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10,000 | According to the company's website, DeepMind Technologies' goal is to combine "the best techniques from machine learning and systems neuroscience to build powerful general-purpose learning algorithms".Google Research released a paper in 2016 regarding AI safety and avoiding undesirable behaviour during the AI learning ... | Google DeepMind | 0.819514 |
10,001 | Google has unveiled a new archaeology document program named Ithaca after the home island of mythical hero Odysseus. The deep neural network helps researchers restore the empty text of damaged documents, identify the place they originated from, and give them a definite accurate date. The work builds on another text ana... | Google DeepMind | 0.819514 |
10,002 | Google has stated that DeepMind algorithms have greatly increased the efficiency of cooling its data centers. In addition, DeepMind (alongside other Alphabet AI researchers) assists Google Play's personalized app recommendations. DeepMind has also collaborated with the Android team at Google for the creation of two new... | Google DeepMind | 0.819514 |
10,003 | Sparrow is an artificial intelligence-powered chatbot developed by DeepMind to build safer machine learning systems by using a mix of human feedback and Google search suggestions. | Google DeepMind | 0.819514 |
10,004 | Additionally, in February 2018, DeepMind announced it was working with the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs in an attempt to use machine learning to predict the onset of acute kidney injury in patients, and also more broadly the general deterioration of patients during a hospital stay so that doctors and nurses can ... | Google DeepMind | 0.819514 |
10,005 | Test result data is sent to staff's mobile phones and alerts them to changes in the patient's condition. It also enables staff to see if someone else has responded, and to show patients their results in visual form.In November 2017, DeepMind announced a research partnership with the Cancer Research UK Centre at Imperia... | Google DeepMind | 0.819514 |
10,006 | In 2014, the company published research on computer systems that are able to play Go.In October 2015, a computer Go program called AlphaGo, developed by DeepMind, beat the European Go champion Fan Hui, a 2 dan (out of 9 dan possible) professional, five to zero. This was the first time an artificial intelligence (AI) de... | Google DeepMind | 0.819514 |
10,007 | DeepMind sponsors three chairs of machine learning: At the University of Cambridge, held by Neil Lawrence, in the Department of Computer Science and Technology, At the University of Oxford, held by Michael Bronstein, in the Department of Computer Science, and At the University College London, held by Marc Deisenroth, i... | Google DeepMind | 0.819514 |
10,008 | DeepMind researchers have applied machine learning models to the sport of football, often referred to as soccer in North America, modelling the behaviour of football players, including the goalkeeper, defenders, and strikers during different scenarios such as penalty kicks. The researchers used heat maps and cluster an... | Google DeepMind | 0.819514 |
10,009 | DeepMind Technologies Limited, doing business as Google DeepMind, is a British-American artificial intelligence research laboratory which serves as a subsidiary of Google. Founded in the UK in 2010, it was acquired by Google in 2014, becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of Google parent company Alphabet Inc. after Google... | Google DeepMind | 0.819514 |
10,010 | As opposed to other AIs, such as IBM's Deep Blue or Watson, which were developed for a pre-defined purpose and only function within that scope, DeepMind claims that its system is not pre-programmed: it learns from experience, using only raw pixels as data input. Technically it uses deep learning on a convolutional neur... | Google DeepMind | 0.819514 |
10,011 | Polyhedral combinatorics is a branch of mathematics, within combinatorics and discrete geometry, that studies the problems of counting and describing the faces of convex polyhedra and higher-dimensional convex polytopes. Research in polyhedral combinatorics falls into two distinct areas. Mathematicians in this area stu... | Polyhedral combinatorics | 0.819511 |
10,012 | It follows from Steinitz's theorem that any 3-dimensional integer vector satisfying these equalities and inequalities is the ƒ-vector of a convex polyhedron.In higher dimensions, other relations among the numbers of faces of a polytope become important as well, including the Dehn–Sommerville equations which, expressed ... | Polyhedral combinatorics | 0.81951 |
10,013 | This is in sharp contrast with (non-simple) neighborly polytopes whose graph is a complete graph; there can be many different neighborly polytopes for the same graph. Another proof of this theorem based on unique sink orientations was given by Kalai (1988), and Friedman (2009) showed how to use this theorem to derive a... | Polyhedral combinatorics | 0.81951 |
10,014 | Along with investigating the numbers of faces of polytopes, researchers have studied other combinatorial properties of them, such as descriptions of the graphs obtained from the vertices and edges of polytopes (their 1-skeleta). Balinski's theorem states that the graph obtained in this way from any d-dimensional convex... | Polyhedral combinatorics | 0.81951 |
10,015 | Equivalently, its vertices can be thought of as describing all perfect matchings in a complete bipartite graph, and a linear optimization problem on this polytope can be interpreted as a bipartite minimum weight perfect matching problem. The Birkhoff–von Neumann theorem states that this polytope can be described by two... | Polyhedral combinatorics | 0.81951 |
10,016 | It is important in the context of cutting-plane methods for integer programming to be able to describe accurately the facets of polytopes that have vertices corresponding to the solutions of combinatorial optimization problems. Often, these problems have solutions that can be described by binary vectors, and the corres... | Polyhedral combinatorics | 0.81951 |
10,017 | Without promising theoretical data, these compounds may not be synthesized and tested during experimental studies. Molecular modeling, molecular docking, and MD simulations are some of many computation studies that takes places during drug discovery, allowing scientists to thoroughly study the structure and properties ... | Molecular Operating Environment | 0.819508 |
10,018 | Computational/theoretical chemistry and biology methods are continuously pushing the horizon. Recently, DeepMind, which is a company specializing in the development of artificial intelligence (AI), created an AI system named AlphaFold. AlphaFold is the most advanced system to date that can accurately predict a protein'... | Molecular Operating Environment | 0.819508 |
10,019 | Computational chemistry can also be applied to the development of safer pesticides and herbicides. Recently, the increasing use of pesticides and herbicides has raised much controversy due to environmental and public health concerns. It was found that although these chemicals are designed to kill target pests, its effe... | Molecular Operating Environment | 0.819508 |
10,020 | As discussed before, MOE is a versatile software with main applications in 3D molecular visualization; structure-based protein-ligand design; antibody and biologics design, structure-based protein engineering; SAR and SPR visualization; ligand-based design; protein, DNA/RNA modeling; virtual screening; 3D pharmacophore... | Molecular Operating Environment | 0.819508 |
10,021 | The Molecular Operating Environment was developed by the Chemical Computing Group under the supervision of President/CEO Paul Labute. Founded in 1994 and based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, this private company is dedicated to developing computation software that will challenge, revolutionize, and aid in the scientific ... | Molecular Operating Environment | 0.819508 |
10,022 | Molecular modeling and simulations is a process often used in computational chemistry, but there is wide application for researchers in a variety of fields. This theoretical approach allows scientists to extensively study the properties of molecules, and using the data can provide insight into how these molecules may b... | Molecular Operating Environment | 0.819508 |
10,023 | Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) is a drug discovery software platform that integrates visualization, modeling and simulations, as well as methodology development, in one package. MOE scientific applications are used by biologists, medicinal chemists and computational chemists in pharmaceutical, biotechnology and ... | Molecular Operating Environment | 0.819508 |
10,024 | This has been confirmed by experiments and simulations. Unfavorable reactions can be driven by highly favorable ones, as in the case of iron-sulfur chemistry. For example, this was probably important for carbon fixation. Carbon fixation by reaction of CO2 with H2S via iron-sulfur chemistry is favorable, and occurs at n... | Origin of Life | 0.819507 |
10,025 | Life requires a loss of entropy, or disorder, when molecules organize themselves into living matter. The emergence of life and increased complexity does not contradict the second law of thermodynamics, which states that overall entropy never decreases, since a living organism creates order in some places (e.g. its livi... | Origin of Life | 0.819507 |
10,026 | The JFA has inspired the development of numerous similar algorithms. Some have well-defined error properties which make them useful for scientific computing.In the computer vision domain, the JFA has inspired new belief propagation algorithms to accelerate the solution of a variety of problems. | Jump flooding algorithm | 0.819504 |
10,027 | These types of games are referred to as open games, that is, games which are open to transformation. Games which have specified, fixed players, fixed preference structures, fixed optimization procedures, and fixed action alternatives and outcomes are called closed games (characteristic of most classical game theory mod... | Generalized game theory | 0.819501 |
10,028 | Armstrong (2002) found that when actors hold differing beliefs and roles within a sub-game formal game theory Nash equilibriums became less reliable (it should be noted generalised game theory has received less scrutiny due to lack of notoriety).Even the method by which the actor calculates closeness of fit can be cont... | Generalized game theory | 0.819501 |
10,029 | This may result in a no equilibrium being found, and stems from dropping the assumption for the existence of a Nash equilibrium that the game be finite or that the game have complete information. Another possibility is the existence of a rule which allows a dictator to force an equilibrium. The rules which make up the ... | Generalized game theory | 0.819501 |
10,030 | Ramsey's theorem implies that, whenever we color a graph with 2 colors, there is at least one monochromatic clique. Moreover, for every integer k, there exists an integer R(k,k) such that, in every graph with n ≥ R 2 ( k , k ) {\displaystyle n\geq R_{2}(k,k)} vertices, any 2-coloring contains a monochromatic clique of ... | Ramsey game | 0.819499 |
10,031 | Instead of playing on complete graphs, the clique game can also be played on complete hypergraphs of higher orders. For example, in the clique game on triplets, the game-board is the set of triplets of integers 1,...,n (so its size is ( n 3 ) {\displaystyle {n \choose 3}} ), and winning-sets are all sets of triplets of... | Ramsey game | 0.819499 |
10,032 | Artificial intelligence researcher Marco Dorigo described in 1993 a method of heuristically generating "good solutions" to the TSP using a simulation of an ant colony called ACS (ant colony system). It models behaviour observed in real ants to find short paths between food sources and their nest, an emergent behaviour ... | Euclidean traveling salesman problem | 0.819496 |
10,033 | In the following decades, the problem was studied by many researchers from mathematics, computer science, chemistry, physics, and other sciences. In the 1960s, however, a new approach was created, that instead of seeking optimal solutions would produce a solution whose length is provably bounded by a multiple of the op... | Euclidean traveling salesman problem | 0.819496 |
10,034 | Halton and John Hammersley published an article entitled "The Shortest Path Through Many Points" in the journal of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. The Beardwood–Halton–Hammersley theorem provides a practical solution to the travelling salesman problem. The authors derived an asymptotic formula to determine the len... | Euclidean traveling salesman problem | 0.819496 |
10,035 | An equivalent formulation in terms of graph theory is: Given a complete weighted graph (where the vertices would represent the cities, the edges would represent the roads, and the weights would be the cost or distance of that road), find a Hamiltonian cycle with the least weight. The requirement of returning to the sta... | Euclidean traveling salesman problem | 0.819496 |
10,036 | Optimized Markov chain algorithms which use local searching heuristic sub-algorithms can find a route extremely close to the optimal route for 700 to 800 cities. TSP is a touchstone for many general heuristics devised for combinatorial optimization such as genetic algorithms, simulated annealing, tabu search, ant colon... | Euclidean traveling salesman problem | 0.819496 |
10,037 | The closest point method (CPM) is an embedding method for solving partial differential equations on surfaces. The closest point method uses standard numerical approaches such as finite differences, finite element or spectral methods in order to solve the embedding partial differential equation (PDE) which is equal to t... | Closest point method | 0.819491 |
10,038 | Stonebraker claims that arrays are 100 times faster in SciDB than in a relational DBMS on a class of problems. It is swapping rows and columns for mathematical arrays that put fewer restrictions on the data and can work in any number of dimensions unlike the conventionally widely used relational database management sys... | SciDB | 0.81949 |
10,039 | SciDB is a column-oriented database management system (DBMS) designed for multidimensional data management and analytics common to scientific, geospatial, financial, and industrial applications. It is developed by Paradigm4 and co-created by Michael Stonebraker. | SciDB | 0.81949 |
10,040 | A power of 10 is any of the integer powers of the number ten; in other words, ten multiplied by itself a certain number of times. Power of 10, Power of ten, or Powers of Ten may refer to: Power of 10 (American game show), an American television show about guessing poll results Power of 10 (Australian game show), a tele... | Powers of 10 | 0.819473 |
10,041 | In graph theory, a partial cube is a graph that is isometric to a subgraph of a hypercube. In other words, a partial cube can be identified with a subgraph of a hypercube in such a way that the distance between any two vertices in the partial cube is the same as the distance between those vertices in the hypercube. Equ... | Partial cube | 0.81947 |
10,042 | Many of the theorems about partial cubes are based directly or indirectly upon a certain binary relation defined on the edges of the graph. This relation, first described by Djoković (1973) and given an equivalent definition in terms of distances by Winkler (1984), is denoted by Θ {\displaystyle \Theta } . Two edges e ... | Partial cube | 0.81947 |
10,043 | Isometric embeddings of graphs into hypercubes have an important application in chemical graph theory. A benzenoid graph is a graph consisting of all vertices and edges lying on and in the interior of a cycle in a hexagonal lattice. Such graphs are the molecular graphs of the benzenoid hydrocarbons, a large class of or... | Partial cube | 0.81947 |
10,044 | NDR is delivered through a combination of hardware and software sensors, along with a software or SaaS management console. Organizations use NDR to detect and contain malicious post-breach activity, such as ransomware, as well as insider attacks. NDR focuses on identifying abnormal behavior patterns and anomalies rathe... | Network detection and response | 0.81946 |
10,045 | This enables security teams to triage alerts effectively despite staff shortages. Analyst workflow optimization: AI assistants can provide guidance to analysts during incident response, suggesting relevant investigation steps based on details of the threat. | Network detection and response | 0.81946 |
10,046 | The use of artificial intelligence in NDR tools is growing, as security teams explore AI's potential to enhance NDR capabilities. Key AI use cases for NDR include: Improved threat detection: AI can analyze large volumes of data on vulnerabilities, threats, and attack tactics to identify anomalous network activities. Th... | Network detection and response | 0.81946 |
10,047 | MR 1001562. Graham, Ronald L.; Knuth, Donald E.; Patashnik, Oren (February 1994). Concrete Mathematics - A foundation for computer science (2nd ed.). | Concrete Mathematics | 0.81946 |
10,048 | Graham, Ronald L.; Knuth, Donald E.; Patashnik, Oren (1989). Concrete Mathematics - A foundation for computer science. Advanced Book Program (1st ed.). Reading, MA, USA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. | Concrete Mathematics | 0.81946 |
10,049 | Concrete Mathematics: A Foundation for Computer Science, by Ronald Graham, Donald Knuth, and Oren Patashnik, first published in 1989, is a textbook that is widely used in computer-science departments as a substantive but light-hearted treatment of the analysis of algorithms. | Concrete Mathematics | 0.81946 |
10,050 | The book provides mathematical knowledge and skills for computer science, especially for the analysis of algorithms. According to the preface, the topics in Concrete Mathematics are "a blend of CONtinuous and disCRETE mathematics". Calculus is frequently used in the explanations and exercises. The term "concrete mathem... | Concrete Mathematics | 0.81946 |
10,051 | QBF solvers can be applied to planning (in artificial intelligence), including safe planning; the latter is critical in applications of robotics. QBF solvers can also be applied to bounded model checking as they provide a shorter encoding than would be needed for a SAT-based solver.The evaluation of a QBF can be seen a... | True Quantified Boolean Formula | 0.819458 |
10,052 | Since the left-hand-side is a square, the right-hand-side must also be non-negative for every value of χ {\displaystyle \chi } , in particular for small values. Looking at the Taylor expansion around χ = 0 {\displaystyle \chi =0} , we see that the first term that does not vanish is the quadratic one, so that we can req... | Bohm sheath criterion | 0.819454 |
10,053 | An equilibrium is finally reached when the potential difference is a few times the electron temperature. The Debye sheath is the transition from a plasma to a solid surface. Similar physics is involved between two plasma regions that have different characteristics; the transition between these regions is known as a dou... | Bohm sheath criterion | 0.819454 |
10,054 | Another variant is the not-all-equal 3-satisfiability problem (also called NAE3SAT). Given a conjunctive normal form with three literals per clause, the problem is to determine if an assignment to the variables exists such that in no clause all three literals have the same truth value. This problem is NP-complete, too,... | Boolean Satisfiability | 0.819452 |
10,055 | Major techniques used by modern SAT solvers include the Davis–Putnam–Logemann–Loveland algorithm (or DPLL), conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL), and stochastic local search algorithms such as WalkSAT. Almost all SAT solvers include time-outs, so they will terminate in reasonable time even if they cannot find a solut... | Boolean Satisfiability | 0.819452 |
10,056 | In mathematics, particularly in the area of abstract algebra known as group theory, a characteristic subgroup is a subgroup that is mapped to itself by every automorphism of the parent group. Because every conjugation map is an inner automorphism, every characteristic subgroup is normal; though the converse is not guar... | Fully characteristic subgroup | 0.81945 |
10,057 | Specific RNA methyltransferases are employed by cells to mark these on the RNA species according to the need and environment prevailing around the cells, which form a part of field called molecular epigenetics. 2'-O-methylation, m6A methylation, m1G methylation as well as m5C are most commonly methylation marks observe... | Methyl transferase | 0.819448 |
10,058 | Methanol, methyl tetrahydrofolate, mono-, di-, and trimethylamine, methanethiol, methyltetrahydromethanopterin, and chloromethane are all methyl donors found in biology as methyl group donors, typically in enzymatic reactions using the cofactor vitamin B12. These substrates contribute to methyl transfer pathways includ... | Methyl transferase | 0.819448 |
10,059 | Intuitively, two elements in the disjoint union are equivalent if and only if they "eventually become equal" in the direct system. An equivalent formulation that highlights the duality to the inverse limit is that an element is equivalent to all its images under the maps of the direct system, i.e. x j ∼ f i j ( x i ) {... | Direct system (mathematics) | 0.819448 |
10,060 | In this section objects are understood to consist of underlying sets equipped with a given algebraic structure, such as groups, rings, modules (over a fixed ring), algebras (over a fixed field), etc. With this in mind, homomorphisms are understood in the corresponding setting (group homomorphisms, etc.). Let ⟨ I , ≤ ⟩ ... | Direct system (mathematics) | 0.819448 |
10,061 | The bond joins the four bridgehead atoms in a tetrahedral geometry. Tetracyanoethylene forms a dianionic dimer in which the two alkenes are joined face-to-face by a rectangular four-center two-electron bond. Various solid salts of this dianion have been studied to determine bond strengths and vibrational spectroscopic ... | Four-center two-electron bond | 0.819448 |
10,062 | Let the projectile be launched with an initial velocity v ( 0 ) ≡ v 0 {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} (0)\equiv \mathbf {v} _{0}} , which can be expressed as the sum of horizontal and vertical components as follows: v 0 = v 0 x x ^ + v 0 y y ^ {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} _{0}=v_{0x}\mathbf {\hat {x}} +v_{0y}\mathbf {\hat {y}... | Projectile Motion | 0.819445 |
10,063 | Medical genetics is recognized as a distinct medical specialty. In the U.S., medical genetics has its own approved board (the American Board of Medical Genetics) and clinical specialty college (the American College of Medical Genetics). The college holds an annual scientific meeting, publishes a monthly journal, Geneti... | Medical genetics | 0.819444 |
10,064 | The more empirical approach to human and medical genetics was formalized by the founding in 1948 of the American Society of Human Genetics. The Society first began annual meetings that year (1948) and its international counterpart, the International Congress of Human Genetics, has met every 5 years since its inception ... | Medical genetics | 0.819444 |
10,065 | Genetic counseling is the process of providing information about genetic conditions, diagnostic testing, and risks in other family members, within the framework of nondirective counseling. Genetic counselors are non-physician members of the medical genetics team who specialize in family risk assessment and counseling o... | Medical genetics | 0.819444 |
10,066 | Cytogenetics is the study of chromosomes and chromosome abnormalities. While cytogenetics historically relied on microscopy to analyze chromosomes, new molecular technologies such as array comparative genomic hybridization are now becoming widely used. Examples of chromosome abnormalities include aneuploidy, chromosoma... | Medical genetics | 0.819444 |
10,067 | Molecular genetics involves the discovery of and laboratory testing for DNA mutations that underlie many single gene disorders. Examples of single gene disorders include achondroplasia, cystic fibrosis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, hereditary breast cancer (BRCA1/2), Huntington disease, Marfan syndrome, Noonan syndrome... | Medical genetics | 0.819444 |
10,068 | Since shared libraries on most systems do not change often, systems can compute a likely load address for each shared library on the system before it is needed and store that information in the libraries and executables. If every shared library that is loaded has undergone this process, then each will load at its prede... | Shared object | 0.819442 |
10,069 | The ring of covariants is given as follows. (Dolgachev 2012, 3.4.3) The identity covariant U of a ternary cubic has degree 1 and order 3. The Hessian H is a covariant of ternary cubics of degree 3 and order 3. There is a covariant G of ternary cubics of degree 8 and order 6 that vanishes on points x lying on the Salmon... | Ternary cubic | 0.819441 |
10,070 | The algebra of invariants of a ternary cubic under SL3(C) is a polynomial algebra generated by two invariants S and T of degrees 4 and 6, called Aronhold invariants. The invariants are rather complicated when written as polynomials in the coefficients of the ternary cubic, and are given explicitly in (Sturmfels 1993, 4... | Ternary cubic | 0.819441 |
10,071 | In an IP survey, in addition to resistivity measurement, capacitive properties of the subsurface materials are determined as well. As a result, IP surveys provide additional information about the spatial variation in lithology and grain-surface chemistry. The IP survey can be made in time-domain and frequency-domain mo... | Induced polarization | 0.819434 |
10,072 | Proximity ligation-assisted chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (PLAC-seq) is a chromatin conformation capture(3C)-based technique to detect and quantify genomic chromatin structure from a protein-centric approach. PLAC-seq combines in situ Hi-C and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), which allows for the identi... | PLAC-Seq | 0.81943 |
10,073 | The ICB oscillations in conductance correspond to a Coulomb staircase in the pore occupancy P c {\displaystyle P_{\rm {c}}} , with transition regions corresponding to M n {\displaystyle M_{n}} and saturation regions corresponding to Z n {\displaystyle Z_{n}} (Fig.3B) . The shape of the staircase is described by the Fer... | Ionic Coulomb blockade | 0.819426 |
10,074 | The values of Z n and M n {\displaystyle Z_{n}{\text{ and }}M_{n}} are given by the simple formulaei.e. the period of conductance oscillations in Q f {\displaystyle Q_{\rm {f}}} , Δ = | M n + 1 − M n | = | Z n + 1 − Z n | = | z e | {\displaystyle \Delta =|M_{n+1}-M_{n}|=|Z_{n+1}-Z_{n}|=|ze|} . For z = 2 {\displaystyle ... | Ionic Coulomb blockade | 0.819426 |
10,075 | One can instead limit a program to executing only for a fixed period of time (timeout) or limit the power of flow-control instructions (for example, providing only loops that iterate over the items of an existing array). However, another theorem shows that there are problems solvable by Turing-complete languages that c... | Computational universality | 0.819423 |
10,076 | Some games and other software are Turing-complete by accident, i.e. not by design. Software: Microsoft ExcelGames: Dwarf Fortress Cities: Skylines Opus Magnum Minecraft Magic: The GatheringSocial media: Habbo HotelComputational languages: C++ templates printf format string TypeScript's type systemBiology: Chemical reac... | Computational universality | 0.819423 |
10,077 | Several algorithms have been applied to this problem. The focus since the millennium has been on local optimization methods applied to the energy function, although random walks have made their appearance: constrained global optimization (Altschuler et al. 1994), steepest descent (Claxton and Benson 1966, Erber and Hoc... | Thomson Problem | 0.819417 |
10,078 | For non-integrable Riesz kernels, the Poppy-seed bagel theorem holds, see the 2004 work of Hardin and Saff. Notable cases include: α = ∞, the Tammes problem (packing); α = 1, the Thomson problem; α = 0, to maximize the product of distances, latterly known as Whyte's problem; α = −1: maximum average distance problem.One... | Thomson Problem | 0.819417 |
10,079 | The objective of the Thomson problem is to determine the minimum electrostatic potential energy configuration of N electrons constrained to the surface of a unit sphere that repel each other with a force given by Coulomb's law. The physicist J. J. Thomson posed the problem in 1904 after proposing an atomic model, later... | Thomson Problem | 0.819417 |
10,080 | Given a field F, the Brauer equivalence classes of simple (contains only trivial two-sided ideals) associative division algebras whose center is F and which are finite-dimensional over F can be turned into a group, the Brauer group of the field F. One way to construct finite-dimensional associative division algebras ov... | Division algebras | 0.819412 |
10,081 | Whenever A is an associative unital algebra over the field F and S is a simple module over A, then the endomorphism ring of S is a division algebra over F; every associative division algebra over F arises in this fashion. The center of an associative division algebra D over the field K is a field containing K. The dime... | Division algebras | 0.819412 |
10,082 | The best-known examples of associative division algebras are the finite-dimensional real ones (that is, algebras over the field R of real numbers, which are finite-dimensional as a vector space over the reals). The Frobenius theorem states that up to isomorphism there are three such algebras: the reals themselves (dime... | Division algebras | 0.819412 |
10,083 | In the field of mathematics called abstract algebra, a division algebra is, roughly speaking, an algebra over a field in which division, except by zero, is always possible. | Division algebras | 0.819412 |
10,084 | In atomic physics: The Zeeman effect – the splitting of electronic levels in an atom because of an external magnetic field. The Stark effect – splitting because of an external electric field.In physical chemistry: The Jahn–Teller effect – splitting of electronic levels in a molecule because breaking the symmetry lowers... | Energy level splitting | 0.819412 |
10,085 | For a physical implementation such as a charged spin-½ particle in an external magnetic field, the z-axis of the coordinate system is required to be collinear with the magnetic field to obtain a Hamiltonian in the form above (the σ3 Pauli matrix corresponds to z-axis). These basis states, referred to as spin-up and spi... | Energy level splitting | 0.819412 |
10,086 | In quantum physics, energy level splitting or a split in an energy level of a quantum system occurs when a perturbation changes the system. The perturbation changes the corresponding Hamiltonian and the outcome is change in eigenvalues; several distinct energy levels emerge in place of the former degenerate (multi-stat... | Energy level splitting | 0.819412 |
10,087 | Government funding has included a $55 million grant from New York State to support genomic medicine. In 2016 it received a $40 million grant from the National Human Genome Research Institute to establish a Center for Common Disease Genomics, and is leading a collaborative, large-scale genomic sequencing program focused... | New York Genome Center | 0.81941 |
10,088 | The Center leverages strengths in whole genome sequencing, genomic analysis, and development of genomic tools to advance genomic discovery. Its faculty hold joint tenure-track appointments at its member institutions and lead independent research labs at the center. NYGC's scientists bring a multidisciplinary and in-dep... | New York Genome Center | 0.81941 |
10,089 | For a reaction to be considered a click reaction, it must satisfy certain characteristics: modularity insensitivity to solvent parameters high chemical yields insensitivity towards oxygen and water regiospecificity and stereospecificity a large thermodynamic driving force (>20 kcal/mol) to favor a reaction with a singl... | Click chemistry | 0.819407 |
10,090 | Existing reactions, such as Staudinger ligation and the Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, have been modified and optimized for such reaction conditions. Today, research in the field concerns not only understanding and developing new reactions and repurposing and re-understanding known reactions, but also expanding met... | Click chemistry | 0.819407 |
10,091 | Now limitations emerge from the chemistry of the probe to its target. In order for this technique to be useful in biological systems, click chemistry must run at or near biological conditions, produce little and (ideally) non-toxic byproducts, have (preferably) single and stable products at the same conditions, and pro... | Click chemistry | 0.819407 |
10,092 | Click chemistry is a method for attaching a probe or substrate of interest to a specific biomolecule, a process called bioconjugation. The possibility of attaching fluorophores and other reporter molecules has made click chemistry a very powerful tool for identifying, locating, and characterizing both old and new biomo... | Click chemistry | 0.819407 |
10,093 | Their natural selectivity and relative bioorthogonality is thus valuable in developing probes specific for these tags. The above reaction occurs between a 1,2-aminothiol and a 2-cyanobenzothiazole to make luciferin, which is fluorescent. This luciferin fluorescence can be then quantified by spectrometry following a was... | Click chemistry | 0.819407 |
10,094 | Click Chemistry is a powerful tool to probe for the cellular localization of small molecules. Knowing where a small molecules goes in the cell gives powerful insights into their mechanisms of action. This approach has been used in numerous studies, and discoveries include that salinomycin localizes to lysosomes to init... | Click chemistry | 0.819407 |
10,095 | These techniques represent a part of the field of chemical biology, in which click chemistry plays a fundamental role by intentionally and specifically coupling modular units to various ends. The term "click chemistry" was coined by K. Barry Sharpless in 1998, and was first fully described by Sharpless, Hartmuth C. Kol... | Click chemistry | 0.819407 |
10,096 | Recently, scientists have adapted click chemistry for use in live cells, for example using small molecule probes that find and attach to their targets by click reactions. Despite challenges of cell permeability, bioorthogonality, background labeling, and reaction efficiency, click reactions have already proven useful i... | Click chemistry | 0.819407 |
10,097 | In chemical synthesis, click chemistry is a class of simple, atom-economy reactions commonly used for joining two molecular entities of choice. Click chemistry is not a single specific reaction, but describes a way of generating products that follow examples in nature, which also generates substances by joining small m... | Click chemistry | 0.819407 |
10,098 | Solutions to this problem have been presented, such as using water-soluble ligands on the copper to enhance cell penetration of the catalyst and thereby reduce the dosage needed, or to use chelating ligands to further increase the effective concentration of Cu(I) and thereby decreasing the actual dosage.Although the Cu... | Click chemistry | 0.819407 |
10,099 | The Scripps Research Institute has a portfolio of click-chemistry patents. Licensees include Invitrogen, Allozyne, Aileron, Integrated Diagnostics, and the biotech company baseclick, a BASF spin-off created to sell products made using click chemistry. Moreover, baseclick holds a worldwide exclusive license for the rese... | Click chemistry | 0.819407 |
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