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12,400 | This exceeded the best human-invented architectures at a cost of 9 billion fewer FLOPS—a reduction of 28%. The system continued to exceed the manually-designed alternative at varying computation levels. The image features learned from image classification can be transferred to other computer vision problems. | Neural architecture search | 0.817113 |
12,401 | Methods like aim at robustifying DARTS and making the validation accuracy landscape smoother by introducing a Hessian norm based regularisation and random smoothing/adversarial attack respectively. The cause of performance degradation is later analyzed from the architecture selection aspect.Differentiable NAS has shown... | Neural architecture search | 0.817113 |
12,402 | In addition to the learned parameters, a set of architecture parameters are learnt to depict preference for one module over another. Such methods reduce the required computational resources to only a few GPU days. More recent works further combine this weight-sharing paradigm, with a continuous relaxation of the search... | Neural architecture search | 0.817113 |
12,403 | RL or evolution-based NAS require thousands of GPU-days of searching/training to achieve state-of-the-art computer vision results as described in the NASNet, mNASNet and MobileNetV3 papers.To reduce computational cost, many recent NAS methods rely on the weight-sharing idea. In this approach a single overparameterized ... | Neural architecture search | 0.817113 |
12,404 | Students of control engineering may start with a linear control system course dealing with the time and complex-s domain, which requires a thorough background in elementary mathematics and Laplace transform, called classical control theory. In linear control, the student does frequency and time domain analysis. Digital... | Control engineer | 0.817111 |
12,405 | It is taught as part of the undergraduate curriculum of any chemical engineering program and employs many of the same principles in control engineering. Other engineering disciplines also overlap with control engineering as it can be applied to any system for which a suitable model can be derived. However, specialised ... | Control engineer | 0.817111 |
12,406 | At many universities around the world, control engineering courses are taught primarily in electrical engineering and mechanical engineering, but some courses can be instructed in mechatronics engineering, and aerospace engineering. In others, control engineering is connected to computer science, as most control techni... | Control engineer | 0.817111 |
12,407 | A system can be mechanical, electrical, fluid, chemical, financial or biological, and its mathematical modelling, analysis and controller design uses control theory in one or many of the time, frequency and complex-s domains, depending on the nature of the design problem. Control engineering is the engineering discipli... | Control engineer | 0.817111 |
12,408 | In physics, atomic spectroscopy is the study of the electromagnetic radiation absorbed and emitted by atoms. Since unique elements have unique emission spectra, atomic spectroscopy is applied for determination of elemental compositions. It can be divided by atomization source or by the type of spectroscopy used. | Atomic spectroscopy | 0.817111 |
12,409 | Placenta structures consist of unique physiognomies. Placenta's structure not only regulates its function but also gives the probability of efficient use in clinics and in biotechnology.According to a research study by Bhattacharya N., Anemia caused by Diabetes mellitus in patients with albuminuria can be treated with ... | Pregnancy specific biological substances | 0.817109 |
12,410 | The techniques which have been developed for qualitative reasoning permit the simulation of quantitative systems which are subject to multiple constraints in the form of inequalities as well as equalities. It can permit the simulation of certain important systems, such as ecosystems, which might otherwise be too comple... | Qualitative reasoning | 0.817108 |
12,411 | Qualitative Reasoning (QR) is an area of research within Artificial Intelligence (AI) that automates reasoning about continuous aspects of the physical world, such as space, time, and quantity, for the purpose of problem solving and planning using qualitative rather than quantitative information. Precise numerical valu... | Qualitative reasoning | 0.817108 |
12,412 | In statistics, a studentized residual is the quotient resulting from the division of a residual by an estimate of its standard deviation. It is a form of a Student's t-statistic, with the estimate of error varying between points. This is an important technique in the detection of outliers. It is among several named in ... | Studentized residuals | 0.817108 |
12,413 | Schrödinger logics are a kind of non-classical logic in which the law of identity is restricted. These logics are motivated by the consideration that in quantum mechanics, elementary particles may be indistinguishable, even in principle, on the basis of any measurement. This in turn suggests that such particles cannot ... | Schrödinger logic | 0.817107 |
12,414 | Then w m ( x ) = w m ( ± r j A ) = w m ( A ) {\displaystyle w_{m}(x)=w_{m}(\pm r^{j}A)=w_{m}(A)} . This proves that C {\displaystyle C} is equidistant since all codewords have the same weight as A {\displaystyle A} . Since all codewords have the same weight, and by the previous theorem we know the total weight of all c... | AN codes | 0.817098 |
12,415 | We will now use the previous theorem to show that the Mandelbaum-Barrows Codes are equidistant (which means that every pair of codewords have the same distance), with a distance of n B − 1 ( ⌊ r B r + 1 ⌋ − ⌊ B r + 1 ⌋ ) {\displaystyle {\frac {n}{B-1}}(\lfloor {\frac {rB}{r+1}}\rfloor -\lfloor {\frac {B}{r+1}}\rfloor )... | AN codes | 0.817098 |
12,416 | To analyze the distance of the Mandelbaum-Barrows Codes, we will need the following theorem. theorem: Let C ⊂ {\displaystyle C\subset } be a cyclic AN code with generator A {\displaystyle A} , and B = | C | = ( r n − 1 ) / A {\displaystyle B=|C|=(r^{n}-1)/A} Then, ∑ x ∈ C w m ( x ) = n ( ⌊ r B r + 1 ⌋ − ⌊ B r + 1 ⌋ ) ... | AN codes | 0.817098 |
12,417 | The computer game bot Turing test was proposed to advance the fields of artificial intelligence (AI) and computational intelligence with respect to video games. It was considered that a poorly implemented bot implied a subpar game, so a bot that would be capable of passing this test, and therefore might be indistinguis... | Computer game bot Turing Test | 0.817094 |
12,418 | However, other volume based representations (e.g. constructive solid geometry) or point based representations (point clouds) can be used to represent shape. Once the objects are given, either by modeling (computer-aided design), by scanning (3D scanner) or by extracting shape from 2D or 3D images, they have to be simpl... | Shape analysis (digital geometry) | 0.817092 |
12,419 | Linear-time variant (LTV) systems are the ones whose parameters vary with time according to previously specified laws. Mathematically, there is a well defined dependence of the system over time and over the input parameters that change over time. y ( t ) = f ( x ( t ) , t ) {\displaystyle y(t)=f(x(t),t)} In order to so... | Time-variant system | 0.817091 |
12,420 | If the liquid and the wall of the pipe are transparent and the liquid contains tracer particles, optical measurement techniques, are effective enough tool to perform noncontact measurements. However, if either the wall or the liquid are opaque as is often the case in food production, chemical engineering, glass making,... | Lorentz force velocimetry | 0.81709 |
12,421 | K {\displaystyle K} is a calibration factor that depends on the geometry of the LOFOS system. From equation above the cumulative mass during operating time is determined as where F ~ {\displaystyle {\tilde {F}}} is the integral of Lorentz force within the time process. From this equation and considering the specific el... | Lorentz force velocimetry | 0.81709 |
12,422 | The physics behind the device's operation was also not settled. The residual gas would cause a blue glow (visible ionization) when the plate voltage was high (above about 60 volts). In 1912, de Forest and John Stone Stone brought the Audion for demonstration to AT&T's engineering department. | Electron device | 0.817077 |
12,423 | These statistics were combined using a support vector machine. Other properties include the appearance of a promoter to transcribe the RNA. ncRNAs are also often followed by a Rho-independent transcription terminator. Using a combination of these approaches, multiple studies have enumerated candidate RNAs, e.g., Some s... | Bioinformatics discovery of non-coding RNAs | 0.817077 |
12,424 | An approach taken in RNAz involved computing statistics on an input multiple-sequence alignment. Some of these statistics relate to structural conservation, while others measure general properties of the alignment that could affect the expected ranges of the structural statistics. | Bioinformatics discovery of non-coding RNAs | 0.817077 |
12,425 | Other statistics and probabilistic models can be used to measure such conservation. The first ncRNA discovery method to use structural conservation was QRNA, which compared the probabilities of an alignment of two sequences based on either an RNA model or a model in which only the primary sequence conserved. Work in th... | Bioinformatics discovery of non-coding RNAs | 0.817077 |
12,426 | The linear relationship of this equation is maintained only in the range of 0.05 < p / p 0 < 0.35 {\displaystyle 0.05<{p}/{p_{0}}<0.35} . The value of the slope A {\displaystyle A} and the y-intercept I {\displaystyle I} of the line are used to calculate the monolayer adsorbed gas quantity v m {\displaystyle v_{\mathrm... | BET theory | 0.81707 |
12,427 | The knowledge areas that are tested are taken from software engineering, information systems and computer science.The examination categories are also constantly reviewed to ensure that they are both relevant to current trends in information technology and to keep them consistent with previous exams.The examination ques... | Information-Technology Engineers Examination | 0.817068 |
12,428 | The book contains a large number of descriptive and study materials together with a number of difficult problems with regards to number theory analysis. The book is organized into the following chapters, with each chapter further divided. I. REAL VARIABLES II. FUNCTIONS OF REAL VARIABLES III COMPLEX NUMBERS IV LIMITS O... | A Course of Pure Mathematics | 0.817064 |
12,429 | A Course of Pure Mathematics is a classic textbook in introductory mathematical analysis, written by G. H. Hardy. It is recommended for people studying calculus. First published in 1908, it went through ten editions (up to 1952) and several reprints. It is now out of copyright in UK and is downloadable from various int... | A Course of Pure Mathematics | 0.817064 |
12,430 | In molecular biology, a polynucleotide (from Ancient Greek πολυς (polys) 'many') is a biopolymer composed of 13 nucleotide monomers, covalently bonded in a chain. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are examples of polynucleotides with distinct biological functions. DNA consists of two chains of poly... | Polynucleotide | 0.817063 |
12,431 | Researchers attempting to optimize the activity profile of a compound create a 'library' of many different but related compounds. Advances in robotics have led to an industrial approach to combinatorial synthesis, enabling companies to routinely produce over 100,000 new and unique compounds per year.In order to handle ... | Combinatorial Chemistry | 0.817062 |
12,432 | Synthesis of molecules in a combinatorial fashion can quickly lead to large numbers of molecules. For example, a molecule with three points of diversity (R1, R2, and R3) can generate N R 1 × N R 2 × N R 3 {\displaystyle N_{R_{1}}\times N_{R_{2}}\times N_{R_{3}}} possible structures, where N R 1 {\displaystyle N_{R_{1}}... | Combinatorial Chemistry | 0.817062 |
12,433 | To eliminate the possibility of potential hydroxyl group interference, a novel method using silyl-aryl chemistry is used to link the molecules to the solid support which cleaves from the support and leaves no trace of the linker. When anchoring a molecule to a solid support, intermediates cannot be isolated from one an... | Combinatorial Chemistry | 0.817062 |
12,434 | Although the majority of the examples described here will employ heterogeneous reaction media in every reaction step, Booth and Hodges provide an early example of using solid-supported reagents only during the purification step of traditional solution-phase syntheses. In their view, solution-phase chemistry offers the ... | Combinatorial Chemistry | 0.817062 |
12,435 | Furthermore, by using heterogeneous reactants, excess reagents can be used to drive sluggish reactions to completion, which can further improve yields. Excess reagents can simply be washed away without the need for additional purification steps such as chromatography. Over the years, a variety of methods have been deve... | Combinatorial Chemistry | 0.817062 |
12,436 | Solid-phase synthesis offers potential solutions to obviate the need for typical quenching and purification steps often used in synthetic chemistry. In general, a starting molecule is adhered to a solid support (typically an insoluble polymer), then additional reactions are performed, and the final product is purified ... | Combinatorial Chemistry | 0.817062 |
12,437 | In the drug discovery process, the synthesis and biological evaluation of small molecules of interest have typically been a long and laborious process. Combinatorial chemistry has emerged in recent decades as an approach to quickly and efficiently synthesize large numbers of potential small molecule drug candidates. In... | Combinatorial Chemistry | 0.817062 |
12,438 | Let X be a topological vector space and C ⊆ X {\displaystyle C\subseteq X} be convex. Cl C {\displaystyle \operatorname {Cl} C} and Int C {\displaystyle \operatorname {Int} C} are both convex (i.e. the closure and interior of convex sets are convex). If a ∈ Int C {\displaystyle a\in \operatorname {Int} C} and b ∈... | Convex object | 0.817061 |
12,439 | Semiconductor image sensors can suffer from shading effects at large apertures and at the periphery of the image field, due to the geometry of the light cone projected from the exit pupil of the lens to a point, or pixel, on the sensor surface. The effects are discussed in detail by Catrysse and Wandell . In the contex... | Sensor size | 0.817056 |
12,440 | The Polyjet Matrix 3D printing technology uses simultaneous jetting of multiple types of modeling materials to create a single piece 3D model. PolyJet is used by automotive, electronics, consumer goods, medical development, and clothing manufacturers, as well as for creating 3D models for use in movies such as Coraline... | Objet Geometries | 0.817056 |
12,441 | Objet Geometries is one of the brands of Stratasys, a 3D printer developing company. The brand began with Objet Geometries Ltd, a corporation engaged in the design, development, and manufacture of photopolymer 3D printing systems. The company, incorporated in 1998, was based in Rehovot, Israel. In 2011 the company merg... | Objet Geometries | 0.817055 |
12,442 | The society was formed in 1991 from informal discussions within the mouse genetics scientific community. It had 48 founding members, including Gail R. Martin, Eric Lander, Mary Lyon, Tsui Lap-chee and Shirley M. Tilghman. It has three stated goals:To facilitate the creation of databases of genetic information, Organize... | International Mammalian Genome Society | 0.817046 |
12,443 | The IMGS holds an annual meeting, the International Mouse Genome Conference (IMGC), that is attended by scientists from around the world. Prior to the formation of the society the mouse genetics community held a number of annual workshops, which the society adopted at the 4th workshop in Lunteren, Netherlands. The loca... | International Mammalian Genome Society | 0.817046 |
12,444 | Landscape genomics is one of many strategies used to identify relationships between environmental factors and the genetic adaptation of organisms in response to these factors. Landscape genomics combines aspects of landscape ecology, population genetics and landscape genetics. The latter addresses how landscape feature... | Landscape genomics | 0.817046 |
12,445 | Landscape genomics analyzes adaptive markers, whereas landscape genetics only analyzes neutral markers. The field of genomics began to grow in the 1970s when new technology was discovered by A.M. Maxam and W. Gilbert, and continued to advance with the widely recognized Human Genome Project. It was the application of th... | Landscape genomics | 0.817046 |
12,446 | Landscape genomics is a relatively new field, made possible by recent technological advances in genetic mapping. Genomics is the study of the genome, otherwise known as the collection of all of the genes in one organism. Landscape genetics uses technology capable of monitoring 5-20 genetic markers at a time, whereas te... | Landscape genomics | 0.817046 |
12,447 | Membership of the International Mammalian Genome Society is open to all people interested in mammalian genetics. Members pay yearly dues, for which they receive voting rights and access to Mammalian Genome. The society is governed by a secretariat of three presidents (vice, current and past president) and elected offic... | International Mammalian Genome Society | 0.817045 |
12,448 | Models of (propositional) μ-calculus are given as labelled transition systems ( S , R , V ) {\displaystyle (S,R,V)} where: S {\displaystyle S} is a set of states; R {\displaystyle R} maps to each label a {\displaystyle a} a binary relation on S {\displaystyle S} ; V: P → 2 S {\displaystyle V:P\to 2^{S}} , maps each pro... | Mu calculus | 0.817041 |
12,449 | In theoretical computer science, the modal μ-calculus (Lμ, Lμ, sometimes just μ-calculus, although this can have a more general meaning) is an extension of propositional modal logic (with many modalities) by adding the least fixed point operator μ and the greatest fixed point operator ν, thus a fixed-point logic. The (... | Mu calculus | 0.817041 |
12,450 | ϕ {\displaystyle \nu Z.\phi } holds in any state in any set T {\displaystyle T} such that, when the variable Z {\displaystyle Z} is set to T {\displaystyle T} , then ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } holds for all of T {\displaystyle T} . (From the Knaster–Tarski theorem it follows that ] i {\displaystyle \! ]_{i}} is the great... | Mu calculus | 0.817041 |
12,451 | The prime number theorem for arithmetic progressions deals with the asymptotic distribution of prime numbers in an arithmetic progression. | Problems involving arithmetic progressions | 0.817039 |
12,452 | Find the cardinality (denoted by Ak(m)) of the largest subset of {1, 2, ..., m} which contains no progression of k distinct terms. The elements of the forbidden progressions are not required to be consecutive. For example, A4(10) = 8, because {1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10} has no arithmetic progressions of length 4, while a... | Problems involving arithmetic progressions | 0.817039 |
12,453 | Szemerédi's theorem states that a set of natural numbers of non-zero upper asymptotic density contains finite arithmetic progressions, of any arbitrary length k. Erdős made a more general conjecture from which it would follow that The sequence of primes numbers contains arithmetic progressions of any length.This result... | Problems involving arithmetic progressions | 0.817039 |
12,454 | Problems involving arithmetic progressions are of interest in number theory, combinatorics, and computer science, both from theoretical and applied points of view. | Problems involving arithmetic progressions | 0.817039 |
12,455 | NO leads to at least 200 fold increase in sGC activity. Because nitric oxide has a partially filled pi* orbital, back bonding prefers a bent geometry for the heme-NO complex. NO has a strong trans effect, in which the histidine-iron bond is weakened when NO binding delocalizes electrons to the dz2 orbital toward the ax... | Soluble guanylyl cyclase | 0.817023 |
12,456 | In theoretical computer science, the continuous knapsack problem (also known as the fractional knapsack problem) is an algorithmic problem in combinatorial optimization in which the goal is to fill a container (the "knapsack") with fractional amounts of different materials chosen to maximize the value of the selected m... | Continuous knapsack problem | 0.817019 |
12,457 | In the mathematical and computer science field of cryptography, a group of three numbers (x,y,z) is said to be a claw of two permutations f0 and f1 if f0(x) = f1(y) = z.A pair of permutations f0 and f1 are said to be claw-free if there is no efficient algorithm for computing a claw. The terminology claw free was introd... | Claw-free permutation | 0.817014 |
12,458 | Books have been published devoted exclusively to name reactions; the Merck Index, a chemical encyclopedia, also includes an appendix on name reactions. As organic chemistry developed during the 20th century, chemists started associating synthetically useful reactions with the names of the discoverers or developers; in ... | Organic name reaction | 0.817014 |
12,459 | It is a self-inverse transform. It can be calculated efficiently using a butterfly algorithm ("Fast Möbius Transform"), analogous to the Fast Fourier Transform. Coincident Boolean functions are equal to their Möbius transform, i.e. their truth table (minterm) values equal their algebraic (monomial) coefficients. There ... | Switching function | 0.817011 |
12,460 | A Boolean function may be decomposed using Boole's expansion theorem in positive and negative Shannon cofactors (Shannon expansion), which are the (k-1)-ary functions resulting from fixing one of the arguments (to zero or one). The general (k-ary) functions obtained by imposing a linear constraint on a set of inputs (a... | Switching function | 0.817011 |
12,461 | Non-Euclidean geometry refers usually to geometrical spaces where the parallel postulate is false. They include elliptic geometry, where the sum of the angles of a triangle is more than 180°, and hyperbolic geometry, where this sum is less than 180°. Their introduction in the second half of 19th century, and the proof ... | Euclidean norm | 0.817003 |
12,462 | Plane curves C ⊂ P 2 {\displaystyle C\subset \mathbb {P} ^{2}} of degree k {\displaystyle k} , which can be constructed as the vanishing locus of a generic section s ∈ Γ ( P 2 , O ( k ) ) {\displaystyle s\in \Gamma (\mathbb {P} ^{2},{\mathcal {O}}(k))} , has genus which can be computed using Coherent sheaf cohomology. ... | Rational curve | 0.817003 |
12,463 | In contrast, the sinusoid is certainly not an algebraic curve, having an infinite number of monotone arcs. To draw an algebraic curve, it is important to know the remarkable points and their tangents, the infinite branches and their asymptotes (if any) and the way in which the arcs connect them. It is also useful to co... | Rational curve | 0.817003 |
12,464 | An algebraic curve in the Euclidean plane is the set of the points whose coordinates are the solutions of a bivariate polynomial equation p(x, y) = 0. This equation is often called the implicit equation of the curve, in contrast to the curves that are the graph of a function defining explicitly y as a function of x. Wi... | Rational curve | 0.817003 |
12,465 | If the polynomial defining the curve has a degree d, any line cuts the curve in at most d points. Bézout's theorem asserts that this number is exactly d, if the points are searched in the projective plane over an algebraically closed field (for example the complex numbers), and counted with their multiplicity. The meth... | Rational curve | 0.817003 |
12,466 | Most methods base on hyperfine interactions, which are the interaction of the nucleus with its interaction of its atom's electrons and their interaction with the nearest neighbor atoms as well as external fields. Nuclear spectroscopy is mainly applied to solids and liquids, rarely in gases. Its methods are important to... | Nuclear spectroscopy | 0.816996 |
12,467 | In nuclear physics these methods are used to study properties of the nucleus itself. Methods for studies of the nucleus: Gamma spectroscopy Hypernuclear spectroscopyMethods for condensed matter studies: Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) Mössbauer spectroscopy Perturbed angular correlation (PAC, TDPAC, PAC spectroscopy) ... | Nuclear spectroscopy | 0.816996 |
12,468 | The Whittle likelihood in general is only an approximation, it is only exact if the spectrum is constant, i.e., in the trivial case of white noise. The efficiency of the Whittle approximation always depends on the particular circumstances.Note that due to linearity of the Fourier transform, Gaussianity in Fourier domai... | Whittle likelihood | 0.816995 |
12,469 | In statistics, Whittle likelihood is an approximation to the likelihood function of a stationary Gaussian time series. It is named after the mathematician and statistician Peter Whittle, who introduced it in his PhD thesis in 1951. It is commonly used in time series analysis and signal processing for parameter estimati... | Whittle likelihood | 0.816995 |
12,470 | Once the fundamental solution is found, it is straightforward to find a solution of the original equation, through convolution of the fundamental solution and the desired right hand side. Fundamental solutions also play an important role in the numerical solution of partial differential equations by the boundary elemen... | Fundamental solution | 0.816984 |
12,471 | Thus the a priori weighting in the classical context (a) corresponds to the a priori weighting here in the quantal context (b). In the case of the one-dimensional simple harmonic oscillator of natural frequency ν {\displaystyle \nu } one finds correspondingly: (a) , and (b) Σ ∝ d n {\displaystyle \Sigma \propto dn} (no... | Bayes prior | 0.816981 |
12,472 | If one considers a huge number of replicas of this system, one obtains what is called a microcanonical ensemble. It is for this system that one postulates in quantum statistics the "fundamental postulate of equal a priori probabilities of an isolated system." This says that the isolated system in equilibrium occupies e... | Bayes prior | 0.816981 |
12,473 | The number of different ( l , m , n ) {\displaystyle (l,m,n)} values and hence states in the region between p , p + d p , p 2 = p 2 , {\displaystyle p,p+dp,p^{2}={\bf {p}}^{2},} is then found to be the above expression V 4 π p 2 d p / h 3 {\displaystyle V4\pi p^{2}dp/h^{3}} by considering the area covered by these poin... | Bayes prior | 0.816981 |
12,474 | In customary 3 dimensions (volume V {\displaystyle V} ) the corresponding number can be calculated to be V 4 π p 2 Δ p / h 3 {\displaystyle V4\pi p^{2}\Delta p/h^{3}} . In order to understand this quantity as giving a number of states in quantum (i.e. wave) mechanics, recall that in quantum mechanics every particle is ... | Bayes prior | 0.816981 |
12,475 | The journal is indexed in: EMBiology Journal Citation Reports Scopus Web of Science | Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | 0.816981 |
12,476 | Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of evolutionary biology and phylogenetics. The journal is edited by E.A. Zimmer. | Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | 0.816981 |
12,477 | The Barnes–Hut simulation (named after Josh Barnes and Piet Hut) is an approximation algorithm for performing an n-body simulation. It is notable for having order O(n log n) compared to a direct-sum algorithm which would be O(n2).The simulation volume is usually divided up into cubic cells via an octree (in a three-dim... | Barnes–Hut simulation | 0.816981 |
12,478 | 106 (1–2): 105–113. arXiv:physics/9709003. Bibcode:1997CoPhC.106..105B. | Barnes–Hut simulation | 0.816981 |
12,479 | U. Becciani; R. Ansalonib; V. Antonuccio-Delogua; G. Erbaccic; M. Gamberaa & A. Pagliarod (October 1997). "A parallel tree code for large N-body simulation: dynamic load balance and data distribution on a CRAY T3D system". Computer Physics Communications. | Barnes–Hut simulation | 0.816981 |
12,480 | New Astronomy. 1 (2): 133–147. arXiv:astro-ph/9603097v1. | Barnes–Hut simulation | 0.816981 |
12,481 | The second being how phylogenetic methods are being applied to linguistic data. And the third, discusses the types of data that is being used to construct the trees.Bayesian phylogenetic methods, which are sensitive to how treelike the data is, allow for the reconstruction of relationships among languages, locally and ... | Phylogenetics | 0.81698 |
12,482 | For example, relationships among languages can be shown by using cognates as characters. The phylogenetic tree of Indo-European languages shows the relationships between several of the languages in a timeline, as well as the similarity between words and word order. There are three types of criticisms about using phylog... | Phylogenetics | 0.81698 |
12,483 | Phylogenetic tools and representations (trees and networks) can also be applied philology, the study of the evolution of oral languages and written text and manuscripts, such as in the field of quantitative comparative linguistics.Computational phylogenetics can be used to investigate a language as an evolutionary syst... | Phylogenetics | 0.81698 |
12,484 | The USB devices communicate with the host computer using the human interface device (HID) protocol, essentially mimicking a keyboard. This avoids the need for the user to install special hardware driver software in the host computer, and permits application software (such as a browser) to directly access the security f... | Universal 2nd Factor | 0.816978 |
12,485 | In mathematics, an element x of a *-algebra is unitary if it satisfies x ∗ = x − 1 . {\displaystyle x^{*}=x^{-1}.} In functional analysis, a linear operator A from a Hilbert space into itself is called unitary if it is invertible and its inverse is equal to its own adjoint A∗ and that the domain of A is the same as tha... | Unitary element | 0.816975 |
12,486 | EuPathDB was established under the NIH Bioinformatics Resource Centers program as ApiDB, a resource meant to cover Apicomplexan parasites. ApiDB originally consisted of component sites CryptoDB (for Cryptosporidium), PlasmoDB (for Plasmodium), and ToxoDB (for Toxoplasma gondii). As ApiDB grew to focus on eukaryotic pat... | Eukaryotic Pathogen Database | 0.816969 |
12,487 | The Eukaryotic Pathgen Database, or EuPathDB, is a database of bioinformatic and experimental data related to a variety of eukaryotic pathogens. It was established in 2006 under a National Institutes of Health program to create Bioinformatics Resource Centers to facilitate research on pathogens that may pose biodefense... | Eukaryotic Pathogen Database | 0.816969 |
12,488 | This is the Hochster–Roberts theorem. Any determinantal ring. That is, let R be the quotient of a regular local ring S by the ideal I generated by the r × r minors of some p × q matrix of elements of S. If the codimension (or height) of I is equal to the "expected" codimension (p−r+1)(q−r+1), R is called a determinanta... | Unmixed theorem | 0.816966 |
12,489 | Any Gorenstein ring. In particular, any complete intersection ring. The ring of invariants R G {\displaystyle R^{G}} when R is a Cohen–Macaulay algebra over a field of characteristic zero and G is a finite group (or more generally, a linear algebraic group whose identity component is reductive). | Unmixed theorem | 0.816966 |
12,490 | Physical soap films are more accurately modeled by the ( M , 0 , Δ ) {\displaystyle (M,0,\Delta )} -minimal sets of Frederick Almgren, but the lack of a compactness theorem makes it difficult to prove the existence of an area minimizer. In this context, a persistent open question has been the existence of a least-area ... | Plateau's problem | 0.816966 |
12,491 | In mathematics, Plateau's problem is to show the existence of a minimal surface with a given boundary, a problem raised by Joseph-Louis Lagrange in 1760. However, it is named after Joseph Plateau who experimented with soap films. The problem is considered part of the calculus of variations. The existence and regularity... | Plateau's problem | 0.816966 |
12,492 | In neuroscience, an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a postsynaptic potential that makes the postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire an action potential. This temporary depolarization of postsynaptic membrane potential, caused by the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell, is a result of ... | Excitatory postsynaptic potential | 0.816962 |
12,493 | Partly random input data arise in such areas as real-time estimation and control, simulation-based optimization where Monte Carlo simulations are run as estimates of an actual system, and problems where there is experimental (random) error in the measurements of the criterion. In such cases, knowledge that the function... | Stochastic search | 0.816961 |
12,494 | In statistical physics textbooks for interacting particle systems the three ensembles are assumed to be thermodynamically equivalent: the fluctuations of macroscopic quantities around their average value become small and, as the number of particles tends to infinity, they tend to vanish. In the latter limit, called the... | Canonical ensemble | 0.816958 |
12,495 | In theoretical computer science, a probabilistic Turing machine is a non-deterministic Turing machine that chooses between the available transitions at each point according to some probability distribution. As a consequence, a probabilistic Turing machine can—unlike a deterministic Turing Machine—have stochastic result... | Random Turing machine | 0.816958 |
12,496 | The Journal of Automated Reasoning was established in 1983 by Larry Wos, who was its editor in chief until 1992. It covers research and advances in automated reasoning, mechanical verification of theorems, and other deductions in classical and non-classical logic.The journal is published by Springer Science+Business Me... | Journal of Automated Reasoning | 0.816956 |
12,497 | Information technology: information theory, information science, information retrieval, database systems, knowledge-based systems, rule-based systems, expert systems, decision support systems, intelligent agent technology. Linguistics: computational linguistics, natural language understanding, natural language processi... | Knowledge retrieval | 0.816952 |
12,498 | From computer science perspective, a logic framework concentrating on fuzziness of knowledge queries has been proposed and investigated in detail. Markup languages for knowledge reasoning and relevant strategies have been investigated, which may serve as possible logic reasoning foundations for text based knowledge ret... | Knowledge retrieval | 0.816952 |
12,499 | Knowledge retrieval seeks to return information in a structured form, consistent with human cognitive processes as opposed to simple lists of data items. It draws on a range of fields including epistemology (theory of knowledge), cognitive psychology, cognitive neuroscience, logic and inference, machine learning and kn... | Knowledge retrieval | 0.816952 |
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