 116 | 10 | 2 |
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat that is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . | what other medicine worked along antibiotics to eradicate diseases like tuberculosis ? | vaccination | 116 | 12 | 1 |
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat that is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . | when did antibiotics revolutinzed medicine ? | 20th century | 116 | 6 | 2 |
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat that is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . | what happened when antibiotics was over used in livestock ? | develop resistance | 116 | 10 | 2 |
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat that is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . | what organization stated that the world has this serious problem ? | world health organization | 116 | 11 | 3 |
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat that is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . | what regions in the world does this apply in ? | every region of the world | 116 | 10 | 5 |
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat that is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . | when were antibiotics created ? | 20th century | 116 | 5 | 2 |
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat that is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . | what is a common problem in antibiotic use ? | antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance | 116 | 9 | 4 |
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat that is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . | who else uses antibiotics besides the medical industry ? | livestock raising | 116 | 9 | 2 |
antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century , and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world . their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance . this has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance , so much as to prompt the world health organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a " serious threat that is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country " . | what disease did antibiotics help eliminate ? | tuberculosis | 116 | 7 | 1 |
in empirical therapy , a patient has proven or suspected infection , but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified . while the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic . empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory . | what is one kind of therapy that may be used when a patience has an infection , but it has not been identified ? | empirical therapy | 83 | 24 | 2 |
in empirical therapy , a patient has proven or suspected infection , but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified . while the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic . empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory . | where do doctors perform microorganism identification testing ? | laboratory | 83 | 8 | 1 |
in empirical therapy , a patient has proven or suspected infection , but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified . while the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic . empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory . | what kinds of antibiotics are most commonly used for empirical therapy ? | broad spectrum antibiotic | 83 | 12 | 3 |
in empirical therapy , a patient has proven or suspected infection , but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified . while the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic . empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory . | at what stage does a doctor begin empirical therapy ? | while the microorgainsim is being identified | 83 | 10 | 6 |
in empirical therapy , a patient has proven or suspected infection , but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified . while the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic . empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory . | how long does the identification process take ? | several days | 83 | 8 | 2 |
in empirical therapy , a patient has proven or suspected infection , but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified . while the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic . empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory . | what happens when a doctor doesn ' t know the microorganism yet ? | broad spectrum antibiotic | 83 | 13 | 3 |
in empirical therapy , a patient has proven or suspected infection , but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified . while the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic . empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory . | what happens in empirical therapy ? | a patient has proven or suspected infection , but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified | 83 | 6 | 16 |
in empirical therapy , a patient has proven or suspected infection , but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified . while the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic . empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory . | when is empirical started ? | before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim | 83 | 5 | 9 |
the majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills , such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low ( about 1 ) . in cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills , such as for the broad spectrum antibacterial rifampicin , these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes ' causing increased breakdown of the pill ' s active ingredients . effects on the intestinal flora , which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon , have also been suggested , but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial . clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives . | do antibiotics interact with birth control pills ? | the majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills | 141 | 8 | 11 |
the majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills , such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low ( about 1 ) . in cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills , such as for the broad spectrum antibacterial rifampicin , these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes ' causing increased breakdown of the pill ' s active ingredients . effects on the intestinal flora , which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon , have also been suggested , but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial . clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives . | what percentage of birth control pill failure is attributed to antibiotics ? | about 1 | 141 | 12 | 2 |
the majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills , such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low ( about 1 ) . in cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills , such as for the broad spectrum antibacterial rifampicin , these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes ' causing increased breakdown of the pill ' s active ingredients . effects on the intestinal flora , which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon , have also been suggested , but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial . clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives . | what are the potential effects on intestinal flora ? | reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon | 141 | 9 | 7 |
the majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills , such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low ( about 1 ) . in cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills , such as for the broad spectrum antibacterial rifampicin , these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes ' causing increased breakdown of the pill ' s active ingredients . effects on the intestinal flora , which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon , have also been suggested , but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial . clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives . | have these potential effects been proven through testing ? | inconclusive and controversial | 141 | 9 | 3 |
the majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills , such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low ( about 1 ) . in cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills , such as for the broad spectrum antibacterial rifampicin , these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes ' causing increased breakdown of the pill ' s active ingredients . effects on the intestinal flora , which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon , have also been suggested , but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial . clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives . | what do physicians recommend to counteract this potential issue ? | extra contraceptive measures | 141 | 10 | 3 |
the majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills , such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low ( about 1 ) . in cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills , such as for the broad spectrum antibacterial rifampicin , these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes ' causing increased breakdown of the pill ' s active ingredients . effects on the intestinal flora , which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon , have also been suggested , but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial . clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives . | what do antibiotics interfere with ? | contraceptive pills | 141 | 6 | 2 |
the majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills , such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low ( about 1 ) . in cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills , such as for the broad spectrum antibacterial rifampicin , these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes ' causing increased breakdown of the pill ' s active ingredients . effects on the intestinal flora , which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon , have also been suggested , but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial . clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives . | what percent is the failure rate of contraceptive pills ? | about 1 | 141 | 10 | 2 |
the majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills , such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low ( about 1 ) . in cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills , such as for the broad spectrum antibacterial rifampicin , these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes ' causing increased breakdown of the pill ' s active ingredients . effects on the intestinal flora , which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon , have also been suggested , but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial . clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives . | whhat does intestinal flora reduce ? | absorption of estrogens | 141 | 6 | 3 |
the majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills , such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low ( about 1 ) . in cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills , such as for the broad spectrum antibacterial rifampicin , these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes ' causing increased breakdown of the pill ' s active ingredients . effects on the intestinal flora , which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon , have also been suggested , but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial . clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives . | in therapy , what does the antibacterial interact with ? | oral contraceptives | 141 | 10 | 2 |
the majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills , such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low ( about 1 ) . in cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills , such as for the broad spectrum antibacterial rifampicin , these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes ' causing increased breakdown of the pill ' s active ingredients . effects on the intestinal flora , which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon , have also been suggested , but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial . clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives . | do antibiotics mess with birth control pills ? | antibiotics do interfere | 141 | 8 | 3 |
the majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills , such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low ( about 1 ) . in cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills , such as for the broad spectrum antibacterial rifampicin , these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes ' causing increased breakdown of the pill ' s active ingredients . effects on the intestinal flora , which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon , have also been suggested , but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial . clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives . | what should women do if they are using antibiotics and birth control pills ? | extra contraceptive measures | 141 | 14 | 3 |
the majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills , such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low ( about 1 ) . in cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills , such as for the broad spectrum antibacterial rifampicin , these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes ' causing increased breakdown of the pill ' s active ingredients . effects on the intestinal flora , which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon , have also been suggested , but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial . clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives . | what is birth control failure rate due to antibiotics ? | about 1 | 141 | 10 | 2 |
interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy . while moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics , there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side effects . therefore , potential risks of side effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered . despite the lack of a categorical counterindication , the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread . | what is one potential issue with drinking alcohol while taking antibiotics ? | decreased effectiveness | 87 | 12 | 2 |
interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy . while moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics , there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side effects . therefore , potential risks of side effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered . despite the lack of a categorical counterindication , the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread . | do all antibiotics interact dangerously with alcohol ? | moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics | 87 | 8 | 11 |
interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy . while moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics , there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side effects . therefore , potential risks of side effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered . despite the lack of a categorical counterindication , the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread . | is it ok to drink alcohol while taking any antibiotic ? | there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side effects | 87 | 11 | 15 |
interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy . while moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics , there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side effects . therefore , potential risks of side effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered . despite the lack of a categorical counterindication , the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread . | how common is the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed ? | widespread | 87 | 14 | 1 |
interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy . while moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics , there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side effects . therefore , potential risks of side effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered . despite the lack of a categorical counterindication , the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread . | what can alcohol and certain antibiotics cause ? | decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy | 87 | 8 | 5 |
interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy . while moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics , there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side effects . therefore , potential risks of side effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered . despite the lack of a categorical counterindication , the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread . | what is unlikely to interfere with with many common antibiotics ? | alcohol consumption | 87 | 11 | 2 |
interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy . while moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics , there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side effects . therefore , potential risks of side effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered . despite the lack of a categorical counterindication , the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread . | what belief should bever be mixed widespread ? | alcohol and antibiotics | 87 | 8 | 3 |
interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy . while moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics , there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side effects . therefore , potential risks of side effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered . despite the lack of a categorical counterindication , the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread . | what common drug can reduce antibiotic effectiveness ? | alcohol | 87 | 8 | 1 |
interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy . while moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics , there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side effects . therefore , potential risks of side effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered . despite the lack of a categorical counterindication , the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread . | what type of antibiotic is most likely to be a problem with alcohol ? | specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side effects | 87 | 14 | 13 |
interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy . while moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics , there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side effects . therefore , potential risks of side effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered . despite the lack of a categorical counterindication , the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread . | should alcohol be used while on antibiotics ? | alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed | 87 | 8 | 7 |
several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist . intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains . for example , an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome . acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra chromosomal dna . antibacterial producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to , and may have been transferred to , antibacterial resistant strains . the spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of dna by horizontal genetic exchange . for instance , antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes . plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials . cross resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound . | what is part of hje the make up of bacterial strains ? | intrinsic antibacterial resistance | 169 | 12 | 3 |
several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist . intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains . for example , an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome . acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra chromosomal dna . antibacterial producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to , and may have been transferred to , antibacterial resistant strains . the spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of dna by horizontal genetic exchange . for instance , antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes . plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials . cross resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound . | what is exchanged between between bacterial strains or species via plasmids that have this resistance ? | antibacterial resistance genes | 169 | 16 | 3 |
several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist . intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains . for example , an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome . acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra chromosomal dna . antibacterial producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to , and may have been transferred to , antibacterial resistant strains . the spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of dna by horizontal genetic exchange . for instance , antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes . plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials . cross resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound . | what can be absent from the bacterial genome ? | antibiotic target | 169 | 9 | 2 |
several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist . intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains . for example , an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome . acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra chromosomal dna . antibacterial producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to , and may have been transferred to , antibacterial resistant strains . the spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of dna by horizontal genetic exchange . for instance , antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes . plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials . cross resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound . | when does the spread of antibacterial resistance frequently occurs | vertical transmission | 169 | 9 | 2 |
several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist . intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains . for example , an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome . acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra chromosomal dna . antibacterial producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to , and may have been transferred to , antibacterial resistant strains . the spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of dna by horizontal genetic exchange . for instance , antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes . plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials . cross resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound . | what does some resistance come from ? | mutation | 169 | 7 | 1 |
several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist . intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains . for example , an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome . acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra chromosomal dna . antibacterial producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to , and may have been transferred to , antibacterial resistant strains . the spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of dna by horizontal genetic exchange . for instance , antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes . plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials . cross resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound . | what method of spread can occur in antibacterial resistance ? | vertical transmission of mutations | 169 | 10 | 4 |
several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist . intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains . for example , an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome . acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra chromosomal dna . antibacterial producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to , and may have been transferred to , antibacterial resistant strains . the spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of dna by horizontal genetic exchange . for instance , antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes . plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials . cross resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound . | what do plasmids do in resistance ? | carry several different resistance genes | 169 | 7 | 5 |
antibacterial resistant strains and species , sometimes referred to as " superbugs " , now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled . for example , emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis ( tb ) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeutic challenges . every year , nearly half a million new cases of multidrug resistant tuberculosis ( mdr tb ) are estimated to occur worldwide . for example , ndm 1 is a newly identified enzyme conveying bacterial resistance to a broad range of beta lactam antibacterials . the united kingdom ' s health protection agency has stated that " most isolates with ndm 1 enzyme are resistant to all standard intravenous antibiotics for treatment of severe infections . " | what are strains that are resistant to antibiotics called sometimes ? | superbugs | 130 | 11 | 1 |
antibacterial resistant strains and species , sometimes referred to as " superbugs " , now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled . for example , emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis ( tb ) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeutic challenges . every year , nearly half a million new cases of multidrug resistant tuberculosis ( mdr tb ) are estimated to occur worldwide . for example , ndm 1 is a newly identified enzyme conveying bacterial resistance to a broad range of beta lactam antibacterials . the united kingdom ' s health protection agency has stated that " most isolates with ndm 1 enzyme are resistant to all standard intravenous antibiotics for treatment of severe infections . " | what was a once almost controlled disease that is coming back do to resistance ? | tuberculosis | 130 | 15 | 1 |
antibacterial resistant strains and species , sometimes referred to as " superbugs " , now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled . for example , emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis ( tb ) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeutic challenges . every year , nearly half a million new cases of multidrug resistant tuberculosis ( mdr tb ) are estimated to occur worldwide . for example , ndm 1 is a newly identified enzyme conveying bacterial resistance to a broad range of beta lactam antibacterials . the united kingdom ' s health protection agency has stated that " most isolates with ndm 1 enzyme are resistant to all standard intravenous antibiotics for treatment of severe infections . " | how many new infections of resistant tb are reported per year ? | half a million | 130 | 12 | 3 |
antibacterial resistant strains and species , sometimes referred to as " superbugs " , now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled . for example , emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis ( tb ) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeutic challenges . every year , nearly half a million new cases of multidrug resistant tuberculosis ( mdr tb ) are estimated to occur worldwide . for example , ndm 1 is a newly identified enzyme conveying bacterial resistance to a broad range of beta lactam antibacterials . the united kingdom ' s health protection agency has stated that " most isolates with ndm 1 enzyme are resistant to all standard intravenous antibiotics for treatment of severe infections . " | what is the acronym used to describe resistant tb ? | mdr tb | 130 | 10 | 2 |
inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics have contributed to the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria . self prescription of antibiotics is an example of misuse . many antibiotics are frequently prescribed to treat symptoms or diseases that do not respond to antibiotics or that are likely to resolve without treatment . also , incorrect or suboptimal antibiotics are prescribed for certain bacterial infections . the overuse of antibiotics , like penicillin and erythromycin , has been associated with emerging antibiotic resistance since the 1950s . widespread usage of antibiotics in hospitals has also been associated with increases in bacterial strains and species that no longer respond to treatment with the most common antibiotics . | what are the two biggest reasons for resistance ? | inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse | 115 | 9 | 5 |
inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics have contributed to the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria . self prescription of antibiotics is an example of misuse . many antibiotics are frequently prescribed to treat symptoms or diseases that do not respond to antibiotics or that are likely to resolve without treatment . also , incorrect or suboptimal antibiotics are prescribed for certain bacterial infections . the overuse of antibiotics , like penicillin and erythromycin , has been associated with emerging antibiotic resistance since the 1950s . widespread usage of antibiotics in hospitals has also been associated with increases in bacterial strains and species that no longer respond to treatment with the most common antibiotics . | what is a common method of misuse ? | self prescription | 115 | 8 | 2 |
inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics have contributed to the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria . self prescription of antibiotics is an example of misuse . many antibiotics are frequently prescribed to treat symptoms or diseases that do not respond to antibiotics or that are likely to resolve without treatment . also , incorrect or suboptimal antibiotics are prescribed for certain bacterial infections . the overuse of antibiotics , like penicillin and erythromycin , has been associated with emerging antibiotic resistance since the 1950s . widespread usage of antibiotics in hospitals has also been associated with increases in bacterial strains and species that no longer respond to treatment with the most common antibiotics . | what is an example of bad treatment causing resistance ? | overuse of antibiotics | 115 | 10 | 3 |
common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient ' s weight and history of prior use . other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic , incorrect dosage and administration , or failure to rest for sufficient recovery . inappropriate antibiotic treatment , for example , is their prescription to treat viral infections such as the common cold . one study on respiratory tract infections found " physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients who appeared to expect them " . multifactorial interventions aimed at both physicians and patients can reduce inappropriate prescription of antibiotics . | what is a way of improperly using antibiotics for those traveling ? | prophylactic antibiotics | 128 | 12 | 2 |
common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient ' s weight and history of prior use . other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic , incorrect dosage and administration , or failure to rest for sufficient recovery . inappropriate antibiotic treatment , for example , is their prescription to treat viral infections such as the common cold . one study on respiratory tract infections found " physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients who appeared to expect them " . multifactorial interventions aimed at both physicians and patients can reduce inappropriate prescription of antibiotics . | what can happen if a doctor doesn ' t prescribe to a person ' s weight and prior use ? | failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage | 128 | 20 | 9 |
common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient ' s weight and history of prior use . other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic , incorrect dosage and administration , or failure to rest for sufficient recovery . inappropriate antibiotic treatment , for example , is their prescription to treat viral infections such as the common cold . one study on respiratory tract infections found " physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients who appeared to expect them " . multifactorial interventions aimed at both physicians and patients can reduce inappropriate prescription of antibiotics . | what are 3 other common forms of bad antibiotic practices ? | failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic , incorrect dosage and administration , or failure to rest for sufficient recovery | 128 | 11 | 23 |
common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient ' s weight and history of prior use . other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic , incorrect dosage and administration , or failure to rest for sufficient recovery . inappropriate antibiotic treatment , for example , is their prescription to treat viral infections such as the common cold . one study on respiratory tract infections found " physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients who appeared to expect them " . multifactorial interventions aimed at both physicians and patients can reduce inappropriate prescription of antibiotics . | what happens when a cold is treated with antibiotics ? | inappropriate antibiotic treatment | 128 | 10 | 3 |
common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient ' s weight and history of prior use . other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic , incorrect dosage and administration , or failure to rest for sufficient recovery . inappropriate antibiotic treatment , for example , is their prescription to treat viral infections such as the common cold . one study on respiratory tract infections found " physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients who appeared to expect them " . multifactorial interventions aimed at both physicians and patients can reduce inappropriate prescription of antibiotics . | what do doctors usually do when a patient seems to want antibiotics even though they may not be right ? | prescribe antibiotics | 128 | 20 | 2 |
several organizations concerned with antimicrobial resistance are lobbying to eliminate the unnecessary use of antibiotics . the issues of misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been addressed by the formation of the us interagency task force on antimicrobial resistance . this task force aims to actively address antimicrobial resistance , and is coordinated by the us centers for disease control and prevention , the food and drug administration ( fda ) , and the national institutes of health ( nih ) , as well as other us agencies . an ngo campaign group is keep antibiotics working . in france , an " antibiotics are not automatic " government campaign started in 2002 and led to a marked reduction of unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions , especially in children . | what is the name of a us government agency tasked with trying to stop improper use of antibiotics ? | us interagency task force on antimicrobial resistance | 128 | 19 | 7 |
several organizations concerned with antimicrobial resistance are lobbying to eliminate the unnecessary use of antibiotics . the issues of misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been addressed by the formation of the us interagency task force on antimicrobial resistance . this task force aims to actively address antimicrobial resistance , and is coordinated by the us centers for disease control and prevention , the food and drug administration ( fda ) , and the national institutes of health ( nih ) , as well as other us agencies . an ngo campaign group is keep antibiotics working . in france , an " antibiotics are not automatic " government campaign started in 2002 and led to a marked reduction of unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions , especially in children . | which agencies control this task force ? | us centers for disease control and prevention , the food and drug administration ( fda ) , and the national institutes of health ( nih ) | 128 | 7 | 26 |
several organizations concerned with antimicrobial resistance are lobbying to eliminate the unnecessary use of antibiotics . the issues of misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been addressed by the formation of the us interagency task force on antimicrobial resistance . this task force aims to actively address antimicrobial resistance , and is coordinated by the us centers for disease control and prevention , the food and drug administration ( fda ) , and the national institutes of health ( nih ) , as well as other us agencies . an ngo campaign group is keep antibiotics working . in france , an " antibiotics are not automatic " government campaign started in 2002 and led to a marked reduction of unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions , especially in children . | when did the french start going after overuse of antibiotics ? | 2002 | 128 | 11 | 1 |
there has been extensive use of antibiotics in animal husbandry . in the united states , the question of emergence of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains due to use of antibiotics in livestock was raised by the us food and drug administration ( fda ) in 1977 . in march 2012 , the united states district court for the southern district of new york , ruling in an action brought by the natural resources defense council and others , ordered the fda to revoke approvals for the use of antibiotics in livestock , which violated fda regulations . | what besides sick people are antibiotics used for ? | animal husbandry | 97 | 9 | 2 |
there has been extensive use of antibiotics in animal husbandry . in the united states , the question of emergence of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains due to use of antibiotics in livestock was raised by the us food and drug administration ( fda ) in 1977 . in march 2012 , the united states district court for the southern district of new york , ruling in an action brought by the natural resources defense council and others , ordered the fda to revoke approvals for the use of antibiotics in livestock , which violated fda regulations . | when was resistance first discussed as a problem in the raising of farm animals ? | 1977 | 97 | 15 | 1 |
there has been extensive use of antibiotics in animal husbandry . in the united states , the question of emergence of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains due to use of antibiotics in livestock was raised by the us food and drug administration ( fda ) in 1977 . in march 2012 , the united states district court for the southern district of new york , ruling in an action brought by the natural resources defense council and others , ordered the fda to revoke approvals for the use of antibiotics in livestock , which violated fda regulations . | when did a district court order the fda to stop approving antibiotics in animals ? | march 2012 | 97 | 15 | 2 |
the effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history ( see : history of penicillin ) . in 1928 , alexander fleming noticed the same effect in a petri dish , where a number of disease causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus penicillium . fleming postulated that the effect is mediated by an antibacterial compound he named penicillin , and that its antibacterial properties could be exploited for chemotherapy . he initially characterized some of its biological properties , and attempted to use a crude preparation to treat some infections , but he was unable to pursue its further development without the aid of trained chemists . | what type of organism has been reported to have worked on infections ? | mold | 121 | 13 | 1 |
the effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history ( see : history of penicillin ) . in 1928 , alexander fleming noticed the same effect in a petri dish , where a number of disease causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus penicillium . fleming postulated that the effect is mediated by an antibacterial compound he named penicillin , and that its antibacterial properties could be exploited for chemotherapy . he initially characterized some of its biological properties , and attempted to use a crude preparation to treat some infections , but he was unable to pursue its further development without the aid of trained chemists . | who noticed in a lab the antibacterial characteristics of mold ? | alexander fleming | 121 | 11 | 2 |
the effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history ( see : history of penicillin ) . in 1928 , alexander fleming noticed the same effect in a petri dish , where a number of disease causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus penicillium . fleming postulated that the effect is mediated by an antibacterial compound he named penicillin , and that its antibacterial properties could be exploited for chemotherapy . he initially characterized some of its biological properties , and attempted to use a crude preparation to treat some infections , but he was unable to pursue its further development without the aid of trained chemists . | what mold did fleming notice had antibacterial properties ? | penicillin | 121 | 9 | 1 |
the effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history ( see : history of penicillin ) . in 1928 , alexander fleming noticed the same effect in a petri dish , where a number of disease causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus penicillium . fleming postulated that the effect is mediated by an antibacterial compound he named penicillin , and that its antibacterial properties could be exploited for chemotherapy . he initially characterized some of its biological properties , and attempted to use a crude preparation to treat some infections , but he was unable to pursue its further development without the aid of trained chemists . | what did fleming initially think a good use would be for it ? | chemotherapy | 121 | 13 | 1 |
the first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial , prontosil , was developed by a research team led by gerhard domagk in 1932 at the bayer laboratories of the ig farben conglomerate in germany . domagk received the 1939 nobel prize for medicine for his efforts . prontosil had a relatively broad effect against gram positive cocci , but not against enterobacteria . research was stimulated apace by its success . the discovery and development of this sulfonamide drug opened the era of antibacterials . | what was the first available antibiotic ? | prontosil | 85 | 7 | 1 |
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