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12,600 | Both hardware and software parallelization can be applied. An example for heuristic optimization is the rule "maximum value of an array resulting from the cell-wise addition of two input images is equivalent to adding the maximum values of each input array". By replacing the left-hand variant by the right-hand expressi... | Array DBMS | 0.81687 |
12,601 | A tile-based storage structure suggests a tile-by-tile processing strategy (in rasdaman called tile streaming). A large class of practically relevant queries can be evaluated by loading tile after tile, thereby allowing servers to process arrays orders of magnitude beyond their main memory. Due to the massive sizes of ... | Array DBMS | 0.81687 |
12,602 | In many – if not most – cases where some phenomenon is sampled or simulated the result is a rasterized data set which can conveniently be stored, retrieved, and forwarded as an array. Typically, the array data are ornamented with metadata describing them further; for example, geographically referenced imagery will carr... | Array DBMS | 0.81687 |
12,603 | Like with, e.g., SQL, expressions of arbitrary complexity can be built on top of a set of core array operations. Due to the extensions made in the data and query model, Array DBMSs sometimes are subsumed under the NoSQL category, in the sense of "not only SQL". Query optimization and parallelization are important for a... | Array DBMS | 0.81687 |
12,604 | An array database management system or array DBMS provides database services specifically for arrays (also called raster data), that is: homogeneous collections of data items (often called pixels, voxels, etc.), sitting on a regular grid of one, two, or more dimensions. Often arrays are used to represent sensor, simula... | Array DBMS | 0.81687 |
12,605 | Within the field of medicinal chemistry, the definition is often further restricted to secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites (or specialized metabolites) are not essential for survival, but nevertheless provide organisms that produce them an evolutionary advantage. Many secondary metabolites are cytotoxic and ha... | Active compound | 0.816864 |
12,606 | A natural product is a natural compound or substance produced by a living organism—that is, found in nature. In the broadest sense, natural products include any substance produced by life. Natural products can also be prepared by chemical synthesis (both semisynthesis and total synthesis) and have played a central role... | Active compound | 0.816864 |
12,607 | Research and teaching activities related to natural products fall into a number of diverse academic areas, including organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, pharmacognosy, ethnobotany, traditional medicine, and ethnopharmacology. Other biological areas include chemical biology, chemical ecology, chemogenomics, systems ... | Active compound | 0.816864 |
12,608 | Solid earth refers to "the earth beneath our feet" or terra firma, the planet's solid surface and its interior. : v: 1 It excludes the Earth's fluid envelopes, the atmosphere and hydrosphere (but includes the ocean basin), as well as the biosphere and interactions with the Sun. Solid-earth science refers to the corresp... | Solid earth | 0.816845 |
12,609 | In mechanical engineering, mechanical efficiency is a dimensionless number that measures the efficiency of a mechanism or machine in transforming the power input to the device to power output. A machine is a mechanical linkage in which force is applied at one point, and the force does work moving a load at another poin... | Mechanical efficiency | 0.816844 |
12,610 | In molecular biology and genetics, GC-content (or guanine-cytosine content) is the percentage of nitrogenous bases in a DNA or RNA molecule that are either guanine (G) or cytosine (C). This measure indicates the proportion of G and C bases out of an implied four total bases, also including adenine and thymine in DNA an... | Guanine-cytosine content | 0.816843 |
12,611 | The Practice of Programming (ISBN 0-201-61586-X) by Brian W. Kernighan and Rob Pike is a 1999 book about computer programming and software engineering, published by Addison-Wesley.According to the preface, the book is about "topics like testing, debugging, portability, performance, design alternatives, and style", whic... | The Practice of Programming | 0.816841 |
12,612 | Magnetic positioning is an IPS (Indoor positioning system) solution that takes advantage of the magnetic field anomalies typical of indoor settings by using them as distinctive place recognition signatures. The first citation of positioning based on magnetic anomaly can be traced back to military applications in 1970. ... | Magnetic positioning | 0.816841 |
12,613 | A deeper understanding of the physical meaning and generalization of the renormalization process leading to Landau poles comes from condensed matter physics. Leo P. Kadanoff's paper in 1966 proposed the "block-spin" renormalization group. The blocking idea is a way to define the components of the theory at large distan... | Landau pole | 0.81684 |
12,614 | If the latter has a Landau pole, then this fact is used in setting a "triviality bound" on the Higgs mass. The bound depends on the scale at which new physics is assumed to enter and the maximum value of the quartic coupling permitted (its physical value is unknown). For large couplings, non-perturbative methods are re... | Landau pole | 0.81684 |
12,615 | 1, 2 is played by the fine structure constant α ≈ 1/137 and the Landau scale for QED is estimated as 10286 eV, which is far beyond any energy scale relevant to observable physics. For comparison, the maximum energies accessible at the Large Hadron Collider are of order 1013 eV, while the Planck scale, at which quantum ... | Landau pole | 0.81684 |
12,616 | In physics, the Landau pole (or the Moscow zero, or the Landau ghost) is the momentum (or energy) scale at which the coupling constant (interaction strength) of a quantum field theory becomes infinite. Such a possibility was pointed out by the physicist Lev Landau and his colleagues. The fact that couplings depend on t... | Landau pole | 0.81684 |
12,617 | Thermodynamics is an applied science used in several branches of engineering, including mechanical and chemical engineering. At its simplest, thermodynamics is the study of energy, its use and transformation through a system. Typically, engineering thermodynamics is concerned with changing energy from one form to anoth... | Mechanical design | 0.816832 |
12,618 | In 2012, the median annual income of mechanical engineers in the U.S. workforce was $80,580. The median income was highest when working for the government ($92,030), and lowest in education ($57,090). In 2014, the total number of mechanical engineering jobs was projected to grow 5% over the next decade. As of 2009, the... | Mechanical design | 0.816832 |
12,619 | ), Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (B.M.E. ), or Bachelor of Applied Science (B.A.Sc.) degree, in or with emphasis in mechanical engineering. | Mechanical design | 0.816832 |
12,620 | Degrees in mechanical engineering are offered at various universities worldwide. Mechanical engineering programs typically take four to five years of study depending on the place and university and result in a Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng. or B.E. ), Bachelor of Science (B.Sc. | Mechanical design | 0.816832 |
12,621 | Acoustical engineering is one of many other sub-disciplines of mechanical engineering and is the application of acoustics. Acoustical engineering is the study of Sound and Vibration. These engineers work effectively to reduce noise pollution in mechanical devices and in buildings by soundproofing or removing sources of... | Mechanical design | 0.816832 |
12,622 | Mechatronics is the synergistic combination of mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, and software engineering. The discipline of mechatronics began as a way to combine mechanical principles with electrical engineering. Mechatronic concepts are used in the majority of electro-mechanical systems. Typical electr... | Mechanical design | 0.816832 |
12,623 | Mechanical engineering programs in Canada are accredited by the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB), and most other countries offering engineering degrees have similar accreditation societies. In Australia, mechanical engineering degrees are awarded as Bachelor of Engineering (Mechanical) or similar nomencl... | Mechanical design | 0.816832 |
12,624 | In Italy the course work is based on five years of education, and training, but in order to qualify as an Engineer one has to pass a state exam at the end of the course. In Greece, the coursework is based on a five-year curriculum.In the United States, most undergraduate mechanical engineering programs are accredited b... | Mechanical design | 0.816832 |
12,625 | In the United States, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) was formed in 1880, becoming the third such professional engineering society, after the American Society of Civil Engineers (1852) and the American Institute of Mining Engineers (1871). The first schools in the United States to offer an engineeri... | Mechanical design | 0.816832 |
12,626 | Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who earlier designed a mechanical calculator, is also credited with developing the calculus during the same time period.During the early 19th century Industrial Revolution, machine tools were developed in England, Germany, and Scotland. This allowed mechanical engineering to develop as a sepa... | Mechanical design | 0.816832 |
12,627 | The Dutch mathematician and physicist Christiaan Huygens invented the pendulum clock in 1657, which was the first reliable timekeeper for almost 300 years, and published a work dedicated to clock designs and the theory behind them. In England, Isaac Newton formulated Newton's Laws of Motion and developed the calculus, ... | Mechanical design | 0.816832 |
12,628 | He also invented the world's first known endless power-transmitting chain drive.During the Islamic Golden Age (7th to 15th century), Muslim inventors made remarkable contributions in the field of mechanical technology. Al-Jazari, who was one of them, wrote his famous Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices in... | Mechanical design | 0.816832 |
12,629 | Kushite sundials applied mathematics in the form of advanced trigonometry.The earliest practical water-powered machines, the water wheel and watermill, first appeared in the Persian Empire, in what are now Iraq and Iran, by the early 4th century BC. In ancient Greece, the works of Archimedes (287–212 BC) influenced mec... | Mechanical design | 0.816832 |
12,630 | The application of mechanical engineering can be seen in the archives of various ancient and medieval societies. The six classic simple machines were known in the ancient Near East. The wedge and the inclined plane (ramp) were known since prehistoric times. The wheel, along with the wheel and axle mechanism, was invent... | Mechanical design | 0.816832 |
12,631 | In the United States it is common for mechanical engineering students to complete one or more internships while studying, though this is not typically mandated by the university. Cooperative education is another option. Future work skills research puts demand on study components that feed student's creativity and innov... | Mechanical design | 0.816832 |
12,632 | The fundamental subjects required for mechanical engineering usually include: Mathematics (in particular, calculus, differential equations, and linear algebra) Basic physical sciences (including physics and chemistry) Statics and dynamics Strength of materials and solid mechanics Materials engineering, composites Therm... | Mechanical design | 0.816832 |
12,633 | Manage a team of professionals in specialized fields like mechanical drafting and designing, prototyping, 3D printing or/and CNC Machines specialists.Mechanical engineers design and oversee the manufacturing of many products ranging from medical devices to new batteries. They also design power-producing machines such a... | Mechanical design | 0.816832 |
12,634 | In addition, CAE analysis programs can model complicated physical phenomena which cannot be solved by hand, such as viscoelasticity, complex contact between mating parts, or non-Newtonian flows. As mechanical engineering begins to merge with other disciplines, as seen in mechatronics, multidisciplinary design optimizat... | Mechanical design | 0.816832 |
12,635 | Many mechanical engineering companies, especially those in industrialized nations, have begun to incorporate computer-aided engineering (CAE) programs into their existing design and analysis processes, including 2D and 3D solid modeling computer-aided design (CAD). This method has many benefits, including easier and mo... | Mechanical design | 0.816832 |
12,636 | Exact-replicate arrays may be produced, since the same sample source plate may be dried and printed on different slides for at least 15 months' storage without apparent loss of transfection efficiency.The disadvantages of reverse transfection are: Reverse transfection is more expensive because a highly accurate and eff... | Reverse transfection | 0.816828 |
12,637 | Just as in the other convention, right-handedness corresponds to a clockwise rotation, and left-handedness corresponds to an anti-clockwise rotation. Many optics textbooks use this second convention. It is also used by SPIE as well as the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). | Right circular polarization | 0.816825 |
12,638 | The symbolic manipulations supported typically include: simplification to a smaller expression or some standard form, including automatic simplification with assumptions and simplification with constraints substitution of symbols or numeric values for certain expressions change of form of expressions: expanding product... | Computer algebra systems | 0.816825 |
12,639 | The expressions manipulated by the CAS typically include polynomials in multiple variables; standard functions of expressions (sine, exponential, etc.); various special functions (Γ, ζ, erf, Bessel functions, etc.); arbitrary functions of expressions; optimization; derivatives, integrals, simplifications, sums, and pro... | Computer algebra systems | 0.816825 |
12,640 | Knuth–Bendix completion algorithm Root-finding algorithms Symbolic integration via e.g. Risch algorithm or Risch–Norman algorithm Hypergeometric summation via e.g. Gosper's algorithm Limit computation via e.g. Gruntz's algorithm Polynomial factorization via e.g., over finite fields, Berlekamp's algorithm or Cantor–Zass... | Computer algebra systems | 0.816825 |
12,641 | The aforementioned coding works well for continuous and total functions, as shown in (Kohlenbach 2002, Section 4), assuming a higher-order base theory plus weak Kőnig's lemma. As perhaps expected, in the case of topology or measure theory, coding is not without problems, as explored in e.g. (Hunter, 2008) or (Normann a... | Second-order arithmetic | 0.816824 |
12,642 | For example, the intermediate value theorem for functions from the reals to the reals is provable in RCA0 (Simpson 2009, p. 87), while the Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem is equivalent to ACA0 over RCA0 (Simpson 2009, p. 34). | Second-order arithmetic | 0.816824 |
12,643 | The integers, rational numbers, and real numbers can all be formalized in the subsystem RCA0, along with complete separable metric spaces and continuous functions between them (Simpson 2009, Chapter II). The research program of reverse mathematics uses these formalizations of mathematics in second-order arithmetic to s... | Second-order arithmetic | 0.816824 |
12,644 | A subsystem of second-order arithmetic is a theory in the language of second-order arithmetic each axiom of which is a theorem of full second-order arithmetic (Z2). Such subsystems are essential to reverse mathematics, a research program investigating how much of classical mathematics can be derived in certain weak sub... | Second-order arithmetic | 0.816824 |
12,645 | The Kolmogorov axioms are the foundations of probability theory introduced by Russian mathematician Andrey Kolmogorov in 1933. These axioms remain central and have direct contributions to mathematics, the physical sciences, and real-world probability cases. An alternative approach to formalising probability, favoured b... | Axioms of probability | 0.816824 |
12,646 | Regarding this requirement, Doolittle said, “It is extraordinarily difficult to imagine how informationally irrelevant sequences could be introduced into pre-existing structural genes without deleterious effects.” He stated “I would like to argue that the eukaryotic genome, at least in that aspect of its structure mani... | Split gene theory | 0.816822 |
12,647 | The discovery of introns and the split gene architecture of the eukaryotic genes started a new era of eukaryotic biology. The question of why eukaryotic genes had fragmented genes prompted speculation and discussion almost immediately. Ford Doolittle published a paper in 1978 in which he stated that most molecular biol... | Split gene theory | 0.816822 |
12,648 | Senapathy proposed a plausible mechanistic and functional rationale why the eukaryotic nucleus originated, a major question in biology. If the transcripts of the split genes and the spliced mRNAs were present in a cell without a nucleus, the ribosomes would try to bind to both the un-spliced primary RNA transcript and ... | Split gene theory | 0.816822 |
12,649 | Furthermore, it is used in defining the cryptic splice sites and deducing the mechanisms by which mutations can affect normal splicing and lead to different diseases. It is also employed in basic research. Findings based on S&S have impacted major questions in eukaryotic biology and in human medicine. | Split gene theory | 0.816822 |
12,650 | Step 1: x = 6 {\displaystyle x=6} h = 10 {\displaystyle h=10} d x d t = 3 {\displaystyle {\frac {dx}{dt}}=3} d h d t = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {dh}{dt}}=0} d y d t = ? {\displaystyle {\frac {dy}{dt}}={\text{?}}} Step 2: From the Pythagorean theorem, the equation x 2 + y 2 = h 2 , {\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}=h^{2},} desc... | Related rates | 0.816819 |
12,651 | {\displaystyle {\frac {dF}{dt}}={\frac {df}{dx}}\cdot {\frac {dx}{dt}}.} Thus, if it is known how x {\displaystyle x} changes with respect to t {\displaystyle t} , then we can determine how F {\displaystyle F} changes with respect to t {\displaystyle t} and vice versa. We can extend this application of the chain rule w... | Related rates | 0.816819 |
12,652 | In differential calculus, related rates problems involve finding a rate at which a quantity changes by relating that quantity to other quantities whose rates of change are known. The rate of change is usually with respect to time. Because science and engineering often relate quantities to each other, the methods of rel... | Related rates | 0.816819 |
12,653 | Because one physical quantity often depends on another, which, in turn depends on others, such as time, related-rates methods have broad applications in Physics. This section presents an example of related rates kinematics and electromagnetic induction. | Related rates | 0.816819 |
12,654 | {\displaystyle {\frac {dy}{dt}}={\frac {h{\frac {dh}{dt}}-x{\frac {dx}{dt}}}{y}}.} d y d t = 10 × 0 − 6 × 3 y = − 18 y . {\displaystyle {\frac {dy}{dt}}={\frac {10\times 0-6\times 3}{y}}=-{\frac {18}{y}}.} Solving for y using the Pythagorean Theorem gives: x 2 + y 2 = h 2 {\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}=h^{2}} 6 2 + y 2 = 1... | Related rates | 0.816819 |
12,655 | Sturm and J. Liouville, who studied them in the mid-1800s. SLPs have an infinite number of eigenvalues, and the corresponding eigenfunctions form a complete, orthogonal set, which makes orthogonal expansions possible. This is a key idea in applied mathematics, physics, and engineering. SLPs are also useful in the analy... | Ordinary Differential Equations | 0.816816 |
12,656 | SageMath, an open-source application that uses a Python-like syntax with a wide range of capabilities spanning several branches of mathematics. SciPy, a Python package that includes an ODE integration module. Chebfun, an open-source package, written in MATLAB, for computing with functions to 15-digit accuracy. GNU R, a... | Ordinary Differential Equations | 0.816816 |
12,657 | Maxima, an open-source computer algebra system. COPASI, a free (Artistic License 2.0) software package for the integration and analysis of ODEs. MATLAB, a technical computing application (MATrix LABoratory) GNU Octave, a high-level language, primarily intended for numerical computations. Scilab, an open source applicat... | Ordinary Differential Equations | 0.816816 |
12,658 | In organic chemistry, a group transfer reaction is a pericyclic process where one or more groups of atoms is transferred from one molecule to another. They can sometimes be difficult to identify when separate reactant molecules combine into a single product molecule (like in the ene reaction). Unlike other pericyclic r... | Group transfer reaction | 0.816808 |
12,659 | .fits – FITS (Flexible Image Transport System) standard data format for astronomy Silo – Silo, a storage format for visualization developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory SPC – SPC, spectroscopic data EAS3 – binary format for structured data EOSSA – Electro-Optic Space Situational Awareness format OST – (Ope... | Scientific data format | 0.816803 |
12,660 | Due to collaborations with mathematicians, many scientists in fields such as physics, engineering, biology, and economics also have Erdős numbers.Several studies have shown that leading mathematicians tend to have particularly low Erdős numbers. For example, the roughly 268,000 mathematicians with a known Erdős number ... | Erdős problems | 0.816803 |
12,661 | Other idiosyncratic elements of Erdős's vocabulary include: Children were referred to as "epsilons" (because in mathematics, particularly calculus, an arbitrarily small positive quantity is commonly denoted by the Greek letter (ε)). Women were "bosses" who "captured" men as "slaves" by marrying them. Divorced men were ... | Erdős problems | 0.816803 |
12,662 | After he won the bet, he promptly resumed his use of Ritalin and Benzedrine.He had his own idiosyncratic vocabulary; although an agnostic atheist, he spoke of "The Book", a visualization of a book in which God had written down the best and most elegant proofs for mathematical theorems. Lecturing in 1985 he said, "You d... | Erdős problems | 0.816803 |
12,663 | In 2021 the minor planet (asteroid) 405571 (temporarily designated 2005 QE87) was formally named "Erdőspál" to commemorate Erdős, with the citation describing him as "a Hungarian mathematician, much of whose work centered around discrete mathematics. His work leaned towards solving previously open problems, rather than... | Erdős problems | 0.816802 |
12,664 | He would typically show up at a colleague's doorstep and announce "my brain is open", staying long enough to collaborate on a few papers before moving on a few days later. In many cases, he would ask the current collaborator about whom to visit next. His colleague Alfréd Rényi said, "a mathematician is a machine for tu... | Erdős problems | 0.816802 |
12,665 | By the time he was 20, he had found a proof for Chebyshev's theorem. In 1934, at the age of 21, he was awarded a doctorate in mathematics. Erdős's thesis advisor was Lipót Fejér, who was also the thesis advisor for John von Neumann, George Pólya, and Paul (Pál) Turán. | Erdős problems | 0.816802 |
12,666 | In his later years, Stibitz "turned to non-verbal uses of the computer". Specifically, he used a Commodore-Amiga to create computer art. In a 1990 letter, written to the department chair of the Mathematics and Computer Science department of Denison University he said: I have turned to non-verbal uses of the computer, a... | Complex Number Calculator | 0.816798 |
12,667 | Throughout his childhood, Stibitz enjoyed assembling devices and systems, working with material as diverse as a toy Meccano set or the electrical wiring of the family home. He received a bachelor's degree in mathematics from Denison University in Granville, Ohio, a master's degree in physics from Union College in 1927,... | Complex Number Calculator | 0.816798 |
12,668 | See https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/1074100.1074162 Even today AI Artificial intelligence makes many mistakes, called "uncertain reasoning" and error detection is much needed. The Bell Labs computers were powerful, reliable, and balanced machines. They often outperformed their vacuum tube contemporaries in solving p... | Complex Number Calculator | 0.816798 |
12,669 | Stibitz began working at Bell Labs after his doctorate, where he would remain until 1941. In November 1937 he completed a relay-based adder he later dubbed the "Model K" (after his kitchen table, on which it was purportedly assembled), which calculated using binary addition. Replicas of the "Model K" now reside in the ... | Complex Number Calculator | 0.816798 |
12,670 | Thermochemistry rests on two generalizations. Stated in modern terms, they are as follows: Lavoisier and Laplace's law (1780): The energy change accompanying any transformation is equal and opposite to energy change accompanying the reverse process. Hess' law of constant heat summation (1840): The energy change accompa... | Thermochemistry | 0.816795 |
12,671 | Thermochemistry coalesces the concepts of thermodynamics with the concept of energy in the form of chemical bonds. The subject commonly includes calculations of such quantities as heat capacity, heat of combustion, heat of formation, enthalpy, entropy, and free energy. Thermochemistry is one part of the broader field o... | Thermochemistry | 0.816795 |
12,672 | Thermochemistry is useful in predicting reactant and product quantities throughout the course of a given reaction. In combination with entropy determinations, it is also used to predict whether a reaction is spontaneous or non-spontaneous, favorable or unfavorable. Endothermic reactions absorb heat, while exothermic re... | Thermochemistry | 0.816795 |
12,673 | Thermochemistry is the study of the heat energy which is associated with chemical reactions and/or phase changes such as melting and boiling. A reaction may release or absorb energy, and a phase change may do the same. Thermochemistry focuses on the energy exchange between a system and its surroundings in the form of h... | Thermochemistry | 0.816795 |
12,674 | Several thermodynamic definitions are very useful in thermochemistry. A system is the specific portion of the universe that is being studied. Everything outside the system is considered the surroundings or environment. A system may be: a (completely) isolated system which can exchange neither energy nor matter with the... | Thermochemistry | 0.816795 |
12,675 | The ALU is capable of performing two classes of operations: arithmetic and logic. The set of arithmetic operations that a particular ALU supports may be limited to addition and subtraction, or might include multiplication, division, trigonometry functions such as sine, cosine, etc., and square roots. Some can operate o... | Digital computing | 0.816793 |
12,676 | Organisms Diversity & Evolution is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering various aspects of biodiversity and evolution of organisms. It is published by Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of the Gesellschaft für Biologische Systematik and was established in 2001. The editor-in-chief is Andreas Wan... | Organisms Diversity & Evolution | 0.816793 |
12,677 | In order to support conservation, access, interpretation and management, heritage science must be based on an interdisciplinary palette of knowledge, from fundamental sciences (chemistry, physics, mathematics, biology) to arts and humanities (conservation, archaeology, philosophy, ethics, history, art history etc.), in... | Heritage science | 0.816788 |
12,678 | Notable journals often or exclusively publishing academic papers in heritage science include: Analytical Chemistry Archaeometry Heritage Journal of Cultural Heritage Journal of the American Institute for Conservation Studies in Conservation | Heritage science | 0.816788 |
12,679 | Many major heritage institutions have heritage science departments. A UK body, the National Heritage Science Forum was established to enable the 'users' and 'doers' of heritage science to access information on heritage science research, to exchange knowledge and increase collaboration. In 2016, the forum had 20 institu... | Heritage science | 0.816788 |
12,680 | A nuclepore filter (brand name Nuclepore from Whatman, part of GE Healthcare) is a kind of filter in which holes a few micrometres in size have been created in a plastic (e.g. polycarbonate) membrane. These filters are generally created by exposing the membrane to radiation that weakens the plastic and creates specific... | Nucleopore filter | 0.816785 |
12,681 | Skeletal formulas can depict cis and trans isomers of alkenes. Wavy single bonds are the standard way to represent unknown or unspecified stereochemistry or a mixture of isomers (as with tetrahedral stereocenters). A crossed double-bond has been used sometimes, but is no longer considered an acceptable style for genera... | Structural formulae | 0.816783 |
12,682 | Wavy single bonds represent unknown or unspecified stereochemistry or a mixture of isomers. For example, the adjacent diagram shows the fructose molecule with a wavy bond to the HOCH2- group at the left. In this case the two possible ring structures are in chemical equilibrium with each other and also with the open-cha... | Structural formulae | 0.816783 |
12,683 | Chirality in skeletal formulas is indicated by the Natta projection method. Stereochemistry is used to show the relative spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule. Wedges are used to show this, and there are two types: dashed and filled. A filled wedge indicates that the atom is in the front of the molecule; it is poi... | Structural formulae | 0.816783 |
12,684 | Through the use of Lewis structures, the placement of electrons, whether it is in a bond or in lone pairs, will allow for the identification of the formal charges of the atoms in the molecule to understand the stability and determine the most likely molecule (based on molecular geometry difference) that would be formed... | Structural formulae | 0.816783 |
12,685 | A charged particle beam is a spatially localized group of electrically charged particles that have approximately the same position, kinetic energy (resulting in the same velocity), and direction. The kinetic energies of the particles are much larger than the energies of particles at ambient temperature. The high energy... | Charged particle beams | 0.816778 |
12,686 | The bag-of-words model is a model of text represented as an unordered collection of words. It is used in natural language processing and information retrieval (IR). It disregards grammar and word order but keeps multiplicity. The bag-of-words model has also been used for computer vision.The bag-of-words model is common... | Bag of words model | 0.816776 |
12,687 | The Bag-of-words model was mainly used to calculate frequencies of words in different documents. The frequencies were typically "normalized" by the inverse of document frequency, or tf–idf. Additionally, for the specific purpose of classification, supervised alternatives have been developed to account for the class lab... | Bag of words model | 0.816776 |
12,688 | Firms worldwide would also be able to increase the environmental sustainability of their products by using bioplastics Although bioplastics save more nonrenewable energy than conventional plastics and emit less greenhouse gasses compared to conventional plastics, bioplastics also have negative environmental impacts suc... | Dedicated bio-based chemical | 0.816775 |
12,689 | Materials such as starch, cellulose, wood, sugar and biomass are used as a substitute for fossil fuel resources to produce bioplastics; this makes the production of bioplastics a more sustainable activity compared to conventional plastic production. The environmental impact of bioplastics is often debated, as there are... | Dedicated bio-based chemical | 0.816775 |
12,690 | If it finds one, it gets into an infinite loop and never halts; otherwise, it halts. If the system is consistent, the Turing machine will halt on every input, but one cannot prove this in a strong enough proof system due to Gödel's incompleteness theorems. One can also create a Turing machine that will halt if and only... | Total Turing machine | 0.816774 |
12,691 | Indeed, if g were a total computable function extending f then g would be computable by some Turing machine; fix e as the index of such a machine. Build a Turing machine M, using Kleene's recursion theorem, which on input 0 simulates the machine with index e running on an index nM for M (thus the machine M can produce ... | Total Turing machine | 0.816774 |
12,692 | A general Turing machine will compute a partial function. Two questions can be asked about the relationship between partial Turing machines and total Turing machines: Can every partial function computable by a partial Turing machine be extended (that is, have its domain enlarged) to become a total computable function? ... | Total Turing machine | 0.816774 |
12,693 | Institute for Advanced Studies (Instituto de Estudos Avançados). Responsible for the development of pure and applied sciences: photonics, nuclear energy, applied physics, remote sensor systems and decision support systems. In 2006, the IEAv inaugurated the T3 Hypersonic wind tunnel, the largest in Latin America. | Department of Aerospace Science and Technology | 0.816769 |
12,694 | Laboratory techniques are the set of procedures used on natural sciences such as chemistry, biology, physics to conduct an experiment; while some of them involve the use of complex laboratory equipment from laboratory glassware to electrical devices, and others require more specific or expensive supplies. | Laboratory technique | 0.816755 |
12,695 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) to study a preservation solution developed by the University of Rochester in New York for extending simple cold storage time of human hearts removed for transplant.At the July 2005 annual conference of the Society for Cryobiology, 21st Century Medicine announced the vitrification of ... | 21st Century Medicine | 0.816755 |
12,696 | A random process is a sequence of random variables whose outcomes do not follow a deterministic pattern, but follow an evolution described by probability distributions. These and other constructs are extremely useful in probability theory and the various applications of randomness. Randomness is most often used in stat... | Randomness | 0.816745 |
12,697 | In statistics, a random variable is an assignment of a numerical value to each possible outcome of an event space. This association facilitates the identification and the calculation of probabilities of the events. Random variables can appear in random sequences. | Randomness | 0.816745 |
12,698 | In this view, randomness is not haphazardness; it is a measure of uncertainty of an outcome. Randomness applies to concepts of chance, probability, and information entropy. The fields of mathematics, probability, and statistics use formal definitions of randomness. | Randomness | 0.816745 |
12,699 | In the 19th century, scientists used the idea of random motions of molecules in the development of statistical mechanics to explain phenomena in thermodynamics and the properties of gases. According to several standard interpretations of quantum mechanics, microscopic phenomena are objectively random. That is, in an ex... | Randomness | 0.816745 |
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