id int32 0 100k | text stringlengths 21 3.54k | source stringlengths 1 124 | similarity float32 0.78 0.88 |
|---|---|---|---|
13,000 | These rules are summarized as follows: Example: The quantum numbers used to refer to the outermost valence electrons of a carbon (C) atom, which are located in the 2p atomic orbital, are; n = 2 (2nd electron shell), ℓ = 1 (p orbital subshell), mℓ = 1, 0, −1, ms = 1/2 (parallel spins). Results from spectroscopy indicate... | Quantum numbers | 0.816617 |
13,001 | Elementary particles contain many quantum numbers which are usually said to be intrinsic to them. However, it should be understood that the elementary particles are quantum states of the standard model of particle physics, and hence the quantum numbers of these particles bear the same relation to the Hamiltonian of thi... | Quantum numbers | 0.816617 |
13,002 | In chemistry, this quantum number is very important, since it specifies the shape of an atomic orbital and strongly influences chemical bonds and bond angles. The azimuthal quantum number can also denote the number of angular nodes present in an orbital. For example, for p orbitals, ℓ = 1 and thus the amount of angular... | Quantum numbers | 0.816617 |
13,003 | In nuclei, the entire assembly of protons and neutrons (nucleons) has a resultant angular momentum due to the angular momenta of each nucleon, usually denoted I. If the total angular momentum of a neutron is jn = ℓ + s and for a proton is jp = ℓ + s (where s for protons and neutrons happens to be 1/2 again (see note)),... | Quantum numbers | 0.816617 |
13,004 | The azimuthal quantum number, also known as the angular momentum quantum number or orbital quantum number, describes the subshell, and gives the magnitude of the orbital angular momentum through the relation. L2 = ħ2 ℓ (ℓ + 1)In chemistry and spectroscopy, ℓ = 0 is called s orbital, ℓ = 1, p orbital, ℓ = 2, d orbital, ... | Quantum numbers | 0.816617 |
13,005 | picoCTF is a cybersecurity capture the flag competition hosted by CyLab. Established in 2013, the event is run annually over a period of two weeks and is geared towards high schoolers, billing itself as the largest high school cybersecurity event in the United States; the inaugural edition had 6,000 participants and 39... | Carnegie Mellon CyLab | 0.816605 |
13,006 | The Carnegie Mellon CyLab Security and Privacy Institute is a computer security research center at Carnegie Mellon University. Founded in 2003 as a university-wide research center, it involves more than 50 faculty and 100 graduate students from different departments and schools within the university. It is "one of the ... | Carnegie Mellon CyLab | 0.816605 |
13,007 | Over Z F {\displaystyle {\mathsf {ZF}}} (Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory without the axiom of choice), D C {\displaystyle {\mathsf {DC}}} is equivalent to the Baire category theorem for complete metric spaces.It is also equivalent over Z F {\displaystyle {\mathsf {ZF}}} to the Löwenheim–Skolem theorem. D C {\displaystyle {... | Axiom of dependent choice | 0.816603 |
13,008 | MRC can restore a signal to its original shape. The technique was invented by American engineer Leonard R. Kahn in 1954. MRC has also been found in the field of neuroscience, where it has been shown that neurons in the retina scale their dependence on two sources of input in proportion to the signal-to-noise ratio of t... | Maximal-ratio combining | 0.816603 |
13,009 | In their paper clarifying the mechanism of the CMT mutation, Haber and acknowledge the contribution of Amar Klar, who presented his MAR mutant strains that had similar properties as the CMT mutants at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory yeast genetics meeting, which led Haber and to consider the hypothesis that the cmt m... | SIR proteins | 0.816597 |
13,010 | Physiologia Plantarum is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Scandinavian Plant Physiology Society. The journal publishes papers on all aspects of all organizational levels of experimental plant biology ranging from biophysics, biochemistry, molecular and cell biology to eco... | Physiologia Plantarum | 0.816597 |
13,011 | Gasterosteus aculeatus (Three-spined stickleback), fish used to study ethology and behavioral ecology. Xenopus tropicalis and Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog), the eggs and embryos from these frogs are used in developmental biology, cell biology, toxicology, and neuroscience Taeniopygia guttata (Zebra finch), used ... | List of model organisms | 0.816593 |
13,012 | Many inbred strains exist, as well as lines selected for particular traits, often of ethological or medical interest, e.g. body size, obesity, muscularity, voluntary wheel-running behavior. (Quantitative genetics, Molecular evolution, Genomics) Heterocephalus glaber (Naked mole-rat), studied for their characteristic pa... | List of model organisms | 0.816593 |
13,013 | Myotis lucifugus (Little brown bat), used to prove echolocation exists in bats in 1930s and also used in experiments predicting microbat behavior as it is a reliable species that has typical features of a temperate bat species. Oryzias latipes (Medaka, or Japanese ricefish), important model in developmental biology, an... | List of model organisms | 0.816593 |
13,014 | Many DNA markers have been mapped and the genome has been sequenced. (Genetics, Molecular biology, Agronomy) Medicago truncatula, model legume, closely related to the common alfalfa. Its rather small genome is currently being sequenced. | List of model organisms | 0.816593 |
13,015 | Easily raised in the lab, short generation time, indetermined growth, complex behaviour Manduca sexta (Tobacco hornworm), the large caterpillars are an excellent model organism for immunity and in vivo imaging, replacing mice and rats in such experiments. Mnemiopsis leidyi, from the phylum Ctenophora (comb jelly) used ... | List of model organisms | 0.816593 |
13,016 | Moreover, it is currently the only land plant with efficient gene targeting that enables gene knockout. The resulting knockout mosses are stored and distributed by the International Moss Stock Center. (Plant physiology, Evolutionary biology, Molecular genetics, Molecular biology) Marchantia polymorpha, liverwort that i... | List of model organisms | 0.816593 |
13,017 | Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, unicellular green alga used to study photosynthesis, flagella and motility, regulation of metabolism, cell–cell recognition and adhesion, response to nutrient deprivation and many other topics. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has well-studied genetics, with many known and mapped mutants and express... | List of model organisms | 0.816593 |
13,018 | Halobacterium salinarum and Haloferax volcanii, model Haloarchaea. The former has a reputation in the study of DNA repair. The latter is more suited to more traditional genetics due to a shorter generation time and more stable genome. | List of model organisms | 0.816593 |
13,019 | Bacteria: Escherichia coli (E. coli), common Gram-negative gut bacterium widely used in molecular genetics. Main lab strain is 'K-12'. Bacillus subtilis, endospore forming Gram-positive bacterium. Main lab strain is '168'. | List of model organisms | 0.816593 |
13,020 | Ashbya gossypii, cotton pathogen, subject of genetics studies (polarity, cell cycle). Aspergillus nidulans, mold subject of genetics studies. Coprinus cinereus, mushroom (genetic studies of mushroom development, genetic studies of meiosis). Cryptococcus neoformans, opportunistic human pathogen Neurospora crassa, orange... | List of model organisms | 0.816593 |
13,021 | It has one of the smallest genomes of any cereal species, and sequencing of its genome is finished. (Agronomy, Molecular biology)Populus, genus used as a model in forest genetics and woody plant studies. It has a small genome size, grows very rapidly, and is easily transformed. The genome sequence of black cottonwood (... | List of model organisms | 0.816593 |
13,022 | BY-2 (Tobacco BY-2 cells), suspension cell line from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) that is useful for general plant physiology studies at the cell level. The genome of this particular cultivar will not be sequenced in the near future, but sequencing of its wild species Nicotiana tabacum is presently in progress. (Cytolog... | List of model organisms | 0.816593 |
13,023 | It is used to study the symbiosis responsible for nitrogen fixation. (Agronomy, Molecular biology) Mimulus guttatus, model organism used in evolutionary and functional genomes studies. The genus Mimulus contains c. | List of model organisms | 0.816593 |
13,024 | (Agronomy, Molecular biology, Genetics) Setaria viridis, emerging model grass for C4 photosynthesis and related bioenergy grasses. Lotus japonicus, model legume used to study the symbiosis responsible for nitrogen fixation. (Agronomy, Molecular biology)Lemna gibba, rapidly growing aquatic monocot, one of the smallest f... | List of model organisms | 0.816593 |
13,025 | (Evolutionary ecology, Population genetics, Molecular ecology, Evolutionary biology, Ecological genetics) Selaginella moellendorffii, remnant of an ancient lineage of vascular plants that is key to understanding the evolution of land plants. It has a small genome size (~110Mb) and its sequence was released by the Joint... | List of model organisms | 0.816593 |
13,026 | Its genome sequence, along with a wide range of information concerning Arabidopsis, is maintained by the TAIR database. (Plant physiology, Developmental biology, Molecular genetics, Population genetics, Cytology, Molecular biology) Boechera genus, combines some of the experimental tractability and genetic tools develop... | List of model organisms | 0.816593 |
13,027 | Platynereis dumerilii a marine polychaetous annelid, which evolved very slowly and therefore retained many ancestral features. Podisma spp., in the Alps, used to study sexual selection and sexual conflict Pristionchus pacificus, a roundworm used in evolutionary developmental biology in comparative analyses with C. eleg... | List of model organisms | 0.816593 |
13,028 | (Molecular genetics, Population genetics, Developmental biology). Euprymna scolopes (the Hawaiian bobtail squid), model for animal-bacterial symbiosis, bioluminescent vibrios Galleria mellonella (the greater wax moth), the larvae of which are an excellent model organism for in vivo toxicology and pathogenicity testing,... | List of model organisms | 0.816593 |
13,029 | Amphimedon queenslandica, a demosponge from the phylum Porifera used as a model for evolutionary developmental biology and comparative genomics Arbacia punctulata, the purple-spined sea urchin, classical subject of embryological studies Aplysia, a sea slug, whose ink release response serves as a model in neurobiology a... | List of model organisms | 0.816593 |
13,030 | Naegleria gruberi, freshwater non-pathogenic amoeboflagellate sometimes used in eukaryotic cell biology experiments. Emiliania huxleyi, unicellular marine coccolithophore alga, extensively studied as a model phytoplankton species. Thalassiosira pseudonana, unicellular marine diatom alga, extensively studied as a model ... | List of model organisms | 0.816593 |
13,031 | Stentor coeruleus, used in molecular biology (its genome has been sequenced), and is studied as a model of single-cell regeneration. Dictyostelium discoideum, used in molecular biology and genetics (its genome has been sequenced), and is studied as an example of cell communication, differentiation, and programmed cell ... | List of model organisms | 0.816593 |
13,032 | The Cambridge Guide to Astronomical Discovery states that Practical Astronomy with your Calculator is a "must"-have book if one has no personal computer for astronomical calculations.New Scientist magazine gave a favourable review of the book, although stating that there were small errors in some calculations.Archaeoas... | Practical Astronomy with Your Calculator | 0.816588 |
13,033 | Practical Astronomy with your Calculator is a book written by Peter Duffett-Smith, a University Lecturer and a Fellow of Downing College. It was first published in 1979 and has been in publication for over 30 years. The book teaches how to solve astronomical calculations with a pocket calculator. The book covers topics... | Practical Astronomy with Your Calculator | 0.816588 |
13,034 | The third edition features new sections on generalised coordinate transformations, nutation, aberration, and selenographic coordinates. The fourth edition, coauthored by Jonathan Zwart, adds "or Spreadsheet" to the end of the title.The book has been used by amateur astronomers and those studying introductory astronomy.... | Practical Astronomy with Your Calculator | 0.816588 |
13,035 | The main reason for studying these numbers is to obtain their factorizations. Aside from algebraic factors, which are obtained by factoring the underlying polynomial (binomial) that was used to define the number, such as difference of two squares and sum of two cubes, there are other prime factors (called primitive pri... | Binomial number | 0.816581 |
13,036 | In mathematics, specifically in number theory, a binomial number is an integer which can be obtained by evaluating a homogeneous polynomial containing two terms. It is a generalization of a Cunningham number. | Binomial number | 0.816581 |
13,037 | Horstemeyer 2009, 2012 presented a historical review of the different disciplines (mathematics, physics, and materials science) for solid materials related to multiscale materials modeling. The aforementioned DOE multiscale modeling efforts were hierarchical in nature. The first concurrent multiscale model occurred whe... | Multiscale mathematics | 0.81658 |
13,038 | In physics and chemistry, multiscale modeling is aimed at the calculation of material properties or system behavior on one level using information or models from different levels. On each level, particular approaches are used for the description of a system. The following levels are usually distinguished: level of quan... | Multiscale mathematics | 0.81658 |
13,039 | The first major class of antibiotics was the sulfa drugs, derived by German chemists originally from azo dyes. Pharmacology has become increasingly sophisticated; modern biotechnology allows drugs targeted towards specific physiological processes to be developed, sometimes designed for compatibility with the body to re... | Clinical medicine | 0.816577 |
13,040 | Spanish doctor Santiago Ramón y Cajal is considered the father of modern neuroscience. From New Zealand and Australia came Maurice Wilkins, Howard Florey, and Frank Macfarlane Burnet. | Clinical medicine | 0.816577 |
13,041 | In the UK, neurology is a subspecialty of general medicine. Obstetrics and gynecology (often abbreviated as OB/GYN (American English) or Obs & Gynae (British English)) are concerned respectively with childbirth and the female reproductive and associated organs. | Clinical medicine | 0.816577 |
13,042 | Family medicine, family practice, general practice or primary care is, in many countries, the first port-of-call for patients with non-emergency medical problems. Family physicians often provide services across a broad range of settings including office based practices, emergency department coverage, inpatient care, an... | Clinical medicine | 0.816577 |
13,043 | Clinical laboratory sciences are the clinical diagnostic services that apply laboratory techniques to diagnosis and management of patients. In the United States, these services are supervised by a pathologist. The personnel that work in these medical laboratory departments are technically trained staff who do not hold ... | Clinical medicine | 0.816577 |
13,044 | Photobiology is the study of the interactions between non-ionizing radiation and living organisms. Physiology is the study of the normal functioning of the body and the underlying regulatory mechanisms. Radiobiology is the study of the interactions between ionizing radiation and living organisms. Toxicology is the stud... | Clinical medicine | 0.816577 |
13,045 | Neuroscience includes those disciplines of science that are related to the study of the nervous system. A main focus of neuroscience is the biology and physiology of the human brain and spinal cord. | Clinical medicine | 0.816577 |
13,046 | Epidemiology is the study of the demographics of disease processes, and includes, but is not limited to, the study of epidemics. Genetics is the study of genes, and their role in biological inheritance. Gynecology is the study of female reproductive system. | Clinical medicine | 0.816577 |
13,047 | Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that uses the methods of physics and physical chemistry to study biological systems. Biostatistics is the application of statistics to biological fields in the broadest sense. A knowledge of biostatistics is essential in the planning, evaluation, and interpretation of medical ... | Clinical medicine | 0.816577 |
13,048 | Conservation medicine studies the relationship between human and animal health, and environmental conditions. Also known as ecological medicine, environmental medicine, or medical geology. Disaster medicine deals with medical aspects of emergency preparedness, disaster mitigation and management. | Clinical medicine | 0.816577 |
13,049 | Some interdisciplinary sub-specialties of medicine include: Addiction medicine deals with the treatment of addiction. Aerospace medicine deals with medical problems related to flying and space travel. Biomedical Engineering is a field dealing with the application of engineering principles to medical practice. Clinical ... | Clinical medicine | 0.816577 |
13,050 | Elsewhere, especially in Commonwealth nations, such specialists are often called physicians. These terms, internist or physician (in the narrow sense, common outside North America), generally exclude practitioners of gynecology and obstetrics, pathology, psychiatry, and especially surgery and its subspecialities. Becau... | Clinical medicine | 0.816577 |
13,051 | Pathology as a medical specialty is the branch of medicine that deals with the study of diseases and the morphologic, physiologic changes produced by them. As a diagnostic specialty, pathology can be considered the basis of modern scientific medical knowledge and plays a large role in evidence-based medicine. Many mode... | Clinical medicine | 0.816577 |
13,052 | Medical physics is the study of the applications of physics principles in medicine. Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, including protozoa, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Molecular biology is the study of molecular underpinnings of the process of replication, transcription and translation of the genetic materia... | Clinical medicine | 0.816577 |
13,053 | Histology is the study of the structures of biological tissues by light microscopy, electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Immunology is the study of the immune system, which includes the innate and adaptive immune system in humans, for example. Lifestyle medicine is the study of the chronic conditions, and how ... | Clinical medicine | 0.816577 |
13,054 | Anatomy is the study of the physical structure of organisms. In contrast to macroscopic or gross anatomy, cytology and histology are concerned with microscopic structures. Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry taking place in living organisms, especially the structure and function of their chemical components. Bio... | Clinical medicine | 0.816577 |
13,055 | Medicine is the science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of ill... | Clinical medicine | 0.816577 |
13,056 | In molecular geometry, bond length or bond distance is defined as the average distance between nuclei of two bonded atoms in a molecule. It is a transferable property of a bond between atoms of fixed types, relatively independent of the rest of the molecule. | Bond distance | 0.816576 |
13,057 | The concepts of a quantum player, a zero-sum quantum game and the associated expected payoff were defined by A. Boukas in 1999 (for finite games) and in 2020 by L. Accardi and A. Boukas (for infinite games) within the framework of the spectral theorem for self-adjoint operators on Hilbert spaces. Quantum versions of Vo... | Quantum game theory | 0.816565 |
13,058 | Quantum game theory is an extension of classical game theory to the quantum domain. It differs from classical game theory in three primary ways: Superposed initial states, Quantum entanglement of initial states, Superposition of strategies to be used on the initial states.This theory is based on the physics of informat... | Quantum game theory | 0.816565 |
13,059 | His motivation to develop the game was to expose non-physicists to the world of quantum mechanics.The game utilizes the same pieces as classical chess (8 pawns, 2 knights, 2 bishops, 2 rooks, 1 queen, 1 king) and is won in the same manner (by capturing the opponent's king). However, the pieces are allowed to obey laws ... | Quantum game theory | 0.816565 |
13,060 | Basically, commutator (for bosons)/anticommutator (for fermions) of two smeared fields is i times the Peierls bracket of the field with itself (which is really a distribution, not a function) for the PDEs smeared over both test functions. This has the form of a CCR/CAR algebra. CCR/CAR algebras with infinitely many deg... | Free field theory | 0.816561 |
13,061 | In physics a free field is a field without interactions, which is described by the terms of motion and mass. | Free field theory | 0.816561 |
13,062 | Baric algebras (or weighted algebras) were introduced by Etherington (1939). A baric algebra over a field K is a possibly non-associative algebra over K together with a homomorphism w, called the weight, from the algebra to K. | Bernstein problem in mathematical genetics | 0.816558 |
13,063 | A Bernstein algebra, based on the work of Sergei Natanovich Bernstein (1923) on the Hardy–Weinberg law in genetics, is a (possibly non-associative) baric algebra B over a field K with a weight homomorphism w from B to K satisfying ( x 2 ) 2 = w ( x ) 2 x 2 {\displaystyle (x^{2})^{2}=w(x)^{2}x^{2}} . Every such algebra ... | Bernstein problem in mathematical genetics | 0.816558 |
13,064 | Special train algebras were introduced by Etherington (1939, section 4) as special cases of baric algebras. A special train algebra is a baric algebra in which the kernel N of the weight function is nilpotent and the principal powers of N are ideals.Etherington (1941) showed that special train algebras are train algebr... | Bernstein problem in mathematical genetics | 0.816558 |
13,065 | Twin studies are therefore often used as a method of controlling at least one part of this observed variance: Partitioning, for instance, what might previously have been assumed to be family environment into shared environment and additive genetics using the experiment of fully and partly shared genomes in twins. Addit... | Twin studies | 0.816558 |
13,066 | Thermometric titrimetry offers a rapid, highly precise method for the determination of aluminium in solution. A solution of aluminium is conditioned with acetate buffer and an excess of sodium and potassium ions. Titration with sodium or potassium fluoride yields the exothermic precipitation of an insoluble alumino-flu... | Thermometric titration | 0.816557 |
13,067 | Nickel can be titrated thermometrically using di-sodium dimethylglyoximate as titrant. The chemistry is analogous to the classic gravimetric procedure, but the time taken for a determination can be reduced from many hours to a few minutes. Potential interferences need to be considered. | Thermometric titration | 0.816557 |
13,068 | In physics, electron emission is the ejection of an electron from the surface of matter, or, in beta decay (β− decay), where a beta particle (a fast energetic electron or positron) is emitted from an atomic nucleus transforming the original nuclide to an isobar. | Electron emission | 0.816557 |
13,069 | is the amount of heat transferred per unit time and d S → {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {dS}}} is an oriented surface area element The above differential equation, when integrated for a homogeneous material of 1-D geometry between two endpoints at constant temperature, gives the heat flow rate as: Δ Q Δ t = − k A Δ ... | Heat current | 0.816555 |
13,070 | This problem eventually led to the development of quantum mechanics. The successful resolution of the original ultraviolet catastrophe has prompted the pursuit of solutions to other problems of ultraviolet divergence. A similar problem in electromagnetism was solved by Richard Feynman by applying quantum field theory t... | Ultraviolet divergence | 0.816555 |
13,071 | The name comes from the earliest example of such a divergence, the "ultraviolet catastrophe" first encountered in understanding blackbody radiation. According to classical physics at the end of the nineteenth century, the quantity of radiation in the form of light released at any specific wavelength should increase wit... | Ultraviolet divergence | 0.816555 |
13,072 | The following elaborations will give an idea of some of the more exotic variants. In the 'good–mediocre–bad' model, each item is one of 'good', 'mediocre' or 'bad', and the result of a test is the type of the 'worst' item in the group. In threshold group testing, the result of a test is positive if the number of defect... | Non-adaptive group testing | 0.816553 |
13,073 | Machine learning is a field of computer science that has many software applications such as DNA classification, fraud detection and targeted advertising. One of the main subfields of machine learning is the 'learning by examples' problem, where the task is to approximate some unknown function when given its value at a ... | Non-adaptive group testing | 0.816553 |
13,074 | Some classical construction problems of geometry — namely trisecting an arbitrary angle or doubling the cube — are proven to be unsolvable using compass and straightedge, but can be solved using only a few paper folds. Paper fold strips can be constructed to solve equations up to degree 4. The Huzita–Justin axioms or H... | Mathematical origami | 0.816551 |
13,075 | Haga's theorems are generalized as follows: B Q C Q = 2 A P B P . {\displaystyle {\frac {BQ}{CQ}}={\frac {2AP}{BP}}.} Therefore, BQ:CQ=k:1 implies AP:BP=k:2 for a positive real number k. | Mathematical origami | 0.816551 |
13,076 | It follows from this that every vertex has an even number of creases, and therefore also the regions between the creases can be colored with two colors. Kawasaki's theorem or Kawasaki-Justin theorem: at any vertex, the sum of all the odd angles (see image) adds up to 180 degrees, as do the even. A sheet can never penet... | Mathematical origami | 0.816551 |
13,077 | The construction of origami models is sometimes shown as crease patterns. The major question about such crease patterns is whether a given crease pattern can be folded to a flat model, and if so, how to fold them; this is an NP-complete problem. Related problems when the creases are orthogonal are called map folding pr... | Mathematical origami | 0.816551 |
13,078 | The classical problem of doubling the cube can be solved using origami. This construction is due to Peter Messer: A square of paper is first creased into three equal strips as shown in the diagram. Then the bottom edge is positioned so the corner point P is on the top edge and the crease mark on the edge meets the othe... | Mathematical origami | 0.816551 |
13,079 | In universal algebra and in model theory, a structure consists of a set along with a collection of finitary operations and relations that are defined on it. Universal algebra studies structures that generalize the algebraic structures such as groups, rings, fields and vector spaces. The term universal algebra is used f... | Interpretation function | 0.816546 |
13,080 | The domain of a structure is an arbitrary set; it is also called the underlying set of the structure, its carrier (especially in universal algebra), its universe (especially in model theory, cf. universe), or its domain of discourse. In classical first-order logic, the definition of a structure prohibits the empty doma... | Interpretation function | 0.816546 |
13,081 | Structures are sometimes referred to as "first-order structures". This is misleading, as nothing in their definition ties them to any specific logic, and in fact they are suitable as semantic objects both for very restricted fragments of first-order logic such as that used in universal algebra, and for second-order log... | Interpretation function | 0.816546 |
13,082 | For example, let G {\displaystyle G} be a graph consisting of two vertices connected by an edge, and let H {\displaystyle H} be the graph consisting of the same vertices but no edges. H {\displaystyle H} is a subgraph of G , {\displaystyle G,} but not an induced substructure. The notion in graph theory that corresponds... | Interpretation function | 0.816546 |
13,083 | Indeed, the integers are the substructure of the real numbers generated by the empty set, using this signature. The notion in abstract algebra that corresponds to a substructure of a field, in this signature, is that of a subring, rather than that of a subfield. The most obvious way to define a graph is a structure wit... | Interpretation function | 0.816546 |
13,084 | DSAIRM (Dynamical Systems Approach to Immune Response Modeling) is a R package that is designed for studying infection and immune response dynamics without prior knowledge of coding.Other useful applications and learning environments are: Gepasi, Copasi, BioUML, Simbiology (MATLAB) and Bio-SPICE. | Systems immunology | 0.816545 |
13,085 | To model a system by using differential equations, the computer tool has to perform various tasks such as model construction, calibration, verification, analysis, simulation and visualization. There isn’t a single software tool that satisfies the mentioned criteria, so multiple tools need to be used. | Systems immunology | 0.816544 |
13,086 | Systems immunology is a research field under systems biology that uses mathematical approaches and computational methods to examine the interactions within cellular and molecular networks of the immune system. The immune system has been thoroughly analyzed as regards to its components and function by using a "reduction... | Systems immunology | 0.816544 |
13,087 | The first conference in Synthetic and Systems Immunology was hosted in Ascona by CSF and ETH Zurich. It took place in the first days of May 2019 where over fifty researchers, from different scientific fields were involved. Among all presentations that were held, the best went to Dr. Govinda Sharma who invented a platfo... | Systems immunology | 0.816544 |
13,088 | The dynamics of the model are determined by the Markov process, which in this case, expresses the probability of each possible state in the system upon time in a form of differential equations. The equations are difficult to solve analytically, so simulations on the computer are performed as kinetic Monte Carlo schemes... | Systems immunology | 0.816544 |
13,089 | Ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are used to describe the dynamics of biological systems. ODEs are used on a microscopic, mesoscopic and macroscopic scale to examine continuous variables. The equations represent the time evolution of observed variables such as concentrations of protein, transcription factors or n... | Systems immunology | 0.816544 |
13,090 | This method was also used to build a model of the Influenza Virus Infection. Some of the results were not in accordance with earlier research papers and the Boolean network showed that the amount of activated macrophages increased for both young and old mice, while others suggest that there is a decrease.The SBML (Syst... | Systems immunology | 0.816544 |
13,091 | His estimates used Bayes' theorem with a uniform prior probability and assumed that his sample was random. Alexander Ivanovich Chuprov introduced sample surveys to Imperial Russia in the 1870s.In the US the 1936 Literary Digest prediction of a Republican win in the presidential election went badly awry, due to severe b... | Random sample | 0.816541 |
13,092 | Supramolecular assembly requires non-covalent interactions directing the formation of 2D polymers by relying on electrostatic interactions such as hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces. To design artificial assemblies capable of high selectivity requires correct manipulation of energetic and stereochemical features... | Two-dimensional polymer | 0.81654 |
13,093 | In organic chemistry, creation of 2D periodic network structures has been a dream for decades. Another noteworthy approach is "on-surface polymerization" whereby 2DPs with lateral dimensions not exceeding some tens of nanometers were reported. | Two-dimensional polymer | 0.81654 |
13,094 | Availability of modular metal centers and organic building blocks generate wide diversity in synthetic versatility. Their applications range from industrial use to chemiresistive sensors. The ordered structure of the frame is largely determined by the coordination geometry of the metal and directionality of functional ... | Two-dimensional polymer | 0.81654 |
13,095 | 2DPs are expected to be superb membrane materials because of their defined pore sizes. Furthermore, they can serve as ultrasensitive pressure sensors, as precisely defined catalyst supports, for surface coatings and patterning, as ultrathin support for cryo-TEM, and many other applications. Since 2D polymers provide an... | Two-dimensional polymer | 0.81654 |
13,096 | It is possible to synthesize COFs using both dynamic covalent and non-covalent chemistry. The kinetic approach involves a stepwise process of polymerizing pre-assembled 2D-monomer while thermodynamic control exploits reversible covalent chemistry to allow simultaneous monomer assembly and polymerization. Under thermody... | Two-dimensional polymer | 0.81654 |
13,097 | The atmospheric potential gradient leads to an ion flow from the positively charged atmosphere to the negatively charged earth surface. Over a flat field on a day with clear skies, the atmospheric potential gradient is approximately 120 V/m. Objects protruding these fields, e.g. flowers and trees, can increase the elec... | Atmospheric electrical | 0.816538 |
13,098 | Approximately 1,000 – 30,000 volts per centimeter is required to induce St. Elmo's Fire; however, this is dependent on the geometry of the object in question. | Atmospheric electrical | 0.816538 |
13,099 | A major question of evolutionary biology is how genomes change to create new species. Speciation requires changes in behavior, morphology, physiology, or metabolism (or combinations thereof). The evolution of genomes during speciation has been studied only very recently with the availability of next-generation sequenci... | Genome evolution | 0.816535 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.