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9,900 | Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, with sites in Germany, the US, and Chile is the lead institute of the Pharma Planta consortium of 33 partner organizations from 12 European countries and South Africa, funded by the European Commission. Pharma Planta is developing systems for plant product... | Molecular farming | 0.819649 |
9,901 | Please note that this list is by no means exhaustive. Dow AgroSciences – poultry vaccine against Newcastle disease virus (first PMP to be approved for marketing by the USDA Center for Veterinary Biologics Dow never intended to market the vaccine. "'Dow Agrosciences used the animal vaccine as an example to completely ru... | Molecular farming | 0.819649 |
9,902 | Generally speaking, treatment levels may be finite or infinite as well as ordinal or cardinal, which leads to a large collection of possible treatment effects to be studied in applications. One example is the effect of different levels of program participation (e.g. full-time and part-time) in a job training program.As... | Multivalued treatment | 0.819645 |
9,903 | In statistics, in particular in the design of experiments, a multi-valued treatment is a treatment that can take on more than two values. It is related to the dose-response model in the medical literature. | Multivalued treatment | 0.819645 |
9,904 | The Born rule (also called Born's rule) is a postulate of quantum mechanics which gives the probability that a measurement of a quantum system will yield a given result. In its simplest form, it states that the probability density of finding a system in a given state, when measured, is proportional to the square of the... | Quantum probability | 0.819645 |
9,905 | The Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges is a bimonthly peer-reviewed, open access academic journal published by the Consortium for Computing Sciences in Colleges (CCSC) covering topics associated with computer science, education, and current technologies and methods in these areas. The journal also publishes the ... | Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges | 0.819639 |
9,906 | Traditional bioassessment methods are well established internationally, and serve biomonitoring well, as for example for aquatic bioassessment within the EU Directives WFD and MSFD. However, DNA barcoding could improve traditional methods for the following reasons; DNA barcoding (i) can increase taxonomic resolution an... | Taxonomic resolution | 0.819637 |
9,907 | Applications of DNA barcoding include identification of new species, safety assessment of food, identification and assessment of cryptic species, detection of alien species, identification of endangered and threatened species, linking egg and larval stages to adult species, securing intellectual property rights for bio... | Taxonomic resolution | 0.819637 |
9,908 | Thus some bioinformatics pipelines simply cut the end of the sequences at a defined threshold. Some sequencing technologies, like MiSeq, use paired-end sequencing during which sequencing is performed from both directions producing better quality. | Taxonomic resolution | 0.819637 |
9,909 | For example, there are scientific calculators which include trigonometric and statistical calculations. Some calculators even have the ability to do computer algebra. | Calculator | 0.819632 |
9,910 | Others have argued that calculator use can even cause core mathematical skills to atrophy, or that such use can prevent understanding of advanced algebraic concepts. In December 2011 the UK's Minister of State for Schools, Nick Gibb, voiced concern that children can become "too dependent" on the use of calculators. As ... | Calculator | 0.819632 |
9,911 | The first desktop programmable calculators were produced in the mid-1960s. They included the Mathatronics Mathatron (1964) and the Olivetti Programma 101 (late 1965) which were solid-state, desktop, printing, floating point, algebraic entry, programmable, stored-program electronic calculators. Both could be programmed ... | Calculator | 0.819632 |
9,912 | The Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (IPPG) is a leading scientific research organisation in the Ukrainian city of Kyiv. Founded in 1946 as a branch of the Institute of Botany, the Institute specialises in crop breeding, plant physiology, genetics and cellular en... | NASU Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics | 0.819629 |
9,913 | Scientific research of the Institute are executed after perspective directions, NAN of Ukraine ratified Presidium finding out of physical, chemical, molecular conformities that law the growth, development and firmness of the vegetable systems, creation on this basis of new technologies, and biotechnology; comprehensive... | NASU Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics | 0.819629 |
9,914 | The institute comprises scientific schools in the following disciplines: molecular genetics (founder is an academician of NAN, Ukraine, Serhij Mykhajlo Gershenzon); experimental plant mutagenetics (founder is an academician of NAN, Ukraine, Volodymyr Vasyl Morgun); physiology of plant growth and development (founder is... | NASU Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics | 0.819629 |
9,915 | Numerous weighted SAT problems exist as the optimization versions of the general SAT problem. In this class of problems, each clause in a CNF Boolean expression is given a weight. The objective is the maximize or minimize the total sum of the weights of the satisfied clauses given a Boolean expression. | Boolean satisfiability algorithm heuristics | 0.819626 |
9,916 | Now we show that randomly assigning variable values is a 1 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}} -approximation algorithm, which means that is an optimal approximation algorithm unless P = NP. Suppose we are given a Boolean expression B = { c i } i = 1 n {\displaystyle B=\{c_{i}\}_{i=1}^{n}} and δ i j = { 0 if c i is satisf... | Boolean satisfiability algorithm heuristics | 0.819626 |
9,917 | Such a calculation is typically simplified by the use of differential elements of the body volume/surface, and the integral calculus. In a number of cases, though, it can be shown that such a system of forces may be replaced by a single point force without the actual calculation (as in the case of uniform gravitational... | Net force | 0.819611 |
9,918 | This segment starts at a point A, where the force is applied, and ends at another point B. This line not only gives us the direction of the force (from A to B) but also its magnitude: the longer the line, the stronger the force. One of the essential concepts in physics is that forces can be added together, which is the... | Net force | 0.819611 |
9,919 | In physics, a force is considered a vector quantity. This means that it not only has a size (or magnitude) but also a direction in which it acts. We typically represent force with the symbol F in boldface, or sometimes, we place an arrow over the symbol to indicate its vector nature, like this: F → {\displaystyle \scri... | Net force | 0.819611 |
9,920 | Multidimensional systems or m-D systems are the necessary mathematical background for modern digital image processing with many applications in biomedicine, X-ray technology and satellite communications. There are also some studies combining m-D systems with partial differential equations (PDEs). | Multidimensional systems | 0.819603 |
9,921 | In mathematical systems theory, a multidimensional system or m-D system is a system in which not only one independent variable exists (like time), but there are several independent variables. Important problems such as factorization and stability of m-D systems (m > 1) have recently attracted the interest of many resea... | Multidimensional systems | 0.819602 |
9,922 | It can be hard to solve for variables in boolean algebra, because unlike regular algebra, several operations do not have inverses. Operations without inverses lose some of the original data bits when they are performed, and it is not possible to recover this missing information. Has inverse NOT XOR Rotate left Rotate r... | Bitwise operators | 0.8196 |
9,923 | The sensor in the retina of the human eye is sensitive enough to detect a single photon. Single photon detection could lead to multiple different technologies. One area of development is in quantum communication and cryptography. | Quantum Biology | 0.819598 |
9,924 | When hydrogen ions are transferred, this is seen as a staple in an organelle's primary energy processing network; in other words, quantum effects are most usually at work in proton distribution sites at distances on the order of an angstrom (1 Å). In physics, a semiclassical (SC) approach is most useful in defining thi... | Quantum Biology | 0.819598 |
9,925 | This ability is due, in part, to the principle of complementarity, which holds that certain substances have pairs of properties that cannot be measured separately without changing the outcome of measurement. Particles, such as electrons and protons, have wave-particle duality; they can pass through energy barriers due ... | Quantum Biology | 0.819598 |
9,926 | Alexander Davydov developed the quantum theory of molecular solitons in order to explain the transport of energy in protein α-helices in general and the physiology of muscle contraction in particular. He showed that the molecular solitons are able to preserve their shape through nonlinear interaction of amide I exciton... | Quantum Biology | 0.819598 |
9,927 | Such processes involve chemical reactions, light absorption, formation of excited electronic states, transfer of excitation energy, and the transfer of electrons and protons (hydrogen ions) in chemical processes, such as photosynthesis, olfaction and cellular respiration. Quantum biology may use computations to model b... | Quantum Biology | 0.819598 |
9,928 | Quantum biology is the study of applications of quantum mechanics and theoretical chemistry to aspects of biology that cannot be accurately described by the classical laws of physics. An understanding of fundamental quantum interactions is important because they determine the properties of the next level of organizatio... | Quantum Biology | 0.819598 |
9,929 | He further suggested that mutations are introduced by "quantum leaps". Other pioneers Niels Bohr, Pascual Jordan, and Max Delbrück argued that the quantum idea of complementarity was fundamental to the life sciences. In 1963, Per-Olov Löwdin published proton tunneling as another mechanism for DNA mutation. In his paper... | Quantum Biology | 0.819598 |
9,930 | Erwin Schrödinger's 1944 book What Is Life? discussed applications of quantum mechanics in biology. Schrödinger introduced the idea of an "aperiodic crystal" that contained genetic information in its configuration of covalent chemical bonds. | Quantum Biology | 0.819598 |
9,931 | Quantum biology is an emerging field, in the sense that most current research is theoretical and subject to questions that require further experimentation. Though the field has only recently received an influx of attention, it has been conceptualized by physicists throughout the 20th century. It has been suggested that... | Quantum Biology | 0.819598 |
9,932 | Organelles, such as mitochondria, are thought to utilize quantum tunneling in order to translate intracellular energy. Traditionally, mitochondria are known to generate most of the cell's energy in the form of chemical ATP. Mitochondria conversion of biomass into chemical ATP is 60-70% efficient, which is superior than... | Quantum Biology | 0.819598 |
9,933 | Radical-pairs may need not be entangled, the key quantum feature of the radical-pair mechanism, to play a part in these processes. There are entangled and non-entangled radical-pairs, but disturbing only entangled radical-pairs is not possible with current technology. Researchers found evidence for the radical-pair mec... | Quantum Biology | 0.819598 |
9,934 | Magnetoreception is also possible in the dark, so the mechanism must rely more on the radical pairs generated during light-independent oxidation. Experiments in the lab support the basic theory that radical-pair electrons can be significantly influenced by very weak magnetic fields, i.e., merely the direction of weak m... | Quantum Biology | 0.819598 |
9,935 | Magnetoreception is the ability of animals to navigate using the inclination of the magnetic field of the earth. A possible explanation for magnetoreception is the entangled radical pair mechanism. The radical-pair mechanism is well-established in spin chemistry, and was speculated to apply to magnetoreception in 1978 ... | Quantum Biology | 0.819598 |
9,936 | Protein subcellular localization prediction (or just protein localization prediction) involves the prediction of where a protein resides in a cell, its subcellular localization. In general, prediction tools take as input information about a protein, such as a protein sequence of amino acids, and produce a predicted loc... | Protein subcellular localization prediction | 0.819588 |
9,937 | Although the definition of a manifold does not require that its model space should be Rn, this choice is the most common, and almost exclusive one in differential geometry. On the other hand, Whitney embedding theorems state that any real differentiable m-dimensional manifold can be embedded into R2m. | Real coordinate plane | 0.819588 |
9,938 | Similarly, the Cartesian coordinates of the points of a Euclidean space of dimension n form a real coordinate space of dimension n. These one to one correspondences between vectors, points and coordinate vectors explain the names of coordinate space and coordinate vector. It allows using geometric terms and methods for... | Real coordinate plane | 0.819588 |
9,939 | Most PPI methods require some computational data analysis. The methods in this section are primarily computational although they typically require data generated by wet lab experiments. Protein–protein docking, the prediction of protein–protein interactions based only on the three-dimensional protein structures from X-... | Methods to investigate protein–protein interactions | 0.819583 |
9,940 | When doing this it is important that he lift his finger first from the inner screen, not the outer, to avoid leaving charge on the inner screen. Charge can leak off the charged object C and the container along handles and supports due to surface layers of dirt and oil from fingerprints. If this is suspected the equipme... | Faraday's ice pail experiment | 0.819583 |
9,941 | In philosophy and artificial intelligence (especially, knowledge based systems), the ramification problem is concerned with the indirect consequences of an action. It might also be posed as how to represent what happens implicitly due to an action or how to control the secondary and tertiary effects of an action. It is... | Ramification problem | 0.819581 |
9,942 | Infrared spectroscopy is a simple and reliable technique widely used in both organic and inorganic chemistry, in research and industry. In catalysis research it is a very useful tool to characterize the catalyst, as well as to detect intermediates and products during the catalytic reaction. It is used in quality contro... | Infrared spectra | 0.819581 |
9,943 | These systems are often governed by nonlinear differential equations. The few mathematical techniques which have been developed to handle them are more difficult and much less general, often applying only to narrow categories of systems. These include limit cycle theory, Poincaré maps, Lyapunov stability theorem, and d... | Control strategy | 0.81958 |
9,944 | The field of control theory can be divided into two branches: Linear control theory – This applies to systems made of devices which obey the superposition principle, which means roughly that the output is proportional to the input. They are governed by linear differential equations. A major subclass is systems which in... | Control strategy | 0.81958 |
9,945 | Modern control theory is carried out in the state space, and can deal with multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) systems. This overcomes the limitations of classical control theory in more sophisticated design problems, such as fighter aircraft control, with the limitation that no frequency domain analysis is possi... | Control strategy | 0.81958 |
9,946 | Control theory was further advanced by Edward Routh in 1874, Charles Sturm and in 1895, Adolf Hurwitz, who all contributed to the establishment of control stability criteria; and from 1922 onwards, the development of PID control theory by Nicolas Minorsky. Although a major application of mathematical control theory is ... | Control strategy | 0.81958 |
9,947 | Extensive use is usually made of a diagrammatic style known as the block diagram. In it the transfer function, also known as the system function or network function, is a mathematical model of the relation between the input and output based on the differential equations describing the system. Control theory dates from ... | Control strategy | 0.81958 |
9,948 | The difference between actual and desired value of the process variable, called the error signal, or SP-PV error, is applied as feedback to generate a control action to bring the controlled process variable to the same value as the set point. Other aspects which are also studied are controllability and observability. C... | Control strategy | 0.81958 |
9,949 | So, for example, in economics, the more accurately a (stock or commodities) trading model represents the actions of the market, the more easily it can control that market (and extract "useful work" (profits) from it). In AI, an example might be a chatbot modelling the discourse state of humans: the more accurately it c... | Control strategy | 0.81958 |
9,950 | In contemporary vessels, they may be gyroscopically controlled active fins, which have the capacity to change their angle of attack to counteract roll caused by wind or waves acting on the ship. The Space Race also depended on accurate spacecraft control, and control theory has also seen an increasing use in fields suc... | Control strategy | 0.81958 |
9,951 | Independently, Adolf Hurwitz analyzed system stability using differential equations in 1877, resulting in what is now known as the Routh–Hurwitz theorem.A notable application of dynamic control was in the area of crewed flight. The Wright brothers made their first successful test flights on December 17, 1903, and were ... | Control strategy | 0.81958 |
9,952 | Since frequency domain techniques are limited to linear systems, time domain is widely used to analyze real-world nonlinear systems. Although these are more difficult to solve, modern computer simulation techniques such as simulation languages have made their analysis routine.In contrast to the frequency domain analysi... | Control strategy | 0.81958 |
9,953 | However, frequency domain techniques can only be used with linear systems, as mentioned above. Time-domain state space representation – In this type the values of the state variables are represented as functions of time. With this model, the system being analyzed is represented by one or more differential equations. | Control strategy | 0.81958 |
9,954 | Mathematical techniques for analyzing and designing control systems fall into two different categories: Frequency domain – In this type the values of the state variables, the mathematical variables representing the system's input, output and feedback are represented as functions of frequency. The input signal and the s... | Control strategy | 0.81958 |
9,955 | The TI-Nspire CAS calculator is capable of displaying and evaluating values symbolically, not just as floating-point numbers. It includes algebraic functions such as a symbolic differential equation solver: deSolve(...), the complex eigenvectors of a matrix: eigVc(...), as well as calculus based functions, including li... | TI-Nspire CX CAS | 0.819577 |
9,956 | BVHs also naturally support inserting and removing objects without full rebuild, but with resulting BVH having usually worse query performance compared to full rebuild. To solve these problems (as well as quick structure update being sub-optimal), the new BVH could be built asynchronously in parallel or synchronously, ... | Bounding volume hierarchy | 0.819572 |
9,957 | BVHs are often used in ray tracing to eliminate potential intersection candidates within a scene by omitting geometric objects located in bounding volumes which are not intersected by the current ray. Additionally, as common performance optimization, when only closest intersection of the ray is of interest, as the ray ... | Bounding volume hierarchy | 0.819572 |
9,958 | Bounding volume hierarchies are used to support several operations on sets of geometric objects efficiently, such as in collision detection and ray tracing. Although wrapping objects in bounding volumes and performing collision tests on them before testing the object geometry itself simplifies the tests and can result ... | Bounding volume hierarchy | 0.819572 |
9,959 | He had been working on this topic for some time, at least as early as 1884 when he produced a paper (now lost except for its abstract) on the topic of statistical mechanics.Gibbs' book simplified statistical mechanics into a treatise of 207 pages. At the same time, Gibbs fully generalized and expanded statistical mecha... | Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics | 0.819571 |
9,960 | After this element, the filled 3d subshell effectively withdraws from chemistry and the subsequent trend looks much like trends in the periods 2 and 3. The p-block elements of period 4 have their valence shell composed of 4s and 4p subshells of the fourth (n = 4) shell and obey the octet rule. For quantum chemistry nam... | Period 4 element | 0.819568 |
9,961 | Kummer theory The Galois theory of taking n-th roots, given enough roots of unity. It includes the general theory of quadratic extensions. Artin–Schreier theory Covers an exceptional case of Kummer theory, in characteristic p. Normal basis A basis in the vector space sense of L over K, on which the Galois group of L ov... | Field homomorphism | 0.819566 |
9,962 | Field theory is the branch of mathematics in which fields are studied. This is a glossary of some terms of the subject. (See field theory (physics) for the unrelated field theories in physics.) | Field homomorphism | 0.819566 |
9,963 | Inverse problem of Galois theory Given a group G, find an extension of the rational number or other field with G as Galois group. Differential Galois theory The subject in which symmetry groups of differential equations are studied along the lines traditional in Galois theory. This is actually an old idea, and one of t... | Field homomorphism | 0.819566 |
9,964 | Newly acquired declarative memory traces are believed to be reactivated during NonREM sleep to promote their hippocampo-neocortical transfer for long-term storage. Specifically, new declarative memories are better remembered if recall follows Stage II non-rapid eye movement sleep. The reactivation of memories during sl... | Long-term memory | 0.819552 |
9,965 | These alterations in methylation pattern occurred at many genes that were down-regulated, often due to the formation of new 5-methylcytosine sites in CpG rich regions of the genome. Furthermore, many other genes were upregulated, likely often due to hypomethylation. Hypomethylation often results from the removal of met... | Long-term memory | 0.819552 |
9,966 | Likewise, the integers 2 and 3 are not composite numbers because each of them can only be divided by one and itself. The composite numbers up to 150 are: 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 62... | Composite numbers | 0.819549 |
9,967 | Some chemicals are fairly unstable, radioactive, volatile or flammable and must be stored under careful conditions in accordance with safety standards such as OSHA. Most chemical libraries are managed with information technologies such as barcoding and relational databases. Additionally, robotics are necessary to fetch... | Chemical library | 0.819549 |
9,968 | Chemical libraries are usually generated for a specific goal and larger chemical libraries could be made of several groups of smaller libraries stored in the same location. In the drug discovery process for instance, a wide range of organic chemicals are needed to test against models of disease in high-throughput scree... | Chemical library | 0.819549 |
9,969 | Carefully written justifications are required for each problem.Prior to academic year 2010–2011 the competition consisted of four rounds of five problems each, covering all non-calculus topics. Students were given approximately one month to solve the questions. Each question is scored out of five points; thus, a perfec... | United States of America Mathematical Talent Search | 0.819548 |
9,970 | The channelome, sometimes called the "ion channelome", is the complete set of ion channels and porins expressed in a biological tissue or organism. It is analogous to the genome, the metabolome (describing metabolites), the proteome (describing general protein expression), and the microbiome. Characterization of the io... | Channelome | 0.819546 |
9,971 | Structure and function of membrane channels are closely linked, but perhaps the most famous work studying the structure of ion channels is the paper by Doyle et al. 1998, which led to the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for Roderick MacKinnon. Abnormalities of channel structure consequently result in their physiological mis-f... | Channelome | 0.819546 |
9,972 | A binary tree search transverses cutting hyper-planes to locate a local linear approximation. ISAT is an alternative to artificial neural networks that is receiving increased attention for desirable characteristics, namely: scales quadratically with increased dimension approximates functions with discontinuities mainta... | In Situ Adaptive Tabulation | 0.819542 |
9,973 | Local class field theory in dimension one has its analogues in higher dimensions. The appropriate replacement for the multiplicative group becomes the nth Milnor K-group, where n is the dimension of the field, which then appears as the domain of a reciprocity map to the Galois group of the maximal abelian extension ove... | Higher local field | 0.819533 |
9,974 | Finally, take the quotient field. The result is a two-dimensional local field over a finite field.There is also a construction using commutative algebra, which becomes technical for non-regular rings. The starting point is a Noetherian, regular, n-dimensional ring and a full flag of prime ideals such that their corresp... | Higher local field | 0.819533 |
9,975 | In mathematics, a higher (-dimensional) local field is an important example of a complete discrete valuation field. Such fields are also sometimes called multi-dimensional local fields. On the usual local fields (typically completions of number fields or the quotient fields of local rings of algebraic curves) there is ... | Higher local field | 0.819533 |
9,976 | In dimension two and higher the additive group of the field becomes a topological group which is not locally compact and the base of the topology is not countable. The most surprising thing is that the multiplication is not continuous; however, it is sequentially continuous, which suffices for all reasonable arithmetic... | Higher local field | 0.819533 |
9,977 | One-dimensional local fields are usually considered in the valuation topology, in which the discrete valuation is used to define open sets. This will not suffice for higher dimensional local fields, since one needs to take into account the topology at the residue level too. Higher local fields can be endowed with appro... | Higher local field | 0.819533 |
9,978 | In contrast to one-dimensional local fields, higher local fields have a sequence of residue fields. There are different integral structures on higher local fields, depending how many residue fields information one wants to take into account.Geometrically, higher local fields appear via a process of localization and com... | Higher local field | 0.819533 |
9,979 | The images in the illustrations were created using three-dimensional, engineering computer graphics. Three-dimensional, computer modeling produces virtual space "behind the tube", as it were, and may produce any view of a model from any direction within this virtual space. It does so without the need for adjacent ortho... | Descriptive Geometry | 0.819533 |
9,980 | There is heuristic value to studying descriptive geometry. It promotes visualization and spatial analytical abilities, as well as the intuitive ability to recognize the direction of viewing for best presenting a geometric problem for solution. Representative examples: | Descriptive Geometry | 0.819533 |
9,981 | TL = True-Length; EV = Edge View. Figs. 1-3 below demonstrate (1) Descriptive geometry, general solutions and (2) simultaneously, a potential standard for presenting such solutions in orthographic, multiview, layout formats. | Descriptive Geometry | 0.819533 |
9,982 | General solutions are a class of solutions within descriptive geometry that contain all possible solutions to a problem. The general solution is represented by a single, three-dimensional object, usually a cone, the directions of the elements of which are the desired direction of viewing (projection) for any of an infi... | Descriptive Geometry | 0.819533 |
9,983 | All geometric aspects of the imaginary object are accounted for in true size/to-scale and shape, and can be imaged as seen from any position in space. All images are represented on a two-dimensional surface. Descriptive geometry uses the image-creating technique of imaginary, parallel projectors emanating from an imagi... | Descriptive Geometry | 0.819533 |
9,984 | Italian architect Guarino Guarini was also a pioneer of projective and descriptive geometry, as is clear from his Placita Philosophica (1665), Euclides Adauctus (1671) and Architettura Civile (1686—not published until 1737), anticipating the work of Gaspard Monge (1746–1818), who is usually credited with the invention ... | Descriptive Geometry | 0.819533 |
9,985 | Descriptive geometry is the branch of geometry which allows the representation of three-dimensional objects in two dimensions by using a specific set of procedures. The resulting techniques are important for engineering, architecture, design and in art. The theoretical basis for descriptive geometry is provided by plan... | Descriptive Geometry | 0.819533 |
9,986 | The result is one of stepping circuitously about an object in 90° turns and viewing the object from each step. Each new view is added as an additional view to an orthographic projection layout display and appears in an "unfolding of the glass box model".Aside from the Orthographic, six standard principal views (Front; ... | Descriptive Geometry | 0.819533 |
9,987 | Vector calculus can also be applied to polar coordinates. For a planar motion, let r {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} } be the position vector (r cos(φ), r sin(φ)), with r and φ depending on time t. We define an orthonormal basis with three unit vectors: radial, transverse, and normal directions. The radial direction is defi... | 2D polar angle | 0.819522 |
9,988 | Coordinates were specified by the distance from the pole and the angle from the polar axis. Bernoulli's work extended to finding the radius of curvature of curves expressed in these coordinates. The actual term polar coordinates has been attributed to Gregorio Fontana and was used by 18th-century Italian writers. The t... | 2D polar angle | 0.819522 |
9,989 | From the 8th century AD onward, astronomers developed methods for approximating and calculating the direction to Mecca (qibla)—and its distance—from any location on the Earth. From the 9th century onward they were using spherical trigonometry and map projection methods to determine these quantities accurately. The calc... | 2D polar angle | 0.819522 |
9,990 | A formal system (also called a logical calculus, or a logical system) consists of a formal language together with a deductive apparatus (also called a deductive system). The deductive apparatus may consist of a set of transformation rules (also called inference rules) or a set of axioms, or have both. A formal system i... | Deductive science | 0.819517 |
9,991 | Results in metalogic consist of such things as formal proofs demonstrating the consistency, completeness, and decidability of particular formal systems. Major results in metalogic include: Proof of the uncountability of the power set of the natural numbers (Cantor's theorem 1891) Löwenheim–Skolem theorem (Leopold Löwen... | Deductive science | 0.819517 |
9,992 | A formal proof is a sequence of well-formed formulas of a formal language, the last of which is a theorem of a formal system. The theorem is a syntactic consequence of all the well formed formulae that precede it in the proof system. For a well formed formula to qualify as part of a proof, it must result from applying ... | Deductive science | 0.819517 |
9,993 | The sale to Google took place after Facebook reportedly ended negotiations with DeepMind Technologies in 2013. The company was afterwards renamed Google DeepMind and kept that name for about two years.In 2014, DeepMind received the "Company of the Year" award from Cambridge Computer Laboratory.In September 2015, DeepMi... | Google DeepMind | 0.819514 |
9,994 | The start-up was founded by Demis Hassabis, Shane Legg and Mustafa Suleyman in September 2010. Hassabis and Legg first met at the Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit at University College London (UCL).Demis Hassabis has said that the start-up began working on artificial intelligence technology by teaching it how to ... | Google DeepMind | 0.819514 |
9,995 | In October 2017, DeepMind announced a new research unit, DeepMind Ethics & Society. Their goal is to fund external research of the following themes: privacy, transparency, and fairness; economic impacts; governance and accountability; managing AI risk; AI morality and values; and how AI can address the world's challeng... | Google DeepMind | 0.819514 |
9,996 | In 2016, DeepMind turned its artificial intelligence to protein folding, a long-standing problem in molecular biology. In December 2018, DeepMind's AlphaFold won the 13th Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction (CASP) by successfully predicting the most accurate structure for 25 out of 43 pro... | Google DeepMind | 0.819514 |
9,997 | Its simplified tree search relies upon this neural network to evaluate positions and sample moves. A new reinforcement learning algorithm incorporates lookahead search inside the training loop. AlphaGo Zero employed around 15 people and millions in computing resources. Ultimately, it needed much less computing power th... | Google DeepMind | 0.819514 |
9,998 | It did so without learning from games played by humans. Its only input features are the black and white stones from the board. It uses a single neural network, rather than separate policy and value networks. | Google DeepMind | 0.819514 |
9,999 | The aim was to have the system mimic the human player and eventually become better. It played against itself and learned not only from its own defeats but wins as well; thus, it learned to improve itself over the time and increased its winning rate as a result.AlphaGo used two deep neural networks: a policy network to ... | Google DeepMind | 0.819514 |
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